A, miller's experiment:

Miller assumed in his experiments that at the beginning of life, there were only cyanogen gas, ammonia gas and water vapor in the atmosphere, and there was no oxygen. When he put these gases into the simulated atmosphere and detonated them with electricity, he found that some protein was produced, and protein was the form of life, so his theory that life was from scratch was established. Prove that life has evolved.

However, Miller's experiment also has many doubts, such as the amount of energy used and the coordination of different gases. Although amino acids and sugars have been produced, it still cannot be proved that this is the origin of life. Because his hypothetical atmosphere can't prove to be the original atmosphere, the result is uncertain. Miller himself admits that his experiment is far from the origin of life in nature. Moreover, modern science has found that there is oxygen but no life on Mars, so Miller's hypothesis is that there is no oxygen in the atmosphere, so there is no life, so it is impossible to prove that the origin of life evolved from single cells.

Second, the formation of DNA:

After scientists discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953, they solved the genetic secret. Because a gene is just a link in DNA, which is transformed from DNA to RNA and then evolved into amino acids, and protein is composed of amino acids, so we know that different combinations of this DNA will produce different substances. In this transformation process, we need a lot of protein's cooperation, so we can know that the possibility of DNA self-combining to form a cell is very small.

The basic characteristics of life need to have the functions of metabolism and reproduction, so it is relatively certain that inorganic substances cannot be converted into organic substances. Living cells cannot exist out of thin air. This must have started with God's creation.

Third, there is no evidence of life evolution in fossils:

If Darwin's theory of evolution is credible, all life is from inorganic to organic, from single cell to multicellular, and then from lower animals to higher animals, then evidence should be found in fossils, but this is not the case.

Before the Cambrian, that is, about 600 million years ago, no fossils were found in stratigraphy at all, but in the early Cambrian, many fossils were found, which was called the Cambrian Big Bang. This discovery cannot be explained by evolution. Because all the animal fossils found have no evolutionary order to follow.

1984 A group of fossils found in the Chengjiang Canal in China confirmed that there were no signs of life before the Cambrian, and this group of fossils once again confirmed that these creatures had no so-called evolutionary traces.

Fourth, life on earth comes from other planets?

A series of biological fossils prove that although the uncertainty of Darwin's theory of evolution has been strongly confirmed, there are still a group of scientists who are unwilling to accept God's belief in creating the universe, and suggest that life on earth comes from other planets, which may be brought by meteorites to the life on the whole earth.

1996, the national aeronautics and space administration (NASA) published a report saying that they found some signs on a meteorite in the Antarctic, indicating that the meteorite came from Mars, and there may be life on Mars. However, many scientists have also raised questions: [1] This meteorite has been in Antarctica for thirteen thousand years. Did the signs of life on this meteorite come directly from Mars or the biological fossils on Earth in the 13,000 years after it fell to Earth? [2] According to the current research, there is no ecological environment suitable for life on Mars.

Moreover, at present, scientific research has also found that among the planets in the solar system, only the earth has an environment suitable for life. Therefore, the theory that life on earth comes from other planets cannot be confirmed at present. If the future proves that life on earth comes from other planets, where will life on other planets come from? Therefore, fundamentally speaking, all life comes from God's creation, which is beyond doubt.

2) the origin of the universe

First of all, the universe is not eternal:

From the first and second laws of thermodynamics in the last lesson, we know that the universe is not eternal, it has a beginning and an end. The universe cannot start by itself, but there must be a supernatural force to start it, that is, there is an eternal God. God created the universe.

Second, the big bang theory:

The so-called big bang theory is simply that the universe was formed by a fireball exploding at the beginning. Modern scientific research has found that the universe is not eternal, but constantly expanding. The imbalance of the universe was first discovered by a German doctor. When he observed the stars in the night sky, he found that the distance between each planet was not close due to gravity. Then, there must be another force between the stars that counteracts their gravity. He assumed that this phenomenon was the expansion of the universe.

Later, scientists discovered the phenomenon of red shift, that is, the light emitted by distant planets to the earth is mostly red, while the light at close range is mainly purple light. This shows that the planet is far from the earth. Then Einstein put forward the general theory of relativity, and he put forward the theory that acceleration is not equal to zero, which includes the theory of cosmic expansion. 193 1 year, American astronomers discovered with advanced astronomical telescopes that there are many galaxies outside the Milky Way, and they are constantly expanding, which confirms the theory of cosmic expansion.

