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Military activities in Ming dynasty and the spread of Guan Yu's belief
This is an important period for the spread and popularization of Guan Yu. Military activities in Ming Dynasty played an important role in the spread and popularization of Guan Yu because of its inherent strong mobility. Guan Yu, especially Guan Yu, moved from the garrison in the early Ming Dynasty to the Japanese invasion in the middle Ming Dynasty, which laid a solid foundation for Guan Yu's standardized national worship in the Qing Dynasty. Ming dynasty; Guan Yu's belief; Guan Yu's belief was gradually formed during the Guan Song and Yuan Dynasties, but it didn't really spread until the Ming Dynasty. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Guan was the most popular shrine in the world, and his great inspiration was his. All biographies, eyes and ears, and what they saw are well documented and true. He became a family shrine and prayer object that every woman must know, ranking first among the four righteous gods at that time. Unlike the construction of Guandi Temple in the mainland, which is dominated by the government and the people, Guan Yu's belief atmosphere is not very strong, and the soldiers in the health pavilion have become an indispensable theme belief and Guandi Temple construction for Guan Yu. It can be said that Guan Yu's belief in the Ming Dynasty was closely related to military activities. Guan Yu's belief has been continuously injected with new vitality from the outward migration of the Wei Institute in the early Ming Dynasty to the Japanese invasion during Ye Jiajing's reign in the middle Ming Dynasty and other military activities. At present, the academic research on Guan Yu's belief is quite fruitful, but the research on the spread and popularization of Guan Yu in the Ming Dynasty is rare in the field of China's belief. As the materialized carrier of Guan Yu's belief, temples can spread and strengthen Guan Yu's worship in ancient society with illiteracy, inconvenient transportation and blocked information. Military activities in Ming Dynasty played an irreplaceable role in the construction of Guandi Temple and the spread of Guan Yu's belief because of its strong mobility. Based on the distribution of Guan Yu temples in Ming Dynasty, this paper tries to discuss the spread of Guan Yu belief in Ming Dynasty from the perspective of military activities in Ming Dynasty. Wei Immigrants and Guan Yu Spreading Belief Gu Cheng pointed out: From northeast to northwest and then to southwest, these places, which occupy about half of the territory of the Ming Empire, generally have no administrative agencies in the Ming Dynasty, and are managed by Du Si and his subordinate Wei. In the border areas, soldiers and their families became the main body of immigrants and loyal followers of Guan Yu. Therefore, the early temples built in Shaanxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou and other places have a strong military color. Some frontier hospitals in northern Shaanxi and its adjacent areas belong to places where Guandi Temple was built earlier. In the 21st year of Hongwu, Hangdu Company of Shaanxi built Zhuanglang Guan Wei Temple in addition to Guandi Temple in the southeast of Gansu. Qianhu Guansuo Temple in Xining in Wei Year was built in Hongwu 19; Bianguan was built in Chenghua years; Gao Tai Shouyu Qianhu Guansuo Temple was built in Jingtai for seven years, Chenghua for eighteen years and Hongzhi for thirteen years. In addition to the Nanguan Temple built by Shan Wei in the 29th year of Hongwu, the Guanguan Temple built by the Yuan Hot Springs Insurance Institute was rebuilt in Yongle 1 1. In addition to the old temple built in the Tang Dynasty in the northeast corner of the Acropolis, in the twenty-third year of Chenghua, Wei of Ningxia asked Cui to build a new temple of Yongtongqiao. Pingliang Jingning Guandi Temple was rebuilt in the seventh year of Hongwu. During the Jiajing period, Guandi Temple was basically seen in all counties of Pingliang Prefecture. Guandi Temple in Yuan Dynasty was ruled by Lintao House and rebuilt in Hongwu thirty-one years. In the early years of Wanli, General Liang Wen restored the temples in Hezhou. In the early years of Soochow, Wang Yi was ordered to rebuild the Ximen Song Temple in Qingyang Prefecture. Xuande years also restored Ningzhou ancient temple. Hanzhong Temple was built earlier in Ming Dynasty. Xingxinmen Temple #03

