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Wang Shun's Resume in Aegean Sea
Guo chuanyu xi

Guo Chuanyu: referred to as "Guo Chuan" for short, Li Si, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty, was ordered by the first emperor, and what he carved was the testimony of the orthodox emperor of China. Its Fiona Fang is four inches long, and it has five dragons in New Zealand. On the front, the eight characters inscribed by Li Si, "I am a destiny, so I can live forever", are engraved as tokens of "imperial power is endowed by heaven, orthodox and legal".

After the Qin dynasty, emperors of all dynasties took this seal as a symbol and regarded it as a treasure and a heavy weapon of the country. If you get it, it means that you are "destined to return". If you lose it, it means that your luck has run out. Anyone who ascended the throne without this seal was ridiculed as "Bai Di" and despised by the world as unconfident. Generations of people who wanted to seek great treasures fought with each other, which led to the jade seal changing hands repeatedly, and it passed through Chixian County, China for more than two thousand years, flickering and finally disappearing. So far, there is no news, which is embarrassing.

1. From generation to generation

In the 19th year of the King of Qin (228 BC), Qin defeated Zhao and won the He Shen. After unifying the world, Ying Zheng appointed himself as the first emperor, and ordered Lisi to carve the country's imperial seal with seal characters. The front is engraved with the Chinese character "I was ordered to live forever in heaven", and there are three sharp wavy lines (representing the sea) on the bottom of the ring, and wires on both sides (the inner line is thinner and the outer line is thicker). The moral of the whole design of the national decree is: Rizhao Sea is now a double dragon. This imperial seal is a symbol of the orthodox emperor of China. "Ordered by Tian Yongchang" means: (since) (I) resigned to my fate and became (that) emperor; We should let the Lebanese people live long and make this country prosperous forever.

According to legend, in the 28th year of King Qin (2 19 BC), Qin Shihuang crossed Dongting Lake by dragon boat, and the wind and waves suddenly broke out, and the dragon boat was about to capsize. Qin Shihuang hurriedly threw the imperial seal into the lake and prayed to the gods to calm the waves. The law was lost. Eight years later, someone at Pingshu Road in Huayin presented this national seal again. Pass the imperial edict and return it to Qin.

In the winter of the first year of Zi Ying, Qin Dynasty (207 BC), Pei Gong Liu Bangjun went to the altar, and the baby knelt down and presented the imperial seal to the left of Xianyang Road, and Qin died. Liu Han won the national seal.

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, consort Wang Mang usurped power. At that time, Liu Ying, the obedient son, was young, and his seal was hidden in the Queen Mother of Changle Palace. Wang Mang sent his cousin Wang Shun to claim it. The queen mother was angry, scolded it, threw a seal on the ground and broke its corner. Wang Mang ordered craftsmen to make up for it with gold.

The barbarian soldiers were defeated and died. The satrap Gong Bin handed the national seal to Wan and presented it to Mao.

In the third year of Liu Xuan (AD 25), the Red Eyebrow Army killed Liu Xuan and established Liu Penzi. The national seal changed hands, Liu Penzi.

After Liu Pengzi defeated Yiyang, he handed the national seal to Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, eunuchs were authoritarian. In the sixth year of Xi Ping, Yuan Shao entered the palace to kill eunuchs. Run away with the emperor, the decree is gone.

In Xian Di, Dong Zhuo made an insurrection. Sun Jian led an army into Luoyang. One morning, the soldiers saw colorful clouds in a well in Zhen Palace in the south of the city, so they sent people down to see a small box tied around the neck of the maid-in-waiting, who jumped into the well. The box contains the country's national seal. If Sun Jian got the treasure, he hid it with his wife Wu.

After Yuan Shu arrested Wu and seized the seal.

After the death of Yuan Shu, Jingzhou secretariat Xu? When he came to Xuchang with his seal, Cao Cao took Xian Di and ordered the prince. At this point, the seal was returned to the Han Dynasty.

In the first year of Han Yankang (AD 220), he was forced to "abdicate" and Cao Pi built Wei and changed it. It is to let people engrave "David was handed the official seal by the Han Dynasty" on the shoulder of the official seal to prove that it is not "usurping the Han Dynasty", but actually shattered glass.

In the second year of Cao Huan, Emperor of Wei Yuan (AD 265), he followed suit, calling himself Emperor Wu of Jin, and changed the Yuan Dynasty to Taishi, and the national seal was passed to Jin.

