1. Legalist school
Legalism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is called a legalist because it advocates the rule of law, "don't be intimate, don't be extremely noble, and be divorced from the law." In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of legalist thought. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the Legalist School. By the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei had integrated Shang Yang's "Fa", Shen Dao's "Teacher", Shen Bu's "Shu" and the thoughts and theories of Legalists.
In the traditional culture of rule of law in China, Qi's thought of rule of law is unique, and he is called Oriental Legalist or Qi Legalist. Qi was a vassal state that made great contributions to the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and its ancestor Boyi assisted Yu Shun, taking etiquette as a lesson and legislation as a punishment, and established a system of combining etiquette and law. Taigong sealed Qi, followed the custom with simple ceremony, made laws, made orders, and the combination of ceremony and law became the way of governing the country that Qi inherited without abolishing it. Guan Zhong assisted Qi Huangong in governing Qi. On the one hand, he regards propriety, justice, honesty and shame as the pillar to maintain the country and publicizes the importance of moral education. On the other hand, he emphasized the rule of law, and both monarch and minister obeyed the law, which made him the first person to put forward the rule of law in the history of China. By the Warring States Period, Qi had become the first ideological emancipation movement and the source of a hundred schools of thought contending in China's history, and a group of people who inherited and carried forward Guan Zhong's thought formed Guan Zhong School. Guan Zhong emphasized that the rule of law in law and education became the highest achievement of pre-Qin legalists. Influenced by Qi culture, Xunzi studied in Xia Ji Palace, and also trained two representatives of Legalism, Han Fei and Li Si. Legalists in the pre-Qin period were mainly divided into two camps: Qi Legalists and Legalists. Qin Jin legalists advocate that you should not be intimate, be extremely noble and be divorced from the law; Qi legalists advocate the rule of law and attach importance to law and education; Legalists take law, technique and environment as the highest standards, while Qi legalists pay equal attention to technique, environment, law and teaching.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Legalists, as a big faction, put forward the idea of governing the country according to law, which has far-reaching influence so far. This is enough to show that they attach great importance to the legal system and regard the law as a compulsory tool conducive to social rule. These thoughts, which embody the construction of the legal system, have been used to this day and become the main ruling means for centralized people to stabilize social unrest. The birth of contemporary China law is influenced by legalist thought, which has a strong constraint on a country's politics, culture and morality and has a far-reaching impact on modern legal system.
Economically, this school advocates abandoning mineral fields, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding farming; Politically, it advocates abolishing the enfeoffment system, setting up counties, autocratic monarchy, taking advantage of the situation and ruling by severe punishment and strict law; In ideological education, it advocates taking law as teaching and officials as teachers. His theory provides a theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a unified monarchy. Legalists advocated "ruling the country according to law" and put forward a set of theories and methods. This provided an effective theoretical basis for the later establishment of the centralized Qin Dynasty. Later, the Han Dynasty inherited the centralized system and legal system of the Qin Dynasty and became the political and legal subject of the ancient feudal society in China.
Legalists attach importance to the law, oppose Confucian "rites", oppose the hereditary privilege of nobles monopolizing economic and political interests, demand private land, and award official positions according to their merits and talents. The function of law is to "solve disputes", that is, to clarify the ownership of things. "Being rich and afraid of violence" encourages people to make meritorious deeds, which makes those who are lawless feel afraid. The ultimate goal of prosperity is to make Qiang Bing rich and win the war of annexation.
Legalists oppose conservative retro ideas and advocate reform. They believe that history is moving forward and all laws and systems should develop with the development of history. They can neither go back to the past, nor stick to the rules, and put forward the idea that "breaking the law is not from the present". Han Fei, on the other hand, decided the legalist Mahayana and put forward that "time shift is difficult to control chaos", satirizing the conservative Confucianism as a fool waiting for him.
There are 2 17 legalist works recorded in Hanshu, and nearly half of them exist, among which Shang Jun and Han Feizi are the most important. The legalist classics contained in the Annals of Sui Shu Classics include Guan Zi, Shang Jun, Shen Zi, Shen Zi, Han Feizi, New Book, Zheng Lun and Law and Politics.
2. Confucianism
Representative figures: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Works: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi.
