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A paper on Xiping
Confucianism and moral education

[Summary]

Confucianism has a great influence on the Chinese nation, among which "self-cultivation", "benevolence", "introspection" and "cautious independence" and other similar contents, if the dross is eliminated, its reasonable core will undoubtedly be of positive and beneficial help to cultivate the basic living standard of middle school students, the attitude of observing daily social norms and self-control education.

Marxist historical view and materialist dialectics tell us that morality is a reflection of economic base, not an abstract concept divorced from historical development. At present, we should attach importance to the excellent connotation of traditional Confucian moral thought in moral education.

The whole society should create a good social environment for the healthy growth of teenagers and children. All departments engaged in the creation of spiritual products instill correct moral concepts in the next generation.

Moral educators should innovate their thinking in the spirit of seeking truth from facts, enrich and enrich the new contents and methods of moral education in middle schools, and improve the effectiveness of moral education.

The Notice of the Central Committee on Reforming and Strengthening Moral Education in Primary and Secondary Schools points out: "Moral education is the work of shaping students' minds" and "Moral education has a long history and fine tradition in China. Moral education in primary and secondary schools should adapt to the ever-changing new situation and give it new contents and methods on the basis of inheriting and developing good traditions and good experiences. The famous educator Suhomlinski also said: "Nothing in the world is more complicated and colorful than a person's personality. * * * The purpose of capitalist education is to realize the all-round development of personality and the perfection of morality. The moral vision should be broadened, and concepts such as' conscience',' reputation',' dignity' and' shame' that often work and form personality should be placed in the moral vision of students. "

Considering the connection between middle school moral education and tradition, we can easily find that China's traditional Confucian moral education thought has its class nature and limitations of the times, but it is undeniable that some excellent ideological elements have positive reference significance that cannot be ignored. Regardless of the complexity, long-term development history and complete theoretical system of Confucianism, we only focus on "cultivation", "benevolence", "ceremony", "faith", "righteousness", "honesty", "loyalty", "filial piety", "introspection", "cautious independence" and "don't do it with small evils, and don't do it with small goodness.

Confucianism has a great influence on the Chinese nation, and even constitutes the principle of national concentricity and the main way of thinking in a certain period. It is against the principle of historicism not to see the contribution and limitation of Confucianism and its historical influence on China's ideology.

To sum up, Confucianism has the following characteristics: 1, advocating propriety and righteousness, and advocating governing the country with propriety; 2. The basic concepts and categories of Confucianism: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, faithfulness, loyalty, filial piety, love, harmony and mediocrity; 3. Master Confucius. Wait a minute.

In view of the long historical span of the development of China's traditional Confucianism, the voluminous writings, the disputes among schools, the ups and downs of fate and other factors, this paper discusses the following contents, and tries to select the most classic and authoritative Confucius Confucianism as the basis.

Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, was an outstanding thinker and educator in ancient China. His education focused on political ethics. The core of his political ideal country thought is "Youdao". The so-called "Tao" has two characteristics: first, everyone follows the rules of the etiquette system, orderly up and down, each in his place, and each speaks his own words. Second, don't let the "division" of etiquette break the opposition, and the social moral norms are basically the same. For example, the basic norms of social life, the cultivation of good behavior and etiquette, polite education, maintaining order and so on. Help students establish a good sense of social morality. According to the actual needs, instill traditional correct values into students in an easy-to-understand way. Teaching methods should be flexible and diverse, attach importance to the image, story and vividness of the content, and use praise, dialogue and games more. Instead of telling students the truth of "humility" for a thousand times, it is better to tell a story of "Kong Rong makes pears". In addition to classroom teaching plans and story telling, there are also various forms of activities such as slides, movies, audio and video recordings, such as playing social roles, visiting, inspecting and traveling. Only in this way can we meet the psychological characteristics of young students, satisfy their curiosity, increase their vividness and entertain and educate. In addition, the school should specially select teachers who have high prestige in the school, win universal respect among students, are well-trained and have full and firm beliefs as moral education teachers. On the one hand, it strengthens the deficiency of moral education in subject education, on the other hand, it highlights the pertinence and scientificity of moral education. Carry out various activities that emphasize the content of moral behavior education. Enrich students' life, broaden their horizons, cultivate students' good ideological quality, will and personality, interest in life, cultivate students' democratic attitude and practical enthusiasm, and develop and improve their abilities. Pay attention to the hierarchy in the development of activities. First, pay attention to cultivating students' basic living habits, self-control and observing daily social norms. Second, in a wider range of interpersonal and social relations, it emphasizes the spirit of self-exploration, the development of personality and the education and cultivation of outlook on life. Third, attach importance to the development of students' personality and emphasize the cultivation of students' correct and serious attitude towards work, study and life. Formulate strict school rules and mottos with the school's own characteristics, set up a special discipline supervision and picket working group, and start from a small place to optimize students' civilized behavior norms. For example, wear school uniforms to participate in team activities.