In the 1940s, scientists predicted that the universe was created by the Big Bang, so there must be some residue left in space after the explosion. This legacy is the electron wave (radiation wave), which represents the temperature of about 273 degrees below zero. This assumption was not confirmed at that time. In 1960s, when scientists in Bell Laboratories set up antennas for telecommunication research, they found that they kept hearing noise, and the temperature represented by this noise was about 260 degrees below zero. At the same time, physicists at Princeton University are also looking for the aftermath of the Big Bang in theory. Later, the working and research groups jointly stated that the noise received by this antenna was the aftermath of BIGBANG, and its temperature was about 270 degrees below zero. This publication confirms BIGBANG's theory.

The idea that the Big Bang started the universe needs further verification, because no one can explain how the universe remained so orderly after the Big Bang. We can only confirm that the universe was created, not evolved. The universe is expanding, and other theories have yet to be proved.

Third, the transcendental nature of the big bang theory:

Because the big bang theory can explain the expansion of the universe, and all kinds of research data are consistent with the actual situation, the big bang theory is accepted by the world. The viewpoints and reasoning of this theory contain many properties of supernatural laws, which we list as follows:

1. The universe has never changed and does not conform to the laws of thermodynamics;

Scientists believe that before the Big Bang, there was no matter, energy, time and space in the universe, and nothing had changed. This does not conform to the first law of thermodynamics, because the first law says that matter or energy can only be transformed from one form to another, and it cannot be created from scratch.

2. The highest entropy mass of the original fireball does not conform to the second law of thermodynamics;

The second law of thermodynamics points out that under natural circumstances, a process develops from low entropy to high entropy, that is, from an unbalanced state to an equilibrium state, while the Big Bang theory develops from an equilibrium state to an unbalanced state with high entropy, which is completely opposite to the law of thermodynamics.

3. The expansion speed of the universe should be balanced:

Because if the expansion speed is too slow, the laws of gravity cannot be established; If the expansion rate is too fast, the planet cannot exist. Scientists calculated that the expansion speed of the universe should be kept at the 56th power accuracy of (110), and pointed out that the expansion speed far exceeds the speed of light. According to Einstein's theory of relativity, we know that the speed of light is the limit of a substance. According to the principle of mutual change of mass and energy, when the speed of an object reaches the same as the speed of light, its mass and energy are infinite, which is impossible. At the moment of the Big Bang, the temperature of the universe was 10 to the 32nd degree Celsius. At this temperature, all substances will be melted and cannot exist, which can't be explained under natural conditions.

4. The microwave radiation left by the Big Bang is highly uniform:

1992, the American space satellite collected the left-over microwaves and found that the radiation height between them was quite uniform, so it could not explain the uneven phenomenon of elements, substances and even the whole universe after the big bang.

From the above four points, we prove that the universe has a beginning, and it is a supernatural beginning, which cannot be explained by the evolutionary model. But if we use the creationism model, it is obviously easy to understand: the universe was created by God, and he supported the whole universe with his great power and supernatural power.

Four, the origin of the universe and the belief of scientists:

1. The reaction of Einstein's theory: When the redshift phenomenon first appeared, scientists discovered the expansion theory of the universe. Einstein's theory of relativity also confirmed the theory of cosmic expansion, but Einstein didn't want to admit it at first, and set up a cosmological constant. Finally, he openly admitted the error of the theory of cosmic expansion.

2. Cosmic balance theory: After the theory of cosmic expansion was confirmed, a group of scientists still put forward the theory of cosmic balance, that is, after the expansion of the universe, substances such as oxygen are added at any time to fill the space created by the expansion of the universe and keep the density of the universe unchanged. They use this to explain that the universe has no beginning, which is the argument that scientists are unwilling to accept the cosmology.

3. Cyclism hypothesis: A group of scientists put forward that they accepted the theory of the expansion of the universe, but they assumed that when the universe expanded to a limit, the universe began to shrink because of gravity, raising the density and temperature to the original fireball shape, and then a big explosion was generated and repeated. So they assume that the universe still has no beginning. None of these assumptions can be accepted in thermodynamics.