Confucianism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it took Confucius as the teacher, took the six arts as the law, advocated "propriety and benevolence", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and impartial "golden mean", advocated "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attached importance to moral and ethical education and human cultivation.
Confucianism emphasizes the role of education, and thinks that attaching importance to education and neglecting punishment is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be rich and happy. Advocate "education without class", both the ruler and the ruled should be educated, so that the whole country can become a virtuous person.
Politically, he also advocated ruling the country by courtesy and convincing people by virtue, and called for the restoration of the "Zhou Li", which he thought was the ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, among which Mencius and Xunzi were the most important.
Mencius' thought is "attaching importance to the people over the monarch" and advocates that the rulers implement "benevolent government" On the discussion of human nature, he thinks that human nature is good and puts forward the theory of "good nature", which is completely different from Xunzi's theory of "evil nature" The reason why Xunzi put forward that human nature is evil is also a more acute manifestation of social contradictions during the Warring States period.
Representatives of Confucianism: Confucius, Mencius, Dong Zhongshu, Er Cheng, Zhu,,.
Confucius, surnamed Qiu, was born in (now Qufu, Shandong Province) and his ancestral home was Song Guoli (now Xiayi County, Shangqiu City, Henan Province). According to historical records, he was born in the 22nd year of Duke Xiang of Lu (55 1 BC) and died in the 16th year (479 BC) at the age of 73. He is the founder of Confucianism, and is respected by later generations as a "teacher of all ages", also known as a "saint".
Confucius traveled around the world and visited Wei, Chen, Cai, Chu, Song and other countries to publicize his political ambitions, but to no avail. Confucius lived in Shandong for eleven years with unfulfilled ambition and disheartened heart. Confucius is sixty-eight years old. Since then, he has devoted himself to speaking and writing books. During this period, he and his disciples re-edited the Five Classics and wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals to record the great events in the Spring and Autumn Period and explain Confucian values. The main contribution of his life was to lay the foundation of education, adopt conservatism in politics and advocate the restoration of the ritual and music system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The enlightened heuristic education method of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and "teaching all classes" and his pioneering views in the ideological field indirectly promoted the formation of the cultural prosperity of "a hundred schools of thought contend" in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
Five years later, Confucius died at the age of 73. Later disciples extracted the words of the teacher's life and compiled The Analects of Confucius, which is a record of Confucius' words and deeds and has high literary value. It is a must-read classic of Confucianism.
Mencius was born in Zoucheng, Shandong Province. Born in the fourth year of the reign of King Zhou (372 BC), he died in the twenty-sixth year of King Lai (289 BC). He is a disciple of Confucius' grandson Zisi and a master of Confucianism after Confucius.
Under the education of his mother, Mencius studied hard, took the descendants of Confucius as successors, recruited disciples, traveled around the world, advocated "benevolent government" and "kingly way", and advocated that "the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light". He has been to Qi, Song, Shandong, Teng, Liang and other countries, and has met Liang Huiwang and other emperors. Although he was respected and treated with courtesy, Teng Wengong was the only one who tried to carry out his political ideas, because he was considered conservative, out of line with the trend of the time and was not taken seriously.
In his later years, Mencius returned to his hometown to give lectures, wrote books with his disciples Zhang Wan and Gong Sunchou, and wrote seven "Mencius". Liang, Gong Sunchou,,,, and dedication. Because each article is of great weight, it is divided into two parts, so the book has fourteen volumes. Mencius' words and deeds are almost preserved in these seven articles.
Xunzi, the word Qing, was born in Zhao (now Anze, Shaanxi). He was born on Tuesday (3 13 BC) and died in the ninth year of Qin Shihuang (235 BC). He was a famous thinker and educator at the end of the Warring States Period. There are few records about Xunzi, and there are great differences. Xunzi is the greatest representative of Confucianism after Confucius and Mencius. His thoughts were recorded in Xunzi, which had a wide and far-reaching influence on China's feudal society for more than two thousand years. Xunzi traveled to Yan, Qi, Chu, Qin, Zhao and other countries, and later served as Lanlingling (now Lanling Town, Lanling County, Linyi City, Shandong Province), and lived in Lanling all his life.
When Xunzi was in Lanling, he began to teach and write books. The famous Han Fei and Li Si were his students at this time, and he also finished his masterpiece Xunzi during this period. Although Xunzi is the heir of Confucianism, he did not blindly accept Confucianism in its entirety. On the contrary, Xunzi integrated Confucianism and brought it into full play, and put forward "inherent vice" and other theories that had a far-reaching impact on later generations.