Thirdly, build a "comprehensive management system" of schools, families and society.

If the school is a unified, rigid and closed system, it is impossible to form students' sound and healthy personality. And "exam first" and "high-pressure management" will make this problem more serious. In family education, some modern parents do not fully realize their responsibilities, or spoil their children too much, and do not pay attention to the cultivation of their basic living habits and upbringing; Or can not meet the legitimate demands of children, leading to depression of children, can not make them fully developed. Therefore, it is necessary to advocate improving the quality of parents and restoring the power of family education. In addition, some unhealthy atmosphere, decadent lifestyle and decadent ideas in society always pollute children's hearts. All social departments should create a good social environment for the healthy growth of children. All departments engaged in the creation of spiritual products should take it as their unshirkable responsibility to provide rich and healthy spiritual nutrition for primary and secondary school students and instill correct moral concepts into the next generation.

Of course, although the rational elements in China's traditional Confucian moral thought are beneficial to our moral education, they are still far from socialist ideological and political education and moral education. Therefore, we moral education participants should make clear the basic task of moral education in primary and secondary schools: to train all students to be patriotic and law-abiding, with social morality and civilized behavior habits. Strengthen education in patriotism, collectivism, socialist democracy and legal system.

Institutional education, labor education and the cultivation of good psychological quality. On this basis, guide them to gradually establish a correct outlook on life and world, and constantly improve their socialist ideological consciousness.

In a word, moral educators should change some existing conditions in middle school moral education, such as being divorced from reality, rigid, adult, lacking effectiveness and attraction, innovate their thinking, critically absorb and draw lessons from excellent traditional Confucian moral education ideas, enrich and enrich new contents and methods of middle school moral education, and improve the effectiveness of moral education.

Call for a sense of responsibility and cultivate it.

In moral education and class management, cultivating students into responsible people is the key to education. Teachers often purposefully "call for and cultivate a sense of responsibility" for students, which is a shortcut to promote students' physical and mental development. Why do you say that? Looking back on the work of the head teacher in the past year, I will talk about my understanding of this educational concept from two aspects. First, the importance of calling and cultivating students' sense of responsibility; Secondly, the consistency of educational ideas and educational behaviors calls for students' sense of responsibility, and the ways and methods to cultivate students' sense of responsibility.

First, the importance of calling and cultivating students' sense of responsibility;

1. None of us can succeed, but we must have a sense of responsibility. Cultivating students' sense of responsibility can be said to be related to their future destiny and determine their lives. Students have a strong sense of responsibility and are responsible for everything, so it is easy to succeed if they hone their will and have the perseverance to overcome difficulties. I think the importance of school education lies in cultivating students' sense of responsibility. As a class teacher, we should always "arouse students' sense of responsibility and cultivate students' sense of responsibility". Why are we doing this?

This is determined by the importance of school education. Thinking about the importance of school education, in the school education we have experienced, such as primary school, middle school and university education, if we now think about "what has school education left for ourselves?" \ "\" The systematic knowledge of various subjects we may have studied is not clear, but it is responsibility that directly affects our character, personality, healthy psychology and enterprising spirit. The rest is the effect of moral education. " It takes three generations to make a gentleman. \ "\" Educating people \ "means \" sowing seeds \ "in students' minds and sowing ardent sense of responsibility. Give students a belief, "I want to be a responsible person", be responsible for myself and others, study hard, live well and be a useful person to society in the future. Having made clear the importance of school education, we must find the fulcrum of school education.

3. Find the fulcrum of school education. As a class teacher, it is very important for me to lay a good foundation for students' spiritual world in my own class management. What should class management do? What should we do? In the education of mankind towards the new century, I should study, meet and respect the reasonable needs of students and promote their physical and mental development. The fulcrum of education should fall on "human development", including the development of every student in the class. I think every student needs to develop, want to succeed, and want to be respected and recognized by others. From the perspective of educational psychology, this is an advanced demand of human beings. Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory emphasizes that the highest level of human needs is self-fulfilling needs. Helping every student meet the needs of self-realization depends on cultivating students' sense of responsibility.

4. To cultivate students' sense of responsibility, teachers should first have a sense of responsibility and find a breakthrough in education. Teachers should "love" every student and be responsible for every student. Parents want their children to receive a first-class education. It is important to learn a lot of knowledge, but it is more important to cultivate students' good behavior habits in their sense of responsibility. Educate students to be clear about their responsibilities and tasks as students and strive to do everything well for them. Teachers "sow a belief and reap an action." Belief in responsibility will urge students to take responsible actions.