In the fifth year of Jin Yongjia (AD 3 1 1), Liu Cong, a former Zhao, captured Sima Chi, the Emperor of Jin Huai, and returned the national seal to the former Zhao.

Nineteen years later, the post-Zhao destroyed the former Zhao and won the national seal. What is even more ingenious is the inscription "Destiny Stone" on the right.

In 20 years, Wei Ran will pass. Later, he begged the Eastern Jin army to rescue him. The official seal was deceived by the generals of the Jin army and sent to the capital Jiankang (now Nanjing) overnight with 300 fine riders. As a result, in the Jin Dynasty, the official seal returned to Sima's pocket.

During the Southern Dynasties, the national seal was replaced by Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. Sui unified China and returned the national seal to Sui Palace.

In March of the 14th year of Daye (AD 6 18), Emperor Yang Guang of Yang Di was killed in Jiangdu (now Yangzhou) and died in the Sui Dynasty. After Xiao, he fled to Mobei Turk with the political access and official seal of Emperor Sun Yang.

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, consoled himself by carving several jade seals such as "Dingbao" and "Dingbao".

In the fourth year of Zhenguan (AD 630), Li Jing led an army to crusade against the Turks. In the same year, Emperor Xiao Hou and Emperor Yang Di Sun Yang returned to the Central Plains, and the national seal was given to Li Tang, which made Emperor Taizong very happy.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the world was in chaos. In the fourth year of Tang Tianyou (AD 907), Zhu Quanzhong abolished Tang Aidi, seized the national seal and built a back beam.

Sixteen years later, Li Cun? Sea? Tired? Hey? Beer? /p & gt;

Thirteen years later, Shi Jingtang led the Qidan army to Luoyang. At the end of his reign, Emperor Li Congke set himself on fire in Xuanwu Building with the national seal, and the national seal disappeared.

Guo Weishi, the late Zhou Taizu, tried to spread the national seal all over the world, but in desperation, he could only carve two seals, such as "Dibao", and spread it to the Northern Song Dynasty.

In the north of Song Zhezong, a farmer named Duan Yi discovered the national seal while plowing the land and sent it to the imperial court. According to the records of the previous dynasty, the 13th University found that it was the official seal made by the first emperor. And people of insight in the ruling and opposition parties all doubt their falsity. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Hui Zong was personable and added ten seals. At that time, he was ridiculed for gilding the lily. In fact, Hui Zong seems to have played down the status of the national seal.

In the first year of Song Jingkang (A.D. 1 126), the Jin army broke the capital of song dynasty, Qin Hui was taken captive, and the "national seal" was taken captive by the State of Jin, and then disappeared.

In the 31st year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 1294), the ancestor Kublai Khan collapsed. "Guo Chuan Yu Xi" suddenly appeared in Dadu, peddled in the city, and was ordered to buy by the powerful minister Bo Yan.

Later, Bo Yan polished all the seals collected by Meng Yuan from various countries and distributed them to princes and ministers to carve private seals. I'm afraid of being involved when I pass on national laws.

In the 28th year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 1368), Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang, renamed Daming, and renamed Hongwu in Yuan Dynasty. After the Northern Expedition, Yuan Ting abandoned the Central Plains and went to Mobei, continuing to gallop in the north of Wan Li. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Maoist Xu went to Mobei to hunt down Yuan's remnants, the main purpose of which was to obtain the imperial seal, but it failed in the end.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was a clamor for "state decrees", but they were all copied. For example, during the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of the Ming Dynasty, someone once presented the so-called "jade seal", which was considered as a fake by Emperor Xiaozong and was not used.

Huang Taiji destroyed Li Dan Khan in Mongolia, and his descendants gave the Yuan Dynasty the so-called "official seal" engraved with "Emperor Seal". By the early years of the Qing Dynasty, there were thirty-nine imperial seals in the Forbidden City, one of which was the "national seal" of Huang Taiji. During the Qianlong period, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty did some textual research and found it to be a fake. However, there is no problem of taking falsehood seriously and mending it after it is too late. Later, in the late Qing Dynasty, this imperial seal was stored in the Imperial Palace in Shenyang and disappeared.

Later, when the Yellow River was built, a jade seal was obtained and presented to Emperor Qianlong, which was verified to be false.