3. Taoism
Representative figures: Laozi, Zhuangzi, Shinto and Yang Zhu. Works: Tao Te Ching, Zhuangzi, Four Classics of Huangdi, etc.
Taoism is named after the core idea of "Tao", which was first seen in the book Essentials of Six Classics by Sima Tan, a historian in the Western Han Dynasty. It is also called a moralist. It can be roughly divided into three schools: Zhuangzi School, Huanglao School and Yang Zhu School. Among them, the school of Laozi and Zhuangzi takes the avenue as the foundation, nature as the interaction, heaven and earth as the teacher, nature as the respect, and inaction as the basis, and advocates self-denial and self-denial, self-denial and self-obedience, natural Taoism, being far away from politics and being at ease. Its political ideal is the Peach Blossom Garden and the supreme moral world, which embodies the "separation from use", and its representative figures are Laozi, Zhuangzi and Liezi. Based on nothingness, the Huang-Lao School absorbed the essence of Confucianism and Mohism and summarized the essence of Ming-Fa. It advocates simplicity according to customs, inclusiveness, changing with time, making a living by Tao, governing the country according to law, simplifying the complex and recuperating. The political ideal is unity, which embodies the characteristics of "isolated service" and has become the first aid kit for the government to govern the world after all previous chaos. Its representative figures are Shen Dao, Tian Pian and Yuan Huan. Yang Zhu School advocates avoiding harm in life, attaching importance to oneself, attaching importance to the preservation of personal life, and opposing others' infringement on themselves and others. It belongs to another branch of Taoism, represented by Yang Zhu and Zi Huazi. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it did not exist because it could not be tolerated by the world. But his lifelong protection thought was completely inherited by Taoism.
Different from the approach of Confucian social philosophy, Taoist philosophy directly cuts into the principle of the operation of heaven, and develops the philosophy of "Tao" with natural meaning and neutral meaning as the mainstay. The operation of the sky has its natural principle, and the philosophy of Tao is to explain the connotation of this principle, thus putting forward a lively and comfortable world space. Taoist philosophy has developed a completely different social philosophy from Confucianism through its infinite and persistent understanding of this world operation order. Society is only the object of one party's existence, and people living in it should have their own freedom of independence and self-existence, not bound by any ideology. [1 1] Therefore, the attitude towards social responsibility should not have a position at first, but can have an attitude and an orientation of existence that respects people's autonomy more. From this, Huang Laodao actively participated in social and political activities, and put forward a series of political, economic and military propositions, such as conforming to nature, taking advantage of the trend, combining leniency with severity, and recuperating. However, Laozi and Zhuangzi believe that reality is full of constraints and restrictions. From Kun Peng to Kun Ge, they all need certain external conditions to move, that is, they all rely on it. In order to get rid of all bondage and achieve completely fearless spiritual freedom, we need a "homogeneous" and "carefree" attitude. In addition, Laozi and Zhuangzi school also put forward the cognitive principles of "increasing learning and losing morality" and "this is also right and wrong" to realize the liberation of people's knowledge and ability; This paper puts forward some life skills, such as modesty, weakness, softness, warmth, sitting and forgetting, to turn into a butterfly to face the world and realize the liberation of people's life mood. At the same time, the Laozi and Zhuangzi school also pays attention to the unity of heaven and man, the correspondence between heaven and man, doing things without arguing, benefiting but not harming, cultivating self-cultivation, being sincere, modest and sincere, taking the meaning of heaven and earth, resisting the debate of six qi, and traveling endlessly. "The law takes yin and yang, simplifying it into redundancy, and simplifying it into complexity." Wait; The Yang Zhu School believes that all people are poor, and at the same time, they don't invade each other, so the world can be rectified.
Political outlook: Laozi and Zhuangzi pursue the Peach Blossom Garden and the most virtuous world, and advocate inaction, self-improvement, quietness and self-correction; The Huang family pursues unity, and advocates simple etiquette, lenient punishment and simple administration, living by Tao and governing the country according to law. All advocate inaction.