Second, the consistency of educational ideas and educational behaviors calls for students' sense of responsibility and ways to cultivate students' sense of responsibility.

1. The important channel to cultivate students' sense of responsibility is in the classroom.

As a class teacher, I attach great importance to Chinese, writing, morality, mental health and labor. In the courses I teach, I infiltrate the ideological and moral education related to classroom teaching knowledge into every class, turn empty education into concrete image education, and let students be influenced by education for a long time. Classroom education has the function of "dripping water wears away the stone". I never preach to students, but pay attention to the cultivation of students' study habits in every class, and always let students know that "as students, it is their responsibility to cultivate their good study quality and develop good study habits from an early age." "Let students learn to listen to lectures, answer questions, read books and do homework, cultivate a serious attitude towards learning and doing things, educate students to face knowledge not only from interest, but also to hone their will to learn, so that they can bear hardships in their studies, which shows a strong sense of responsibility in learning. Through the supervision of classroom discipline, students generally consciously abide by discipline in the classroom, so I extended from the class teacher's classroom to all disciplines. Students are often disciplined in the class teacher's class, but relaxed in the teacher's class. In view of the dual nature of students, I require students in this class to have good classes not only from the head teacher, but also from other subjects. This is the responsibility of every student. Over the past year, I have painstakingly "repeatedly grasped" and "repeatedly grasped" in classroom teaching to shape students' sense of responsibility for active learning in class. Nowadays, students are gradually conscious and stable in the classroom, and it is their responsibility to concentrate on the class. When the teachers choose our class as the class, the students cherish every opportunity, thinking that this is the trust of the teachers in their class, and it is also the responsibility of the students to observe discipline and speak actively in class.

2. The main channel to cultivate students' sense of responsibility is extracurricular.

(1) Cultivate students' sense of responsibility to finish their homework after class. Over the past year, I have trained students to write every word carefully, complete every homework and correct every wrong question. For example, train students to write a neat and beautiful word. The fourth-grade students have just begun to learn to write with a pen, and the key is to lay a good foundation for writing. Students are not required to write in fonts, but they must be responsible and write every word carefully. I found that all the students with learning difficulties have messy handwriting, which shows that there is something wrong with their usual learning attitude. When the handwriting is written, the exercise book is clean and tidy, and the learning attitude is correct, the correct rate of homework will naturally improve. It can be seen that a serious learning attitude is an action for students to show their sense of responsibility. Looking through the students' neat exercise books, the teacher smiled and the parents were happy. Students are responsible for their own learning, which is common to the whole class, and the learning atmosphere in the class is strong. Students chase the teacher to correct the wrong questions, and students who are exempt from homework find their own questions to do. I hope the teacher will give more guidance, and the study group will finish the homework in groups to see who can finish the study task quickly and well, so as to win glory for the group.

(2) Pay attention to exercise, care about students' health, and cultivate students' sense of responsibility for conscious exercise. I attach great importance to the performance of students' daily practice. Whether it is the gathering of the whole class, the neatness of the queue, or an action in each exercise, I correct it in time, summarize it every day, and educate students to have a sense of responsibility to exercise well. No matter what activities the school sports group carries out, I try my best to accompany and exercise with my classmates. The sense of responsibility for self-conscious exercise has gradually formed, and students have learned: don't underestimate daily exercise, be responsible for yourself now, and consciously exercise a healthy body. Only if you have a good body can you work better for the society in the future. Even if the class teacher is not in the playground sometimes, students can exercise consciously.

(3) Cultivate students' sense of responsibility of active labor in the usual sanitation and cleaning work. As soon as the school started, I discussed with my classmates: Do our class dare to ask itself to "not be on duty and become a paperless class". When students don't do their duty, they all say that the classroom is not a garbage dump. Is "paperless classroom" impossible? The teacher has a good idea, you might as well try it. Two words "clean"! Remember that "everyone has a small piece under his desk and chair, and everyone in the small responsibility area will take care of it." "Since then, students have focused on cleaning, picking up paper when they see it, not littering and sorting out schoolbags. In the daily "cleaning", students should not only pick up the paper under the seat, but also help the students next to them. The labor responsibility of "reaching out, bending over and picking up paper" has made students understand the importance of protecting the environment and strengthened their awareness of "cleanliness".

