Tumubao is a castle, located in Huailai County, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province. Civil fort is located in the line from Juyongguan to Datong Great Wall, which is a part of the Great Wall defense system.
In June of the 14th year of the Orthodox Church (1449), the leader of Vara also invaded Ming territory on a large scale. With the encouragement of eunuch Wang Zhen, Ming Yingzong, despite the dissuasion of ministers, appointed Zhu Jianshen, two years old, as the Crown Prince, leaving his half-brother Zhu Qiyu to lead the army to war. Military and political affairs were arbitrary by Wang Zhen, the marching route was changed repeatedly, and the soldiers were exhausted. Kuang Yě, the minister of the Ministry of War, repeatedly asked to enter Juyongguan to ensure safety, but Wang Zhen refused. When the logistics troops did not continue to retreat to the civil fort, Wang Zhen ordered the camp to be moved. The hungry and unbearable soldiers were anxious and the troops were in chaos. Valla army took the opportunity to attack. The Ming army rushed to fight and suffered heavy casualties. Yingzong was also the first to fall, and 66 ministers, including Kuang Yě, the minister of the Ministry of War, and Wang Zuo, the minister of the Ministry of Housing, died.
At that time, the elite of the capital had fallen in the civil fort, leaving less than 100 thousand old and weak soldiers, which made people panic. Some ministers suggested moving south. Yu Qian urged Wang Xi to send troops to Beijing and Henan for training, Japanese troops to the coastal areas of Shandong and Ningxia, and grain transport troops from Jiangbei and Beijing to come to the rescue. Only then did the people gradually settle down. First, the British Sect demanded the Ming army to surrender, and Yu Qian and other ministers made Wang Xi emperor. And personally led the army to defeat at the gates of Beijing, avoiding the reappearance of Jingkang's shame.
The change of civil engineering made the powerful Ming Dynasty turn from prosperity to decline. The strategy of the Ming dynasty changed from attack to defense, and then it was unable to make an expedition. The Ming dynasty entered the middle period. However, some people think that the change of civil engineering is just a defeat in a battle. At that time, the Ming dynasty was in its heyday, and its strength in all aspects was far above Walla.
After Mongolia invaded the Mongolian nobles and fled the capital (now Beijing), Mongolia was divided, and the East and West Mongolians competed for hegemony and fought endlessly. From time to time, they sent troops south to harass Ming. In the early years of Yongle, Ming Taizu Judy sent envoys to Tatar and Vara respectively. Mahamu, the leader of Walla, used the power of the Ming court to deal with the Tatars, and paid tribute to them. Emperor Chengzu of the Ming dynasty also made them kings respectively. After a long battle, the Tatar's strength weakened, but Vara became strong.
In the 16th year of Yongle (14 18), the son of Mahamu took off his happiness and his father was King Shunning. In the past few years, Tuo Domineering has broken through Tatar, merged the masses and unified internal affairs, which is increasing day by day. Tuo domineering made Genghis Khan's descendants take off their flowers as Khan, regarded themselves as great masters (prime ministers) and held the real power in Mongolia. Ming Yingzong died in the Orthodox Church for four years (1439). After his son, the first emperor, succeeded to the throne, not only all the desert departments in the south were conquered, but also Korea in the east, Hami in the west and Hu Anming in the north were controlled by him. First, send people to pay tribute to horses every winter. At the beginning, there were only 50 envoys, but later they were rewarded by the court, and the number increased to more than 2,000. They also asked for precious and rare things many times. A little unsatisfactory, that is, creating troubles, the property given by the Ming court has to be increased.
In February of 14th year of Ming Dynasty (1449), Mongolian Wala tribe leaders also sent more than 2,000 people to pay tribute to horses, pretending to be 3,000 people, and asked the Ming government for a reward. Because eunuch Wang Zhen refused to give more rewards, he gave them according to the actual amount and deducted four fifths of the horse price, which failed to meet their requirements and caused trouble. In July this year, he commanded various ministries and harassed the mainland in four ways. On the east road, Liaodong was attacked by Tuoba Buhua and Wuliangha; West Road, sent to attack Ganzhou (Zhangye, Gansu); The middle road is the focus of the attack, which is divided into two ways. One is under the command of Allah, the other is under the direct attack of Chicheng outside Fu Xuan, and the other is under the direct attack of Datong. He also attacked Datong all the way first. "The soldiers are very sharp, Datong soldiers are lost, and the fortress beyond the Great Wall is everywhere." Wu Hao, the general of Datong, died in Maoerzhuang. Ming Chengzu sent four generals, Xu and others, each with 10,000 troops to defend the enemy of Jingyuan.
Ming Yingzong's favorite eunuch, Wang Zhen, was personally recruited by Yingzong. Zhang Taihou died, and the eldest grandson Sanyang died or was demoted. Wang Zhen even bullied the weak and feared the hard, and even stole the iron tablet set by Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of Ming Dynasty, which prohibited internal affairs from interfering in state affairs. From then on, he monopolized the power, widely planted private parties, and made my nephew Wang Shan the commander of the Royal Guards, and Wang Lin the director of the Royal Guards. All his followers have been promoted and promoted. He also rejected dissidents and framed loyalty.
