Building a new socialist countryside is an important strategy for China's rural development and an important measure to solve the problems of farmers in agriculture and rural areas. The construction of new countryside is a systematic project, and the construction of ecological environment is one of the important contents. At present, due to various factors, the environment in rural areas is deteriorating. Without a good environment, economic development cannot be called a new countryside. Therefore, rural environmental problems must be paid attention to by the society and need to be solved urgently. Keywords: new rural construction; Environment; Current situation; Countermeasures
The central government's proposal to build a new socialist countryside is an important strategy for China's rural development and an important measure to solve the "three rural issues". The general requirements of new rural construction are "production development, affluent life, civilized rural customs, clean village appearance and democratic management". Among them, the most important requirement of "clean and tidy village" is to provide better production, living and ecological conditions for the countryside.
In recent years, with the implementation of a series of policies conducive to rural development, especially since the construction of new socialist countryside, the rural economy has developed rapidly, farmers' income has increased significantly, and farmers' living conditions have been continuously improved. However, due to various reasons, the problem of rural environmental pollution in China is particularly prominent, which restricts the sustainable development of agricultural production, the steady increase of farmers' income and the proper protection of rural ecological environment. Therefore, controlling rural pollution is of great practical and far-reaching historical significance for accelerating the pace of rural economic construction and promoting the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way. In view of this, we must understand and strengthen the prevention and control of rural environmental pollution from a strategic perspective, which is an objective requirement for implementing Scientific Outlook on Development, coordinating urban and rural development, building a new socialist countryside and building a harmonious society.
First, the status quo of rural environmental pollution in China
Rural environment refers to the sum of various natural and transformed natural factors in rural areas centered on rural residents. In recent years, with the rapid development of rural economy and the continuous expansion of urban development scale in China, the problem of rural environmental pollution has become increasingly prominent, the rural ecological environment has become increasingly severe, and the rural environmental situation is very severe. The destruction and pollution of rural environment not only seriously affects the life and health of rural residents, but also directly restricts the development potential of rural industrial and agricultural production, and ultimately affects the benign operation of the whole country's economy and society. At present, the outstanding rural environmental problems mainly include the following categories:
(1) Pollution caused by chemicals
Chemical pollution mainly refers to the pollution of water, soil and products by chemical fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural films. Relevant research shows that in the past 20 years, the amount of chemical fertilizer used per mu in China is more than twice the world average. At present, the annual use of agricultural fertilizers in China has exceeded 40 million tons, but the utilization rate is only 30% ~ 40%. The annual consumption of pesticides is more than1.2000 tons, of which 10% ~ 20% is attached to plants, and the rest is dispersed in soil and water. According to the data of the National Development and Reform Commission, the average application amount of chemical fertilizer per hectare in China has reached more than 360 kilograms, which is 1.6 times and 3.3 times that of Germany and the United States respectively. The utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is 25% ~ 30%, and the utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer 10% ~ 20%, which is 20-30 percentage points lower than that of developed countries. The average pesticide consumption per mu of farmland is about 150g, which is three times that of EU countries, but the average utilization rate is only about 30%, which is only half of that of EU countries. The use of pesticides, fertilizers and plastic films is increasing year by year. The extensive use of agricultural chemicals, unreasonable fertilization structure and improper application, low utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and high loss rate not only seriously pollute the soil, but also aggravate the organic pollution and eutrophication of water bodies through farmland runoff, and directly threaten the health of consumers through the sale of contaminated agricultural products.
(2) Pollution caused by industrialized aquaculture
Originally, we only paid attention to the pollution of rural environment by township enterprises, but now it seems that many local polluting enterprises have a tendency to move to rural areas, and the enterprises with serious pollution directly move out of urban areas and build in rural areas, which cannot be ignored. According to statistics, at present, the farmland polluted by industrial "three wastes" has reached 0. 1 100 million hectares, 2.5 times that of 1.983, and about 1.5% of the farmland is polluted to varying degrees. In recent years, the investigation shows that the cultivated land occupied and destroyed by solid waste storage in China has reached more than10.33 million hectares, and more than 5.333 million hectares of cultivated land have suffered from different degrees of air pollution. Sewage irrigation area has accounted for 7.3% of the total irrigation area in China, which is 65438 0.6 times higher than that in 1980s. Due to environmental pollution, the annual grain output decreased by more than 654.38 billion kilograms, resulting in a direct loss of 654.38 billion yuan. The discharge of some major pollutants from township enterprises has approached or exceeded more than half of that of industrial enterprises. Such pollution can be imagined in some rural areas.
The serious pollution caused by aquaculture, according to the data of the Ministry of Agriculture, about 3 billion tons of pig, cow and chicken manure are discharged from rural areas in China every year, 30% of which is directly discharged into surface water pollution. According to the survey, raising a cow produces and discharges more sewage than 22 people produce in their lifetime, and raising a pig produces sewage equivalent to that produced by 7 people in their lifetime. There are also farmed rex rabbits and foxes, which have also caused different degrees of pollution to the local air.
(3) Pollution caused by domestic garbage
Domestic pollution should not be underestimated, because infrastructure construction lags behind and management is lacking, resulting in low harmless treatment rate, and domestic garbage is generally directly discharged into the surrounding environment. Domestic waste consists of degradable organic matter and a large number of non-degradable plastic bags, waste batteries and glass bottles. The composition is complex and the utilization rate is low. However, the infrastructure construction of pollution control in most rural areas is not in place, which leads to the intensification of environmental pollution. In addition, due to the expansion of rural towns, urban residents' domestic garbage is produced in large quantities. Due to the limited treatment capacity of urban garbage, these untreated garbage are increasingly piled up in rural Yuan Ye around the town, causing serious environmental pollution, including a large number of construction garbage and domestic garbage, which is very worrying.
(4) Pollution caused by non-environmental development
In some rural areas, a large number of mining, river dredging, reclamation, lake reclamation and deforestation have seriously damaged the ecosystem function. In order to pursue profits, some local governments do not hesitate to mine minerals in this area at the expense of rural land prices, resulting in a large number of land degradation, declining water and soil quality, and losing more than 5 billion tons of topsoil every year. This not only causes a large loss of nutrients in agricultural land, but also causes the lost topsoil to be seriously deposited into rivers and lakes, and also leads to the decline of flood storage capacity, which leads to more and more frequent natural disasters; Excessive indulgence of some herders has led to a sharp decline in grassland, and the situation of entering and retreating sand is serious. Minqin, Gansu and parts of Inner Mongolia are the best examples.
Second, the countermeasures and suggestions of environmental protection in the construction of new countryside
Rural environmental protection is an important part of environmental protection in China. The protection and construction of rural environment is not only related to the sustained and healthy development of rural economy and the realization of agricultural modernization, but also to the prosperity and stability of the country and society. Once the environment on which farmers depend is polluted, the development of rural economy will be seriously restricted. Therefore, to realize the sustainable development of rural economy, we should not sacrifice the environment. We must plan and develop rural economic construction and ecological construction simultaneously, and realize the unity of economic, environmental and social benefits. In order to achieve this goal, we should take necessary measures to protect the rural ecological environment.