Outlook on life: Huang Laotao advocates obeying everything and governing the country, while Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi advocate that everything has its opposite. Therefore, people must be "content with few desires", "weak and indisputable" and "conform to nature", and abandon all the shackles of ethics and ethics in order to avoid disaster.
Taoist Representative: Laozi.
According to general records, Lao Zi was born in Qurenli, Chu County (now Taiqinggong Town, Luyi County, Zhoukou City, Henan Province). He was born in 604 BC. Some people call him Li Er, others call him Lao Dan. Laozi cultivated himself, learned from the theory of inaction, and took self-concealment as his service. Many scholars believe that Laozi came from the Warring States period, but many people also believe that Laozi came from the Spring and Autumn Period.
The theory of Taoism is based on Laozi. Laozi's book Tao Te Ching has five thousand words. The book extensively discusses the metaphysical significance of Tao and the wisdom of life, and puts forward the origin theory of the natural universe, that is, it is composed of things and exists independently. And put forward the ontological thought that the principle of the existence and operation of the world is "the movement against the Tao" For human beings living in it, what they should learn is the wisdom of dealing with the world. Laozi also put forward many political, social and life philosophy viewpoints and advocated "governing by doing nothing".
Zhuangzi was born in Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu City, Henan Province). He was born in 369 BC and died in 286 BC. According to historical records, he and Liang were contemporary.
Zhuangzi worked as a painter in Mongolia in his early years and has been living in seclusion ever since. He lives in poverty, but he doesn't care about fame and fortune. When the king of Chu heard of his virtue, he sent an envoy to give birth to a daughter and asked him to be prime minister, but he refused. He retired for life and lived in seclusion in Baodu Mountain.
Zhuangzi is knowledgeable and has a wide range of friends. He wrote the book Zhuangzi, the main purpose of which is to take Lao Zi as the blueprint. But he attributed it to Laozi's words and also had his own unique views. He wrote more than 100,000 words, generally making fables. Be a fisherman, steal his feet, despise Confucius' disciples, and show Lao Tzu's skill.
Liezi, whose name is Kou, also known as Yu Kou (also known as Yong Kou and Guo Kou), is said to be a Taoist figure in the early Warring States period (now xinzheng city, Zhengzhou, Henan Province) and contemporary with Zheng Miaogong. His scholarship originated from Huangdi Laozi, and he advocated inaction. Some people studied Liezi in the pre-Qin period. Liezi, compiled by Liu Xiang, is eight articles compiled from twenty articles collected by public and private institutions. It was still popular in the Western Han Dynasty, but it was incomplete after the Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty. Later, it was collected and sorted out by Zhang Zhan.
Liezi, also known as Xu Chongjing, is an important Taoist classic. Lieyukou's work is of unknown age, generally during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The book is divided into eight chapters, such as Tian Rui, Huangdi, Zhou Muwang, Zhong Ni, Tang Wen, Li Ming, Yang Zhu and Fu Shuo. Each chapter consists of many fables.
Laozi's disciple, contemporary with Xia Zi in Shang Bo, but not as good as Confucius, once asked to learn from Xia Zi and Mozi. There are twelve existing Wen Zi, which were once considered as fake books after the Han Dynasty. However, in 1973, bamboo slips unearthed from more than 40 Han tombs in Dingxian County, Hebei Province, there are remnants of Wen Zi, so they are undoubtedly recognized as pre-Qin works.
4. Mohist thought
Representative: Mozi. Works: Mozi
Mohism was an important school in the Warring States Period, and its founder was Mo Zhai.
The theoretical basis of this school is "mutual love and mutual benefit": treat others as yourself; Love is to love others as yourself. The purpose of "mutual benefit" can only be achieved by "blind date in the world" Politically, he advocated respecting sages and Shang Tong without attacking; Economically, it advocates vigorously saving costs; Put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts. At the same time, he also put forward the idea of "non-destiny", emphasizing self-reliance
Mohism has a strict organization, and most of its members come from the lower classes. According to legend, everyone can get rid of fire and knife to motivate themselves. His disciples engaged in debate, which is called "Mo Debate"; Those who engage in martial arts are called "Moxia"; The leader called it a "giant". Its discipline is strict, it is said that "the law of ink, the murderer dies, the injured person is punished" ("Lv Chunqiu Smuggling").