Based on the above scientific confirmation, a group of scientists say that human beings have to admit the existence of God and praise his actions, so that everything in the universe can operate in such an orderly way.

3) the origin of life

After the earth was formed in the universe, there was no life at first. After long-term chemical evolution, that is to say, organic elements in the atmosphere, such as hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, etc., are synthesized into organic molecules (such as methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, phosphoric acid, etc. Under the action of various natural energy sources (such as lightning, ultraviolet rays, cosmic rays and volcanic eruptions, etc.). These organic molecules are further synthesized and become biological monomers (such as amino acids, sugars, adenosine, nucleotides). These biological monomers are further polymerized into biopolymers. Such as protein, polysaccharide, nucleic acid, etc. This process is called chemical evolution. After protein appeared, the simplest life was born. This is a great event that happened about 3.6 billion years ago. Since then, there has been life on the earth. The most basic difference between biological and abiotic substances is that it can absorb substances needed in its own life process from the environment and expel substances unnecessary in its own life process. This process is called metabolism, which is the first difference. The second difference is that you can reproduce. Any living individual, no matter how different their reproductive forms are, has the ability to reproduce new individuals. The third difference is the ability to inherit. It can transfer the characteristics of the previous generation to the next generation, so that the new individuals of the next generation can have the same or roughly the same characteristics as the previous generation. This roughly the same phenomenon is the most meaningful and worthy of our attention. Because it shows that it is a little different from the previous generation, which is called variation. If this variation can adapt to the environment and survive, it will be strengthened from generation to generation and become the inherent characteristics of new individuals. Organisms are constantly mutating and inheriting, and after a long time, new individuals with new characteristics appear constantly, which makes organisms change from simple to complex and constitutes the systematic evolution of organisms.

Morphology and characteristics of early life on earth. The earliest life form on earth is very simple. A cell is an individual. It has no nucleus. We call it prokaryote. It survives by directly absorbing nutrients from the surrounding environment on the cell surface. This lifestyle is called heterotrophy. At that time, their living environment was anoxic, which was called anaerobic. So the earliest prokaryotes were heterotrophic and anaerobic. Its shape is spherical at first, then it becomes oval, arc, sticky rice strip, then it becomes spiral, slender and filiform, and so on. From the development direction of morphological changes, it is to increase the surface area of the body in contact with the outside world and increase its own volume. Bacteria and cyanobacteria living on the earth now belong to prokaryotes. The occurrence and development of cyanobacteria has accelerated the increase of oxygen content on the earth. Since more than 2 billion years ago, there has been a large amount of oxygen not only in water but also in the atmosphere. The appearance of nucleus is an important event in biological evolution. Prokaryotes have evolved for/kloc-0.5 billion years. The nuclear substances that were originally dispersed uniformly in their cells are relatively concentrated and covered with a membrane called nuclear membrane. The nuclear membrane of a cell separates the nuclear matter in the membrane from the cytoplasm outside the membrane. This is how the nucleus of a cell is formed. Organisms with nuclei are called eukaryotes. Since then, cells are no longer simply divided into two cytoplasm during reproduction and division, and the nucleus inside is also divided into two. Eukaryotes (there were no animals at that time, so to speak, they were actually just eukaryotic plants) appeared about 2 billion years ago. The emergence of gender is another important event in the process of biological evolution, because gender promotes the eugenics of biology and accelerates the development of biology in a more complicated direction. Therefore, after the appearance of eukaryotic unicellular plants, it took hundreds of millions of years for eukaryotic multicellular plants to appear. Not long after the appearance of eukaryotic multicellular plants, the division of labor of plants appeared. A group of cells in plants mainly play the role of fixing plants and become fixed organs, which is the origin of modern algae plant fixators. From then on, organ differentiation began to appear, and the internal cell morphology of different functional parts also began to differentiate. It can be seen that the appearance of nucleus and sex has greatly accelerated the development of the morphology and function of the organism itself.

The origin of life

For a long time, there are various explanations about the origin of life. In recent decades, according to the new achievements of modern natural science, people have made a comprehensive study on the origin of life and made great progress.