(4) In the work of the class committee and the Young Pioneers, we should attach importance to establishing the class goals and cultivate a sense of responsibility by clarifying everyone's goals. Every week, there is a special time for the class meeting. The goal of our class is "nothing is trivial at school, and everything is educated; Do every little thing well, strive to be an excellent class group, and cultivate students' sense of responsibility of loving the group in every little thing. When doing something, students in our class should try their best to do it After doing it, everyone should reflect on "did I try my best?" Have I worked hard? " As a member of the collective, a drop of water wins glory for the collective, and the collective honor is the personal honor. Every student should have his own goals. The personal honors established by our class at different levels are: ① Excellent students; (2) straight a students; ③ Miyoshi students; (4) excellent class cadres and class cadres; ⑤ Excellent students on duty; 6 progressive students. The individual awards in learning are: ① Reciting memory; 2 listening and thinking scholars; ③ Answer questions from communication experts; 4 Read and recite the stars; ⑤ Calligraphers who write and draw. Through the performance of study and life at ordinary times, we will give corresponding reward scores and get corresponding reward honors, so that the selection work at the end of each month and the end of the period will be implemented. In the construction of the class cadre team, the class committee has no quota limit, so it is necessary to be qualified and let everyone in the class have something to do! \"; Learn to do things in the direction of collective struggle and personal goals, in order to "do things in the class and have everyone do everything!" " \"。 The ultimate goal of class management is to pay attention to the all-round development of students at different levels and let each student seek the value of self-realization. It should be. The primary school attached to Peking University is the cradle of our growth. We should put ourselves in a correct position in schools, grades and classes. Personal words and deeds are closely related to primary schools. Always remember: I grew up in primary school today and I will be proud of it tomorrow. Try to be a person with a perfect personality from the heart, and a sense of responsibility can help you shape a perfect personality.

(5) Cultivating students' sense of responsibility requires the cooperation of parents. As soon as I took over, I made a home visit to seek the understanding of students, parents and teachers. Tell parents that teachers have the confidence and responsibility to train every child well. During my home visit, I found that some parents are graduate students and doctoral students, and they are particularly willing to discuss their children's education with their teachers. In the communication, I informed my parents and students of my educational philosophy of grasping classes: "Calling for and cultivating a sense of responsibility" to cultivate students into people with a strong sense of responsibility is the primary task of my class teacher in every small matter, in order to realize "teaching without distinction" and form students' self. Home visits have gained the knowledge of educational concepts, reassuring parents that teachers will try their best to create an educational atmosphere of "let every child develop and progress". As long as teachers, students and parents "think together, talk together and work together", students will certainly grow in the direction of all-round development. I tell all the students and parents the telephone numbers of the unit and family, and communicate with parents and students at any time to increase parents' awareness of the school. For example, there is a classmate in our class, whose academic performance can be said to be excellent, because the child sleeps late and is late for school almost every day. Parents think that it is enough for children to study well, and students are proud of being the first in the math list, and they do not pay attention to the problem of being late ideologically. I talked to the student and his parents many times to do my work. Finally, after the first semester, I was reduced to being late once or twice a week. In the second semester, I gave advice to parents on how to help children get up on time and go to school on time. The problem of being late has not been completely solved. Two weeks before the final exam, when the school selected this year's "three good" students, the students were unsuccessful, but their grades were excellent and they were not approved to be exempted from the exam. Parents and students are confused. Through telephone communication with my parents and many heart-to-heart conversations with my school, I finally made them realize that "learning well is not everything". At present, quality education is being carried out, paying more attention to the all-round development of students. In fact, the requirements for students are improved. It is such a classmate with excellent academic performance that after one year's education, he finally arrived at school no later than the last two weeks of a school year, and learned that it is equally important to go to school on time as a student. It can be seen that students' sense of responsibility can never be cultivated at once. Teachers need to take pains and cultivate patiently for a long time. They should be good at appealing to parents and students to have the same sense of responsibility. First, parents should have a sense of responsibility in order to cooperate with teachers to cultivate their children's sense of responsibility.

In short, one of the topics I talk to my parents the most in my usual education work is "Let's call for children's sense of responsibility and cultivate their sense of responsibility!" ! \"; One of the questions I ask students the most in my usual education work is "Have you worked hard? are you sure you meant it? \"; My favorite poem about education at ordinary times is sowing:

Sow a belief and you will reap an action;

Sow an action and you will reap a habit;

Sow a habit and you will gain a character;

A personality is related to a person's fate;

With a responsible personality, you will reap a golden life.

Over the past year, in my fourth grade moral education and class management, the main thread that runs through the education of students is "calling for a sense of responsibility and cultivating a sense of responsibility". The class is stable, the students have grown up, and I have seen success. I decided to make a long-term plan in the fifth and sixth grades to educate students to think deeply about what kind of person they should be. First, be a responsible person!

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