After Mo Zhai's death, he split into three factions. By the late Warring States period, it merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, which was called "Mohist post-study" (also known as "late Mohist"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Shang Xian and the monk are the basic political programs of Mohism. Mohism and Confucianism are also called "outstanding studies". The following is the concept of Mohism.
Ethics: put forward "universal love" and advocate that love should not be divided into intimacy, superiority and inferiority, and hierarchy. He thinks the world is chaotic because people don't love each other.
Political outlook: advocating "Shang Xian" and "Shang Tong", advocating the selection of talents, eliminating class concept, ruling the world, advocating "not attacking itself" and opposing all wars of aggression.
Economic outlook: Oppose extravagant life, advocate frugality, and put forward the ideas of "saving money", "saving burial" and "being unhappy".
Cosmology: put forward "fate", thinking that fate can not dominate people's wealth, emphasizing that it can be changed through the efforts of the day after tomorrow. In order to seek happiness and avoid disaster, he also advocated "respecting heaven" and "dealing with ghosts"
Because Mohism, from its founder Mozi to its main representatives, is a literati at the bottom of society, Mohism can better understand the miserable life of working people in a war-torn society. Therefore, compared with the excessive emphasis on "etiquette" in Confucianism, Mohism pays more attention to diligent and thrifty living habits, and does not hesitate to do low-level manual labor. It is humiliated by Confucian scholars as "the art of prostitution", with life deviation, opposing positions and keeping up with the joneses.
5. Famous artists
Celebrities are one of the important schools in the Warring States period, and they are called celebrities by later generations because they are engaged in the main academic activities of arguing names (names, concepts) and facts (facts). At that time, people called them "debaters", "judges" or "famous criminals". Representative figures are Hui Shi and GongSunLong.
It is a kind of logic that famous artists pay attention to the relationship between "name" and "reality". The difference between famous artists and various schools lies in the method of "correcting their names" They mainly analyze things based on logical principles, and the content of the debate is mostly philosophical issues unrelated to political practice. Therefore, the theories of famous scholars are branded as "sophistry" in China's 5,000-year academic biography.
The decline of famous artists is not only because they can't get the support of their superiors, but also because their disciples can't express the innovative ideas of their predecessors.
Representative figures are Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong, Huan Tuan, etc. Works: Gongsun Zilong.
Gong Sunlong (about 325-250 BC) was a native of Wei (now northern Henan Province) or Zhao (now southern Shanxi Province) and was good at writing. Born in forty-four, died in Saturday, and was born in Zhuangzi, Hui Shi, Mencius and Zou Yan. Because GongSunLong is "named" and takes name as truth, his debate is mainly based on language itself, leaving the debate on concrete and experienced things.
One of Confucius' disciples was Gong Sunlong. "When I was a child, I was fifty-three years younger than Confucius." (Biography of Disciples of Zhong Ni in Historical Records) and "Debater" Gong Sunlong are not the same person. It is wrong to call Gong Sunlong a disciple of Confucius in The Biography of Mencius and Suoyin.
Gong Sunlong is good at arguing differences and reaching the peak. His main arguments are: white horse theory, reference theory, hard white theory, name and reality theory and so on.
Hui Shi, born in Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu, Henan Province), was born in 370 BC (or 380 BC) and died in 3 10 BC. He was a famous scholar in the Song Dynasty in the middle of the Warring States Period, the originator of a famous family, and a friend of Zhuangzi. He was once the prime minister of Wei (Liang). After Hui Shi's activities of uniting Qi and Chu failed, he was expelled by Zhang Yi.
Hui Shi is quick-thinking, knowledgeable, eloquent and good at eloquence and logical reasoning. He once set off a climax of name debate with debaters such as Huan Tuan and Gong Sunlong, so there is a saying that "Hui Shi argues with it, and everything is cautious with it".
6. Yin and Yang A
Yin-Yang School is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, which was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and explaining social personnel. This school originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical calendars in ancient times, and its representative was Zou Yan, a Qi man in the Warring States Period.
Yin-yang theory holds that Yin-yang is the opposing and transforming force of things themselves, which can be used to explain the law of development and change of things. The theory of five elements holds that everything is composed of five elements: wood, fire, earth, gold and water, and there are two mutual laws that can be used to explain the origin and change of everything in the universe. Zou Yan integrated them, interpreted the attributes of the five elements as "five virtues", and founded the theory of "the end of five virtues" as the law of the rise and fall of dynasties, which provided a theoretical basis for the establishment of a new unified dynasty.