People have always worshipped Wu and offered sacrifices. Before Hongzhi, many Guandi temples built by Wei in Guangdong were built during the reign of Hongwu. In the fourteenth year of Hongwu, after the Ming army entered Yunnan, a large number of temples were built. For example, in the eighteenth year of Lin Hongwu in Xuanwei Street, Wang xin moved the capital to An Jun. The southwest hall of Dali Mansion was rebuilt by Dali National Guard during the Hongwu period. When it arrived, Lin Fu was a temple in Wang Guan, which was owned by all counties. The Guandi Temple House in the southwest of Dayao County is a place where thousands of officials sacrifice flags on the first frost day every year. The Guan Temple in the northwest of Xundian Prefecture is the place where loyalists sacrifice flags every year. Chuxiong Prefecture governs Nandongguan Temple, which is also the haunt of thieves such as Anthony and Yi. During the Jiajing period, Li Xianyang, the magistrate, built the bridge and used police to deter the states. Before Yuan Dynasty, there was only one Guan Temple south of Zhicheng in Guizhou, but before Hongzhi, most hospitals had related temples. The Guandi Temple built in Guizhou also has obvious military nature. The construction of Guan Wei Temple in Bijie is closely related to military activities. During the Jian 'an period in the 15th year of Wu Hong, the heavenly soldiers appointed Nanzhao. The following year, I learned that Liu Ji made a wish before the war, made a new one, and then built a temple for people to pay tribute to him. God revived this land, and Yu Yi graduated. In the third year of Jiajing, Niu Huan, the company commander, administered Xuanweilian in Guizhou and repaired the Guandi Temple built in the Yuan Dynasty, bringing the number of Guandi temples to two. Tongren County governs Dongguan Temple, which was built by Wang Yuanlian, commander-in-chief of Jiajing twenty-seven years. In the thirty years of Wanli, Chen Lin, the company commander, built a new temple in Longtouyingguan and rebuilt the county-level Dongguan Temple in order to help Guan Yu summon the soul and ensure the safety of one party. In addition, according to Ding's Completion of Tongcheng Temple, twenty-six years ago in Jiajing, most related temples had been built along the Great Wall of Xishijing, and even the west mountain view of Juyongguan was built. The change of Wojia and the spread of Guan Yu belief in the south, especially in the coastal areas of South Zhili, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong. Guan Yu really popularized China people's beliefs on a large scale after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in Jiajing period. In the South Zhili area, some scholars, ordinary people and Taoist priests in health centers were the first to invest in repairing temples. The concept of bamboo incense in Wuxian County was built by Suzhou Wei Guan Army during Yongle period. Songjiang Qingcun Temple and Nanhuizui Temple were built by Chen Xu and Sharla Cheung in the late Hongwu and early Yongle years respectively. By Zheng Deshi, there were temples in most counties of Suzhou and Songjiang, and there were as many as four temples around Songjiang. In the late Jiajing period, the Japanese invaders invaded and even penetrated into Shexian and Jixi counties of Huizhou prefecture and Jingde, Jingxing and Nanling counties of Ningguo prefecture. The Ming government and coastal people actively resisted Japan, and Guan Yu helped them win every time. The governor of Yangzhou knows that the stone is like a wall, and the ancient emperor gave six titles. In the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing, Shi Man sailors invaded the southeast and were poisoned in Yangzhou, which was extremely dangerous. They paid tribute to their bravery with their official uniforms and got help from others, which made great achievements. The first merit, the court admitted the theory, and added this post. The world donated money to build a temple on the left side of the north gate, providing a refuge for a god. In the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing, Xu Hai was captured, and Zhao Gongyi, the god of Hou Zhigong, ordered the construction of Lisi Temple in Changzhou. Hou Temple flourished in the north, and the county temples in the south of the Yangtze River began here. The construction of Guandi Temple in Zhejiang was also after the change of Jiajing and Japan. In the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing, the enemy rebelled with the southeast, and the son of heaven ordered Zhao Gongwen to consult with his division and station in Jiaxing. If you see who should help our teachers in the army, you will succeed in normal university. Zhao Gong invited him to North Korea.

