There are many factors that affect the status of a city in history, and the most important ones are naturally economic, political, cultural and geographical factors. Since the birth of mankind as a primitive society, our ancestors have chosen areas rich in aquatic plants as the initial factors of population agglomeration and urban development, and then developed step by step. Then, as a city with 800 miles of Qinchuan fertile soil, backed by the Qinling Mountains and adjacent to the great river, with a history of building a city for 3,000 years and a history of building a capital for thousands of years, why did Xi 'an have no dynasty capital after the Tang Dynasty?
The Destruction of Xi 'an City and the End of Tang Dynasty
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, a tragic Huang Chao Uprising broke out. In 8801February, Huang Chao invaded Chang 'an, and Tang Xizong fled. While Huang Chao occupied Chang 'an, the Tang Dynasty did not do nothing. Tang Xizong Zhao Xia Town East, Taiyuan, Daizhou and other places. Our emissary leads the troops and is diligent.
Finally, under the attack of Li Keyong, Wang Chongrong and others, in 883, Huang Chao was forced to withdraw from Chang 'an and the capital was recovered. But Chang' an at this time is already? Ten burns, six or seven? The scenery is no longer.
At this time, the Tang Dynasty was even more stormy, and the building was about to collapse. At the local level, eunuchs have separate powers, and eunuchs have exclusive rights in the court. Just two years after the recovery of Chang 'an, Eunuch Tian competed with Wang Chongrong and Li Keyong for salt tax rights. Tian was defeated, so he had to flee with the emperor. When he fled, like the Chu people in Xiang Yu's works, he ordered people to light the capital that had just experienced the last war, and Chang 'an once again became a sea of fire.
In the following decades, Li came to Chang 'an to plunder, while Zhu Wen? He first took part in the Huang Chao Uprising, then defected to the Tang Dynasty, and was also given the title of Loyalty and Righteousness Party by Tang Xizong. Finally, he wrote a sentence for the Tang Dynasty and coffins, and a sentence for the capital history of Chang 'an.
In the competition with Li, Zhu Wen is obviously better. But Zhu Wen's base camp is in Bianzhou, and it's to prepare for seizing power, for the better? Holding the emperor as a minister? In 904, Zhu Wen moved the capital to Luoyang, which was built by Zhang. At the same time, Chang 'an, the old capital, was not spared, and all the palaces and houses in Chang 'an were destroyed.
In 907, Zhu Wen destroyed the Tang Dynasty and established Liang, which was called Bianjing (now Kaifeng) as its capital. As an emperor of humble origin, he did not have the Li Tang royal family's imprisonment in Guanlong for a hundred years and his roots in Guanzhong, but he was also more pragmatic in the choice of the capital. Bianjing, as the basis of his rule, is a plain area with a large population, and its water resources and water transport conditions are better than Chang 'an.
Why not you!
In just 54 years and five dynasties, Luoyang and Kaifeng have completely replaced Chang 'an's capital status, and have successively become the capitals of the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty.
In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin launched the Chen Qiaoyi mutiny and established the Song Dynasty, and the capital was also designated as Bianjing. Since then, the shame of Jingkang broke out, the Northern Song Dynasty perished, and the Southern Song Dynasty was partial and its capital was Lin 'an. The capital of the Yuan Dynasty was Dadu (Beijing); Nanjing and Beijing were the capitals of the Ming Dynasty. Beijing was the capital of the Qing Dynasty, and Xi 'an lost power in the feudal history of more than one thousand years since the Tang Dynasty. This decline is precisely the embodiment of economic, political, cultural and geographical factors in the rise and fall of cities.
1, economic factors
During the Sui Dynasty, Yang Di built the Grand Canal, which planted the seeds of disaster and death. However, as the most direct beneficiary, the Tang Dynasty used the Grand Canal to successfully connect the vast north and south regions, including the Central Plains region, which has long lived in the economic center, and the booming Jiangnan region. The construction of the canal also reflects the characteristics of China's economic center moving southward.
In the end, the economic center of gravity moved south in the early Southern Song Dynasty, but Chang 'an was replaced by Kaifeng, Nanjing and Beijing, which were more convenient to participate in economic exchanges, because of economic factors such as war and huge expenditure on grain transportation.
2. Political factors
For a long time, the origin and political background of Dingding people in the dynasty have always been an important factor in choosing the capital. The Tang Dynasty was born in Guanlong, with Xi 'an as its capital, which can not only ensure the political foundation, but also maintain political stability. As a later dynasty, so did the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Whether Zhao Kuangyin, Kublai Khan, Zhu Yuanzhang and others finally chose a region with stronger political status as the capital is proof. Moreover, with the military center of gravity gradually shifting from northwest to northeast, Chang 'an Capital lost its influential political significance.
3. Cultural factors
As an economic factor, Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty was a cultural center with a population of one million, with many karaoke bars, poets and literati. However, after the economic center of gravity moved south, Nanjing, Yangzhou and other places rose one after another, and the population index has far surpassed Chang 'an, and the cultural center has also moved south.
4. Geographical factors
The earliest Guanzhong area is called the land of abundance. Vast fertile land, dense forests and excellent water resources have also become the necessary conditions for the development of agricultural civilization. With the gradual strengthening of human activities, the ecosystem in Guanzhong area has been destroyed. What is the result? The mountain is definitely a ravine. Are the mountains full? Field exhaustion? . In the face of the situation that cultivated land has been sharply reduced and all fields have been lost, Chang 'an, as the capital, has been unable to maintain the relationship between population, land and water resources.