Twenty-one kinds of works of this school are recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, all of which have been lost. The Book of Rites and the Moon Order, written at the end of the Warring States Period, is said to be a work of Yin and Yang. Some articles in Guanzi also belong to Yin and Yang works, and some Yin and Yang materials are also preserved in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Yingtong, Huainan Custom Instructions and Qin Shihuang's Biography.
On the view of nature, Yin and Yang scholars put forward the theory of universe evolution by using the concept of Yin and Yang in Zhouyi. Based on the division of Kyushu in Shangshu, this paper puts forward the theory of "Great Kyushu", and holds that China is Chixian Shenzhou, with a small Kyushu inside and one of the "Great Kyushu" outside.
In the view of history, the concept of five elements in Shangshu has been transformed into "the end of five virtues", also known as "the turn of five virtues" and "five virtues" refer to the attributes of the five elements, namely, earth virtue, wood virtue, benevolence virtue, water virtue and fire virtue. According to the theory of Yin and Yang, everything in the universe corresponds to the five elements, and each has its own virtue, and the operation of heaven, the change of the world and the replacement of dynasties are all the results of the "five virtues transfer". Its purpose is to show the social changes at that time.
In terms of political ethics, yin and yang scholars believe that "benevolence and thrift are the only thing, and the monarch and the minister are the six relatives", and agree with the Confucian theory of benevolence and righteousness. At the same time, it is emphasized that "harmony due to yin and yang" contains some knowledge of astronomy, calendar, meteorology and geography, which has certain scientific value.
There were still some Yin and Yang families in the early Han Dynasty. After a hundred schools of thought contended in Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, some contents were integrated into the Confucian ideology, and some contents were absorbed by primitive Taoism. As an independent school, the family of Yin and Yang disappeared.
Representative: Zou Yan.
Zou Yan (about 305 BC to 240 BC), a native of Qi State (now Linzi, Zibo City, Shandong Province), was a representative of the Yin and Yang families. Because of his pedantry in his studies, he argued fiercely. People call him Tan, also known as Zou Zi.
His deeds recorded in the old history are false, but it is certain that he came from the late Warring States period. Zou Yan was studying, and he paid more attention to learning than Qi. Welcome to Wei and the suburbs. When I arrive in Zhao, treat me as a guest and host. When I arrived in Yan, I personally swept the dust for him, listened to his lectures, built the Kersh Palace for him, and held a ceremony to accept disciples. Therefore, it is speculated that he may have died after the battle of Changping.
Zou Yan's works "Zou Zi" and "The End of Zou Zi" are said to have hundreds of words, but they have long been lost. At present, only some paragraphs in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals and Sima Qian's Historical Records can show his thoughts.
7. strategist
Representative figures: Su Qin and Zhang Yi. Founder: Guiguzi. The main remarks were circulated in the Warring States Policy.
The strategists were China's advisers who lobbied the governors and engaged in political and diplomatic activities with the strategy of "horizontal and vertical cooperation" during the Warring States Period. Be listed as one of the schools of thought. The main representatives are Su Qin and Yi Cheung.
During the Warring States period, the north and south were vertical and the east and west were horizontal. Su Qin advocated that Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu should unite to repel Qin, while Zhang Yi tried to break the alliance. The six countries of Lian Heng were under the control of Qin respectively, hence the name. Their activities had an important influence on the changes of political and military structure during the Warring States period.
There are a lot of records about its activities in the Warring States Policy. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, strategists wrote Sixteen Books and Seventeen Articles.
"Vertical" means vertical, and "horizontal" means Lian Heng. The so-called "combination" refers to the diplomatic strategy of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei jointly resisting Qin during the Warring States Period. The so-called "Lian Heng" refers to the diplomatic strategy of the above six countries to form an alliance with Qin respectively. The origin of "vertical" and "horizontal" is said to be because the north-south direction is called "vertical" and the east-west direction is called "horizontal". The six-nation alliance is a north-south alliance, so it is called "alliance"; The six countries and the State of Qin formed an East-West alliance, hence the name "Lian Heng". The so-called "strategist" refers to those who advocate "integration" or "Lian Heng" diplomatic strategy.