After the founding of the Republic of China, the Qing court abdicated, but according to preferential conditions, it still occupied the Forbidden City, and was called a loner. It was not until the thirteenth year of the Republic of China (AD 1924) 1 1 that the last emperor Puyi was expelled from the palace by Feng Yuxiang, and this "imperial decree" disappeared again. At that time, Lu and others, the general of Feng Department, had recourse to this gold-inlaid decree, and there is still no following.

At this point, the imperial seal disappeared from the world and the dynasty ended, pushing China into the new century. After more than two thousand years of ups and downs and confusion, the number "Guo Chuan Yu Xi" disappeared and finally disappeared in the long river of history.

2. Forgery in previous dynasties

Let's just say whether the country's decree is jade. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he did let a jade worker carve a jade seal, which was called the "Imperial Seal". According to historical records, this seal is carved from white jade in Lantian, Shaanxi, and it is a tiger-killing button. It is said that the inscription on the jade seal of arowana phoenix bird was written by Prime Minister Lisi in the form of a big seal.

From the publication of the official seal, the legendary experience began. Legend has it that in 2 19 BC, when Qin Shihuang was touring Dongting Lake in the south, the wind and waves suddenly broke out and his ship was about to be destroyed. The first emperor threw the jade seal into the lake and sacrificed the waves to the gods so that he could cross the lake safely. Eight years later, when he went to Pingshu Road in Huayin, someone stood on the road with a jade seal and said to the attendants of the first emperor, "Please return this jade seal to Zulong (called by Qin Shihuang)." Then he disappeared. Pass the imperial edict and return it to Qin.

In the war at the end of Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang led the troops into Xianyang first. Tian Zi Seal was given to Liu Bang by a gentleman who died in Qin Dynasty. Liu Bangjian Han acceded to the throne, and she passed the national seal, which is called "Han passed the national seal" in history. Since then, the jade seal has been treasured in Changle Palace, becoming a symbol of imperial power. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang usurped power and Emperor Liu Yingcai was two years old. The imperial seal is in the charge of Empress Xiao Yuan. Wang Mang ordered Empress Wang Shun of Anyang to force the Empress Dowager to hand over the imperial seal, and was angered by the Empress Dowager. Empress Dowager Cixi threw the jade seal on the ground in a rage, and the jade seal lost a corner. Later, it was replenished with gold, leaving traces of defects.

When Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty entered Xianyang and went to Bashang, Zi Ying, king of Qin, gave the first seal. The emperor Gaozu, the son of heaven, was handed down from generation to generation because of his royal obedience to his seal. He was called Bill Han Seal, but he did not stand straight and named Zang Changle Palace. I also asked Mang to accede to the throne and seal it, but the Queen Mother refused to grant Mang. Hou Shun, a headstrong Anyang messenger, instructed. Su Shun sincerely regrets that Empress Dowager Cixi loves to believe it. When Shun saw it, the Queen Mother knew that it was reckless to ask for a seal, and she said angrily, "However, I belong to a father and son clan, and I am rich and tired, and I have nothing to repay. When it is convenient, it will seize its country and no longer take care of its grace. " People are like this, dogs and pigs don't eat the rest, and there is no evil in the world! And if you take the golden chamber as the new emperor and change the official system, you should also make a new seal and pass it on from generation to generation. Why use this nameless seal to destroy the country and want it? ! I am an old widow of the Han family and died at dusk. If I want to be buried with this seal, I will never get it! "The queen mother cried because of sobs. Shun is also sad and can't stop. For a long time, he said to the queen mother, "I have nothing to say." The headstrong man will want to pass the national seal, and the queen mother would rather not be evil! " Hearing Shun's words, the Queen Mother threatened him for being reckless. She sent a national seal of the Han Dynasty to Shun. She said, "I am old and dead. If I were my brother, my family would be ruined!"! "Shun has passed the national seal and played it. It is said that it is because the wine in Weiyang Palace has gradually come to Taiwan, which makes everyone happy. -"Han Shu Yuan Chuan".

There is no mention of folding corners in the article, and there is no record of folding corners with gold in later historical books such as Zi Tongzhi Jian, which is suspected to be the romance of later generations.