Mashan Temple and Xiamaguan Temple in shima town, Haicheng County were both built during Jiajing period. Xinghua Prefecture built temples as early as the early years of Qin Long. In the coastal areas of Guangdong, Xishan Temple in Shunde County, guangzhou fu built in Jiajing's 43rd year, and Xin 'an County rebuilt in Wanli's 12th year, county magistrate Wang attended the meeting. By the middle of Wanli, most subordinate cities such as guangzhou fu and Shaozhou had temples, and Haiyang County, where Chaozhou Prefecture was located, also had two temples. In addition, Nanxiong Prefecture began to build temples in the middle of the Wanli period, and most other counties have records of building temples since the Wanli period. The belief and spread of Guan Yu's other military activities began in the early Ming Dynasty, and the shadow of S appeared in all major military activities of Guan Yu. Many chronicles of Guan Yu recorded the battle between Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang in Poyang Lake, and the story that the ancestor Judy went north to collect elegance without reason, and Guan Yu appeared as an assistant. Records of Xiguan inscribed in the preface of Jiajing's thirty-five years also left a record of Guan Yu's aid to the United States during Jiajing's war of resistance: I went to Qilu, Zhaoyan, and then went west to Taihang, involving the Guanlong market in Jin Dynasty. Elders often say that when we encounter troubled times, falling rocks, endless smoke and dust, or wind and rain, when our army is in danger and soldiers mourn, everyone wishes that if we see Hou's feathers covered in the air, God will shine. After a while, Lou was shocked. Later, Guan Yu was regarded as a spiritual pillar in military activities. In the sixth year of Qin Long, when the three caves were in ignorance, the army won a great victory under the command of a soldier and with the help of the night gods. After his shift, he set up a new temple in Lipu County, Pingle County, Guangxi, and offered sacrifices once a year. The Zhongzuo Guansuo Temple in Guangning, the capital of Liaodong, began in Chenghua, which is bigger than Hongzhi, and two new temples were built in Wanli. Guan Wei Temple, located in Qiantun, Guangning, was destroyed by fire in the 11th year of Jiajing, and was restored in the 12th and 13th years of Jiajing respectively. The frequent building of temples in Liaodong is nothing more than because Liao is a neighbor of Yi, an enemy of Lu, an enemy of the enemy, and an enemy of the enemy, so that disloyal people can save themselves with their lives. Who is willing to sacrifice his life for the country and evil people? Therefore, people hope that Guan Yu's heroism can give ghosts a deep praise, enlighten everyone, and let the sages serve the country faithfully. Miao Tiancheng also fully affirmed Guan Yu's position and role in military activities from the perspective of "Huolu County Records Guangning Zhongzuo". I'm Shen Jing's left arm in Sanhai, and I'm a military affairs minister. I am loyal and brave, and I am not proud. It is a country far and near, and there is no way to shake the spirit of non-public. What is Kuang Jinyou's border like? With the deterioration of the situation in Liaodong border, the expansion of Guandi Temple is accelerating. Rebuilding the temple, Sun Chengzong, a military official, said: This makes the military parade feel almost as difficult as China, Empress Yang. Or make a public statement, bless God and publicize it for a period of time. Ningyuan Temple is briefly sorted out with its peculiar language. Soon, Sun Chengzong experienced the expansion project of Shanhaiguan Temple in Chongzhen for three years. In this situation, Guan Yu's worship of the wind reached a new height. In forty-two years of Wanli, Guan Yu was granted the title of Demon Emperor, Shenweiyuan, Megatronus and Guan Sheng Emperor. He built a temple in Zhengyangmen and fasted for three days, which is well known all over the world. He laid the foundation stone for leveling the frontier and not disturbing the four barbarians. In May of the 20th century, Japan invaded Korea, and the Ming government sent troops to Korea to assist the Anti-Japanese War. With the help of the Lee government, Chen Lin, a guerrilla, built the Guandi Temple outside Chongli Gate in Seoul, putting Guan Yu's overseas beliefs into practice. Guan Yu's belief in the Ming Dynasty began to get out of the previous spontaneous disorder and gradually developed.

In ancient illiterate society, supernatural belief was often used as a means to govern the army. Qi Jiguang pointed out frankly: If there is a treaty, he will talk about it, and if he reads it from top to bottom, he will be afraid. When the general arrives here, he can see the difference between fish and Lu and his own imperial edict. Training treaties, joint guarantees, strict constraints, they didn't remember a word. Those who can't read in the border guards must study and learn from Ding Bai. Therefore, it is a better way to assist military education by using religious superstition as persuasion. Note: Cai Dongzhou: Rebuilding the Guanzhuang General Temple before Han Dynasty, edited by Zhu Ruixi, The King Temple of Wu 'an, Series 10, Lanzhou University Press, 2004. Xie: III. On the Worship of Han Shou and His Distant Ancestors Zhong Zhuanggong, Tang Yueguo and Zhong Chengzhang Gong Volume XV "The Causes of Guan Yu Belief in Song and Yuan Dynasties", Shanghai Bookstore, 200 1. This monograph is an anthology of Hong Shuling's research on Song history. Cai Dongzhou and Wen Tinghai are mixed together; Liu Haiyan Affairs Department III; Edited by Lu Xiaoheng. Research on Guan Gong's folk modeling: centering on Guan Gong's legend. This paper studies the worship of Guo Guanyu. Ge Jiyong and Shi Guanyu, and Guan Sheng. Gu Cheng: Study on the History of China, the Formation of Guandi Belief, Its Introduction into Japan and Its Influence, No.3, 1989.