The defeat of Datong's front line spread to Beijing constantly, and Ming Yingzong and Zhu Qizhen, instigated and held hostage by Wang Zhen, prepared to make a personal expedition. Yu Qian, the minister of war and assistant minister, advocated that the Sixth Division should not be taken lightly. Wang, the minister of official department, spoke frankly to the ministers, but Ming Yingzong was partial and insisted on personal expedition.
1449, 16 In July, Yingzong ordered his brother and Wang to stay in Beijing, and led 100 officials and 500,000 troops from Beijing. Zhang Fu, Zhu Yong, Minister of War Kuang Yě, Abbot Wang Zuo, Bachelor of Cabinet Cao Nai, Yi Cheung, etc.
Due to improper organization, all military and political affairs were arbitrary by Wang Zhen. lord protector Zhu Yong was the general, but he knelt before Wang Zhen. The fact minister Wang Zuo asked the emperor to return to the army, and Wang Zhen ordered him to kneel on the grass and not get up until dark. However, the civil and military ministers who followed the levy did not let them participate in the military and political affairs, and the army was in a state of chaos. 1449 July 19 Sunrise Juyongguan, Huailai, to Fu Xuan. In August 1449, the Ming army entered Datong. Before the confrontation, Guo Jing, the eunuch guarding the city, reported that he took the initiative to withdraw from the north to lure the Ming army into depth. When Wang Zhen saw the Walla army retreating from the north, he still insisted on advancing northward. When he heard of the fiasco ahead, he retreated in panic. I wanted Yingzong to pass through his hometown of Yuzhou when he withdrew, showing his prestige; I was afraid that the army would damage his garden crops, so the marching route changed repeatedly, which caused the soldiers to be exhausted. To Fu Xuan, vara brigade pursuer, Ming army thirty thousand cavalry "killed and looted". On August 3, 1449, 13, they fled to the civil fort, and the Wara army had crushed the Ming army.
Kuang Yě, the captured minister of the British Ministry of War, repeatedly asked to enter Juyongguan to ensure safety, but Wang Zhen refused. Civil fort has a high terrain, no spring water and no water shortage. There is a river fifteen miles south of the Tubao, which was occupied by the Walla army. The soldiers were hungry and thirsty, but there was still no water after digging a two-foot well. The next day, Valla troops surrounded the civil fortress. First, he sent envoys to cheat and defeat, and took the initiative to retreat to paralyze the Ming army. Ming Yingzong didn't suspect fraud and sent Cao Yun to draft letters. Wang Zhen ordered the camp to be moved to the water. When the Ming army moved, the thirsty soldiers rushed to the river, and the troops were in a mess. The Vara army took the opportunity to attack.
The Ming army had to fight in a hurry, and the ambush was everywhere, and the Ming army was defeated. Ying Fu, Tai Ninghou, Du Weijingyuan, Ping Xianghuai, Xiang Zhen, Sui Anbo Chen Lin, Xiu Wubo Shen Rong, Dadu, Shang Shu Wang Zuo, Kuang Yě, bachelor Cao Fu, assistant minister Zhang Yi, assistant minister Ding Xuan, Wang Yonghe, and deputy imperial advisor Deng Yong. Ming Yingzong had no hope of breaking through, but jumped off his horse, faced south, sat cross-legged, and was tied up while waiting. In a short time, Waci soldiers rushed up, and a soldier came forward and took Ming Yingzong's armor. When he saw that his armor was different, he knew that he was not an ordinary person, so he pushed him to see King Saikan, Xian Ye's younger brother, and Fan Zhongyan, the general of Ming Yingzong's guard, was furious. He swung a hammer and smashed it at Wang Zhen's head. Fan Zhong also died soon. In this campaign, the Ming army died more than half, and a large number of trench were plundered first. Only a few people escaped, such as Cheng Weizhen of the right temple of Dali Temple, Yang Shan, the left assistant minister of does, and Li Xian, a doctor.
When the day king questioned Ming Yingzong, Ming Yingzong asked, "Who are you? Is the first, or Bo Yan Timur, or the king of the game. " King Saikan felt that Ming Yingzong had a big tone of voice, and immediately reported it first. He also sent a Ming Dynasty envoy who stayed in the Waci army to identify it, only to know that he was Ming Yingzong.
In this disastrous battle, more than 200,000 people of the Ming army were injured by half, one third died, dozens of civil and military officials were killed or injured, 200,000 horses were lost, and the loss of armored equipment was countless. Among the ministers who died in the civil fort rebellion, there were Taishi Yingfu, Taining Hou Chenying, Xu Yuan, Pingxiang Huai, Xiangcheng Zhen, Sui Anbo Chen Lin, Xiuwu Bo Shenrong, Governor General, Ministry of War Shangshu, Ministry of War Shangshu Kuang Yě, Zuo Assistant Minister Cao Kui, who was a bachelor of the Imperial Academy, and Right Assistant Minister Ding Xuan, who were Liu Rong, Liu Rong, Shang Bao, Bao,, and.