According to scientific calculations, the earth has a history of about 4.6 billion years since its birth. The early earth was very hot, and all the elements on the earth were in a gaseous state. At that time, there would never be life. The initial life evolved step by step from inanimate matter through extremely complicated chemical processes in an extremely long time after the earth's temperature dropped. At present, this view that the origin of life is through the chemical evolution process has been recognized by most scholars, and that this chemical evolution process can be divided into the following four stages.

It is speculated that the chemical evolution of the origin of life began under the conditions of the primitive earth. At that time, the surface temperature of the earth had dropped, but the internal temperature was still very high and volcanic activity was extremely frequent. The gas ejected from the volcano formed the primitive atmosphere (below). It is generally believed that the main components of primitive atmosphere are methane (CH4) and ammonia, which is an imaginary map of primitive earth.

(left) primitive atmosphere (right) organic matter formation

(NH3), water vapor (H2O), hydrogen (H2), in addition to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Under the action of cosmic rays, ultraviolet rays and lightning, these gases may naturally synthesize a series of relatively simple organic small molecules such as amino acids, nucleotides and monosaccharides. Later, the earth's temperature dropped further, and these small organic molecules flowed through lakes and rivers with the rain, and final gathering was in the primitive ocean.

This speculation has been confirmed by scientific experiments. 1935, American scholar Miller and others designed a set of sealing device (below). They pumped the air out of the device, then simulated the atmospheric composition on the primitive earth and introduced methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water into the Miller experimental device.

Steam and other gases, and simulated lightning and continuous spark discharge under primitive earth conditions. Finally, amino acids were detected in the U-tube. Amino acid is the basic unit of protein, so it is of great significance to explore the production of amino acids on earth.

In addition, some scholars simulate the atmospheric composition of the primitive earth and make other organic substances in the laboratory, such as purine, pyrimidine, ribose, deoxyribose, fatty acids and so on. These studies show that in the Origin of Life, the chemical process of inorganic synthesis of organic matter is completely possible.

How were organic polymers such as protein and nucleic acid formed by small organic molecules formed under primitive earth conditions? Some scholars believe that in the primitive ocean, small organic molecules such as amino acids and nucleotides, after long-term accumulation and interaction, formed primitive protein molecules and nucleic acid molecules through condensation or polymerization under appropriate conditions (such as adsorption on clay).

Now, some people imitate the conditions of primitive earth and make substances similar to protein and nucleic acid. Although there are some differences between these substances and protein and nucleic acid, it is not certain whether the formation process of protein and nucleic acid on the primitive earth is like this, but it has provided some clues for people to study the origin of life; Under the conditions of primitive earth, it is possible to produce these organic polymers.

According to the multi-molecular system composed of organic polymers, it is speculated that protein, nucleic acid and other organic polymers accumulate more and more in the ocean, and the concentration keeps increasing. Due to various reasons (such as evaporation of water and adsorption of clay), these organic polymers are concentrated and separated, and they interact and condense into droplets. These droplets float in the primitive ocean, and the outer layer has the most primitive boundary film, which is isolated from the surrounding primitive marine environment, thus forming an independent system, that is, a multi-molecular system. This multi-molecular system has been able to carry out primitive material exchange activities with the external environment.

The evolution from multi-molecular system to primitive life and from multi-molecular system to primitive life is the most complex and decisive stage in the process of life origin, which directly involves the occurrence of primitive life. At present, people can't verify this process in the laboratory. However, we can speculate that some multi-molecular systems have evolved for a long time, especially the interaction between protein and nucleic acid, and finally formed primitive life with primitive metabolism and reproduction. Later, from the chemical evolution stage of the origin of life to the biological evolution stage after the emergence of life.

Although a large number of simulation experiments have been carried out on the chemical evolution process of the origin of life, most of them are only concentrated in the first stage, and some stages are limited to hypothesis and speculation. Therefore, we must continue to study and discuss the origin of life.

Protein and nucleic acid are the most important substances in organisms. Without protein and nucleic acid, there would be no life. 1965, China scientists synthesized crystalline bovine insulin (a protein containing 5 1 amino acid). 198 1 year, China scientists synthesized yeast alanine transport ribonucleic acid (a kind of ribonucleic acid) artificially. These works reflect China's great achievements in exploring the origin of life.

I hope it will help you, and I wish you success! /article/