Chen Menglei: Journal of Zhejiang University, Volume 577, Territory Management System of Ming Empire, Volume 553, Historical Research, Volume 572, Integration of Ancient and Modern Books? Professional code, volume 53 1 textual research of hangdu temple in Shaanxi, volume 1082 textual research of Pingliang temple, volume 130. He made up the Examination of Qingyang Temple, Volume II, Examination of Hanzhong Temple, and Tianyi Pavilion collected Selected Records of the Ming Dynasty. Zhao Shichun's Examination of Xinghua Temple is a series of Four Ku Quanshu. Liang's Textual Research on Nanxiong Temple and Textual Research on Pingle Temple are rare collections of local chronicles in China. Huang Zhao drilled Yongping government department? Yiwenzhi Volume 60, Ningxia Xinzhi, Siku Quanshu Series. Yongzheng: Altar, Pingliang Prefecture Records? Tanci, the third issue 1998. Xing Qingyang government records, volume ten sacrificial altar? Ci, an anthology of local chronicles of Ming Dynasty collected by Tian Yige. Zhou Jifeng, The Chronicle of Bamin, Volume III, Continued from Selected Local Records of Ming Dynasty Collected in Tianyige Temple. Zhou Jifeng, Editor-in-Chief, Guandi Worship and Zhangzhou Folklore, Volume III, Journal of Zhangzhou Normal University, Volume IX, Continued Edition of Selected Local Records of Ming Dynasty Collected by Shaowufu Tianyige. Shang Yong's Four Ancestors, Volume 1 1 Yunnan Local Records, Tian Yige's Collection of Local Records of Ming Dynasty. Xu Lin's house? Temples, Volume IV Yunnan Chronicles, a rare series of local chronicles of China and Japan. Xie Dongshan Anzu Dali Mansion? Temple Volume 7 Yao 'an Military and Civilian Mansion? A continuation of the selection of local chronicles of the Ming Dynasty in the Temple Tianyi Pavilion. Chen Yiyue compiled Xundian County Records with six commemorative books, which is a rare series of local chronicles in China and Japan. Wang Shiqiao, Records of Chuxiong Prefecture, Volume IV, _ Sacrifice Record, Beijing Ancient Books Publishing House, 1990. Niu compiled Guizhou Tongzhi, volume 20, Tian Yi Ge Memorial, and continued the Selected Local Records of Ming Dynasty, Chen Wei 'an's Ancestors in Tongren Area, volume 15, and Ancestor Sacrifice Record? Selected Local Records of Ming Dynasty Collected in Temple and Tianyi Pavilion. Du Bangjie edited Xiguan Zhi (Volume 15) and Temple, which was printed in the 10th year of the Republic of China. "Wu County Records", contained in the temple "Songjiang Prefecture Records" Volume 8, thirty-one years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty. Weng Dali: Tan Miao, a continuation of Ganquan County, Tang Ji, Volume 8, Wu's "Wang An Ji Xian Monument", thirty-one years of Ming Wanli. Zhang Huan: The Newly Built Temple of the Imperial Palace in Changzhou, The Temple of Guan Gong where the General was before the Tang Dynasty, Volume 8, Literature and Art, thirty-one years of Wanli in Ming Dynasty. Wang Diji: Yuyao Mountain rebuilt the Wumiao Monument, Zhou Guangye collected the records of the generals before the Han Dynasty, and Qingganlong block-printed. In Nie Tangan's Zu Wenyi, this series is a comprehensive sequel. Yuan, Shouchun Temple, newly-built Hanshou Pavilion, Hou Guan, Wang's Ci Collection, Volume 29, Ci Collection of Generals before Hanshu, China History Series. Yongzheng: Inscription of Guan Gong Temple in Ding Jian, Wu Shan, 3rd issue 1998. Guo Zhi Guan Jun's deeds, Volume 18 "Qiantang County Records"? Discipline? Temples; Volume 28 "Zhangzhou Prefecture Records"; Volume 4 1, Zhaoan County? The four complete works of the Palace and Temple series. Emperor Guan Worship of Yuxian Ancestors and Zhangzhou Folklore Volume IV Journal of Zhangzhou Teachers College Selected Local Records of Ming Dynasty Collected in Tianyige. Guangzhou Fu, Guangdong Tongzhi Volume 8, edited by Wang? Tan Temple in Shaozhou Prefecture? Tan Temple, Three Seas Series. Li, go to Chaozhou? Tan Temple, Volume 5, Huolu County Records, Sacrifice Canon, Three Seas Series. Dong Liu and Yu Yizheng: Records of Jinxian County Volume III: Rebuilding Wang Guan Temple, Beijing Ancient Books Publishing House, 1983. Wu Han: Book of Changes, Volume IV, Complete, Zhonghua Book Company, 1980. Li Kan compiled The Story of Building Wang Guan Temple in Qiantun, Guangning (volume 14), and The Story of Rebuilding Wang Guan Temple in Liaoyang is a series of Siku Quanshu. Cheng: Volume 1 1, a brief introduction to the scenery of the imperial capital, the complete works of the museum. "Yan Yan and Yan Xiu: Guandi Temple", Volume III, Part II, China's historical materials record the Li Dynasty and Siku Quanshu series in North Korea.

Qi Jiguang: A Record of Su Zong II, Shanxi Tongzhi Volume 350, Zhonghua Book Company, 1962.