After Wang Mang's defeat, the jade seal changed hands several times, and finally fell into the hands of Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, and spread to the Eastern Han Emperor. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, ten servants made an insurrection, and the young emperor fled in a hurry, before he could take the imperial seal. When he returned to the palace, he found that the imperial seal was missing. People in Sun Jian dug up the body of a maid-in-waiting in Gong Zhenjing, south of Luoyang, and found the "Jade Seal" in the kit around her neck. Sun Jian regarded it as an auspicious omen, so he began his dream of being an emperor. Unexpectedly, someone in the Sun Jian army informed Yuan Shao about this matter. Yuan Shu immediately detained Sun Jian's wife and forced Sun Jian to hand over the decree. Later, the Yuan Shu brothers were defeated, and the "national decree" was returned to Emperor Han Xian.

The three countries have stood firm, the decree belongs to Wei, the three countries are unified, and the decree belongs to gold. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the north fell into an era of frequent regime changes and turbulence. "State decrees" are constantly being questioned and deprived. In the fifth year of Yongjia (AD 3 1 1), the imperial seal was restored. In the fourth year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 329), the post-Zhao destroyed the former Zhao and obtained the imperial seal; Ran Min, the post-Zhao general, killed Shi Jian and regained the imperial seal. At this stage, several "private seals" appeared, including self-seal in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Murong Yongyin in Xiyan and Yao Qinyin. In the Southern Dynasties, when he arrived in Liang Wudi, Hou Jing rebelled and was deprived of the imperial edict. Shortly after Hou Jing's defeat, the imperial seal was put into a well in qixia temple, fished out and kept by monks in the temple, and then presented to Chen Wudi.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the "Jade Seal" was still the treasure of the rulers. After Zhu Wen usurped the Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, the imperial seal suffered bad luck again. Li Congke, the deposed emperor in the later Tang Dynasty, was defeated by Qidan and set himself on fire with a decree. So far, the whereabouts of the jade seal are unknown.

3. Modern Textual Research

Since the Song Dynasty, because the rulers of past dynasties strongly advocated that obtaining the national seal was a "destiny's return" and a "auspicious sign", the true and false national seal was repeatedly found. For example, in the third year of Song Shaosheng (A.D. 1096), Duan Yi, a native of Xianyang, claimed that the jade seal of "green as blue, moist and shiny" and the jade seal of "five buttons on the back" were dug up from the ground, which were verified by officials such as Cai Jing, a bachelor of Hanlin, and so on 13, and were identified as "real Qin-made" jade seals. However, according to later research, it was a trick played by Cai Jing and others to deceive the emperor. In the 13th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1500), Mao Zhixue in Huxian County got a seal in the Nihe River, which was presented by Xiong Yuzhong, the governor of Shaanxi Province. According to legend, the official seal brought into the desert at the end of Yuan Dynasty was personally visited by Emperor Taizong of the late Jin Dynasty, and Huang Taiji changed the title of "Jin" to "Qing". However, in the early years of the Qing Dynasty, there were 39 jade seals in the Forbidden City, and one of them was regarded as a fake by Emperor Qianlong. It can be seen that the authenticity of the national seal is difficult to determine. It is said that the real national seal was brought to Mobei by the Yuan Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty. Is the real national seal made by Cui? Where does it flow? So far, there are different opinions, and no one can agree.

The attitude of people in Ming and Qing dynasties towards "passing the seal" is different from before. According to "Shi Ming Yufuzhi Dibao", Fu Han, the minister of rites, commented on the official seal sent by the local government: "lantian jade thought it was the seal of Qin Shihuang, but Han later used it. Naturally, I'm smart enough to fight for power and profit. I've ordered it, but I don't know that I'm ordered to do good, not seal Hou. Therefore, if you can't get it, you can fake it to deceive people; If you get it, the monarch and ministers will be happy to show it to the world. All this has been absurd for thousands of years. "The Legend of Treasures in Zhou Dynasty, an aristocratic imperial system, also said:" Those who are not in the ceremony have the seal of' I was ordered by heaven to live forever', but I don't know when to attach it to the temple and put it in the middle. According to its statement, although Qin Xi was handed down from ancient times, his seal script was clumsy and vulgar. If it was not Li Si's old wisdom, it was nothing more than Qin Xi, which was both true and expensive! After three years of Qianlong, when he was in charge of the river, he played the Baoying River Jade Seal, which was lovely and consistent with Cai Shu's "Dropping out of Farming". I put this kind of imitation of what I did in a different temple, which is regarded as playing with old things. Father Xi simmered and the ancients discussed it in detail. Even if it still exists, how can politics and political things be stored with the treasures handed down from this dynasty? Yu Yi acted improperly. "