Su Qin and Zhang Yi are the most famous strategists. Without Su and Zhang, there would be no He Zong and Lian Heng, and naturally there would be no so-called vertical and horizontal scholars and strategists. Later Zhufuyan was also a representative figure of strategists, and most of them wrote Su Qin's Perilla, Zhang Zi and Zhang Yi, all of whom died before the Han Dynasty. Guiguzi, only seen in the world, is the only argumentative essay of strategists. Another book, Warring States Policy, is a representative book that records the words and deeds of strategists: Guiguzi.
Guiguzi, surnamed Wang, was born in the Spring and Autumn Period. His birthplace is unknown. According to the examination, he is a native of Weiguo (now Qixian County, Hebi City, Henan Province) and often goes to Yunmeng Mountain (Qixian County, Hebi City, Henan Province) to collect herbs and cultivate monasteries. Because he lives in seclusion in Qingxi Ghost Valley, he calls himself Mr. Ghost Valley.
Gui Guzi is the originator of strategists, and Su Qin and Zhang Yi are his two most outstanding disciples (see The Warring States Policy). In addition, Sun Bin and Pang Juan are also disciples (see The Romance of Sun Pang).
What strategists advocate is the skill of tactics and argument, and its guiding ideology is quite different from the benevolence and morality advocated by Confucianism. So for a long time, scholars have little praise for Guiguzi, but scoffed at it.
In fact, the benefits of diplomatic tactics are related to the rise and fall of national security; Whether the strategy of business negotiation and competition is appropriate or not is related to the success or failure of the economy. Even in daily life, speaking skills are related to whether a person is decent or not. At that time, Su Qin, with his brilliant words, united the six countries, matched each other, and led the six countries to fight against the State of Qin, which was very prominent for a while. With her strategy and lobbying skills, Zhang Yi scattered the six countries and made immortal contributions to the State of Qin. The so-called "wisdom is used for things that people can't know, but for things that people can't see." The essence of Guiguzi is that invisibility is better than indisputable white. Sun Tzu's art of war focuses on overall strategy, while Guiguzi focuses on specific skills. The two can be said to complement each other.
Su Qin word Ji Zi. During the Warring States Period, people lived in Luoyang (now Luoyang City, Henan Province) in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Learn the skills of vertical and horizontal cooperation to lobby countries. When I first arrived in Qin, I said I would benefit the king, so I don't have to. Naidong went to Zhao, Yan, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu to lobby the six countries to jointly conquer Qin. He joined the Six Kingdoms and returned to Zhao, who let him go to Wu Anjun. Later, the State of Qin made people fall to the State of Qi, and the State of Wei attacked Zhao, so the six countries could not cooperate and the alliance collapsed.
Enter Yan and turn Qi into Qi Keqing. He was killed for competing with Dr. Qi. It is said that he has been engaged in anti-room activities since Yan entered Qi, so that Yan can break Qi. After the anti-house activity was exposed, Qi Che cracked to death.
Thirty-one pieces of perilla, the vertical and horizontal strategist, are lost today. The silk letters of the Warring States period unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb include Su Qin's letters and travel notes 16, which are consistent with the historical records? Biography of Su Qin is different.
Zhang Yi was a native of Wei State (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province) and a famous strategist during the Warring States Period. When he entered Qin, Qin Huiwen thought he was a guest. In 328 BC, Qin ordered Zhang Yi and Gongzi to cut Wei, and Wei cut the county in Qin. At that time, Zhang Yi was a native of Qin Xiang.
Hui Wenjun ascended the throne in the 13th year (325 BC), and the following year was changed to the first year of Yuan Geng. In the second year of Yuan Geng, Zhang Yi met with the ministers of Qi, Chu and Wei in Sang Mu, and then avoided each other. In the second year, Zhang Yi met Wei, and eight years later, she met Yuan and Qin.
12 years, Zhang Yi was in Chu and then returned to Qin. After the death of King Huiwen, King Wu ascended the throne, and there was a gap between him and Zhang Yi. He left Qin for Wei. According to bamboo records, he died in Wei in May this year. Hanshu? There are ten chapters in the vertical and horizontal category of Yi Wenzhi, which contain Zhang Yi's works or materials related to him.
Excellent 202 1 Review of Next Term in Middle School Class 1 Lu Yining
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