The Tang Dynasty (6 18 ~907) is one of the most important dynasties in the history of China, and it is also recognized as one of the most powerful times in China. Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty in 6 18, with Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) as its capital, and Luoyang as its east capital. In its heyday, the desert of Central Asia was also ruled by it in the 7th century. In 690, Wu Zetian changed the name of Tang Dynasty to Zhou, and moved the capital to Luoyang, which was called Wu Zhou in history, also known as "Southern Zhou", until Tang Zhongzong restored the name of Tang Dynasty in 705. After the Anshi Rebellion in the 14th year of Tianbao (755), the Tang Dynasty gradually declined. In 907, Zhu Quanzhong, the king of Liang Dynasty, usurped the throne and perished, which lasted for 289 years and passed on 19 emperors. The Tang Dynasty made brilliant achievements in culture, politics, economy and diplomacy, and was one of the most powerful countries in the world at that time. At that time, the political system and culture of East Asian neighbors including Silla, Bohai Sea and Japan were also deeply influenced by it. The title of "Tang" is the ancient name of Jin, which generally refers to the central area of Shanxi Province today. Legend has it that the monarch of Yao is called "Tang Tao". During the Zhou Dynasty, there was a small country called Tang State in today's Hubei Province. Li Yuan of Sui Dynasty inherited Tang Guogong; After Emperor Gong abdicated, he took Tang as his country name. After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, the later Tang Dynasty in Li Jianli in the Five Dynasties and the southern Tang Dynasty in the Ten Kingdoms both claimed to be the successors of the Tang Dynasty, and both took "Tang" as their country name. In fact, their emperor had nothing to do with the Tang Dynasty. Li, a royal family in the Tang Dynasty, claimed to be from Zhao County of Han nationality, and the Li family was also a military aristocrat in Longxi. Li in Longxi was a famous family of military commanders in China during the Qin Dynasty. Li Guang, the flying general of the Western Han Dynasty, and other famous soldiers emerged in this family. However, some people doubt this statement and think that Li, the royal family of the Tang Dynasty, is a descendant of Xianbei. In Old Tang Book and New Tang Book, it is said that Li, the royal family of the Tang Dynasty, is a descendant of Lao Er, and Li Hao, the founding monarch of the Sixteen Countries, is also his distant ancestor. In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Xianbei policy was implemented, and Li was forced to change his "Xiao Ye surname", which was a newly created surname. After the demise of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, it was restored as Lee. The Tang and Song Dynasties are regarded by historian Huang Renyu as the second imperial period of China after Qin and Han Dynasties, while Japanese historians generally believe that the Tang Dynasty was the end of China's "Middle Ages". The national strength of the Tang Dynasty was one of the best in China's history, so China people were also called "Tangren", and today China people in the west are also called "Chinatown". In the later period of Emperor Yang Di's rule in the Tang Dynasty, there was no way to be tyrannical. A peasant uprising broke out at the end of Sui Dynasty. In May of 6 17, Tang Guogong and Li Yuan, who stayed in Taiyuan, set out in Jinyang. On 1 1 month, they occupied Chang 'an, made You Yang emperor, and changed the yuan to Yi Ning, that is, Emperor Sui Gong. Tang Gaozu was appointed Prime Minister and became the king of the Tang Dynasty. In March of 14th year of Great Cause, Emperor Yang Di was killed by Minister Yu Wenhuaji in Jiangdu, and the Sui Dynasty perished. In May of the same year, Li Yuan proclaimed himself emperor, making the country Tang and Li Yuan as emperor. Changed to Wude, the capital is still in Chang 'an. Then, the eldest son Li was made a prince, the second son was the king of Qin, the third son died young, and the fourth son Li Yuanji was the king of Qi. After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan sent Li Shimin to conquer all sides and annihilate all sides. On the fourth day of June, Wude launched the Xuanwu Gate Revolution, which made great contributions in all aspects. Li and Li Yuanji were killed. Tang Gaozu abdicated for the emperor's father. Li Shimin acceded to the throne, and Li Shimin was Emperor Taizong, and changed to Zhenguan. During the reign of Emperor Taizong of Zhenguan, the Mongolian Plateau dominated by Turks was the sphere of influence, and all ethnic groups in northern Tang Dynasty called Li Shimin Tiankhan. In the internal affairs, he inherited the prime minister system, developed, improved and established the imperial examination system used by three provinces and six departments and later generations, and also promoted the land equalization system and the rent system. No matter how he came from, he recruited a large number of competent ministers, whether they were ministers or ministers, and they were all reused one by one. For example, Wei Zhi is a curtain minister for the former prince. After Emperor Taizong acceded to the throne, he let bygones be bygones and followed Wei Zhi's advice. During this period, the social order was stable and the economy was prosperous, which was called "the rule of Zhenguan" in history. The summary of his achievements "Zhenguan Politician" became the textbook of Japanese and Korean emperors, and it was also the object of imitation and learning for later emperors. In his later years, Emperor Taizong was troubled by the prince's problems. Prince Li Chenggan fought side by side with Wang Wei and Lee Tae. As a result, Emperor Taizong also abolished them and made Li Zhi, the ninth son of Jin Wang Renxiao, a prince. After the death of Emperor Taizong, Li Zhi acceded to the throne for Tang Gaozong. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, he accepted the invitation of Silla, and finally destroyed Goguryeo and Baekje and defeated Japanese reinforcements. Let Silla unify the Korean peninsula. In the later years of Emperor Taizong, Tang Gaozong met Wu Shi, a gifted scholar of Emperor Taizong. After the death of Emperor Taizong, Wu entered Ganye Temple as a nun. At that time, Emperor Gaozong's queen was at war with Xiao Shufei, and she allowed Emperor Gaozong to take Wu Shi back to the palace. After Wu entered the palace, he successively abolished the queen and. Under the opposition of the minister, Gao became the queen of Wu. The emperor was in poor health, and many political affairs were handed over to Wu Hou. Shortly after the death of Emperor Gaozong, Wu Zetian made Li Xian Emperor of Tang Zhongzong. Soon, he abolished Zhongzong and made his other son Li Dan emperor. After the rebellion was put down, in the first year of God-given (690), Wu Zetian abandoned this straw and called it Emperor, and changed Tang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty, calling it Holy Spirit Emperor. Wuhou became the only woman who claimed to be the emperor in the history of China, and she reigned for more than 50 years. Because of the word "Zetian" in posthumous title, some scholars have called it "Wu Zetian" since modern times, but this is not a rigorous title. During the fifteen years of Wu Zhou's rule, in order to balance or even attack the influence of aristocratic families since Emperor Gaozong, Wu Hou vigorously promoted officials who entered the official career through the imperial examination. Di Renjie is one of them. She also arranged for her nephews and confidants, such as Wu Sansi and Wu Chengsi, to be important maintenance personnel. Traditional historians criticized Wu Hou, such as Suo Yuanli, Lai Junchen and Zhou Xing, and they encouraged her to spy on her ministers through informers and torture. Wuhou often bypassed the province under the door, and Zhongshu Province directly gave orders to officials, which set a precedent for destroying the official system. Butler Zhang Changzong and Xue Huaiyi, etc. However, there are many traditional male emperors' harems. Wuhou also highly respected Buddhism. For example, Buddhist temples were frequently built during the Wu and Zhou Dynasties, and the year numbers were used to prove saints and Dazu. This is in sharp contrast to Li's worship of Taoism and the titles of Zhenguan, Yonghui, Jing Yun and Kaiyuan. In addition, Wuhou became an imitator of the women in the Tang Dynasty's harem fighting for power and profit. In the first year of Webster's Shenlong (705), Jing Hui and Prime Minister Zhang Jianzhi staged a coup and restored the political power of the Tang Dynasty. Li Dan was made king of Xiang. However, Zhongzong was always influenced by Wei Ruyun, Princess Anle, his daughter and party member Wu Sansi, the elder of Wuhou. Both Zhang Jianzhi and Jing Hui were exiled or killed. Wei Ruyun intends to be the second marquis of Wu, and Princess Anle once asked to be the wife of the emperor. In the fourth year of Jinglong (7 10), Wei Ruyun and Princess Anle conspired to poison Zhongzong. Wei Ruyun made Li Zhongmao, king of Wen, emperor, in order to be a young emperor and to harm Li Dan, king of Xiang. Li Dan's son, Li Longji, then the king of Linzi, staged a coup with the help of his aunt Princess Taiping, killing Wei Ruyun, Princess Anle and the remnants of Wu Shi, and resetting Li Dan. After the prosperous new century, Zong Rui's sister Princess Taiping fought a power struggle with Li Longji. In the first year of Yanhe River (7 12), it gave way to the Prince, also known as Tang Huangming. In July13, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty gave Princess Taiping the death penalty, and followers either killed or chased her, which ended the chaotic political situation known as the "Hou Wei Rebellion". In the same year, it was changed to Kaiyuan. Tang Xuanzong reigned for 44 years. In the early period (Kaiyuan years), the politics was relatively clear and the economy developed rapidly. The Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was called "the prosperous time of Kaiyuan" in history. This period is considered to be the second heyday in the history of China after the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. The capital Chang 'an became the largest city in the world at that time. After the Anshi Rebellion, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty changed to Tianbao, aiming high, indulging in pleasure and not asking about state affairs. After accepting Yang Yuhuan as the imperial concubine, she became more addicted to debauchery. Tang Xuanzong appointed Li, who was notorious for his "duplicity", as prime minister, and he was in office for eighteen years, which made the political affairs corrupt. After Li's death, he took Yang as his portrait. During this period, eunuchs began to intervene, and Gao Lishi's power was hot. Tang Xuanzong was overjoyed. Because of this, border generals often provoke wars against foreigners to win credit. At that time, because the military system was changed from the official military system to the recruitment system, our time was combined with soldiers in military towns, and there was a situation in which frontier fortress generals joined the army exclusively. Among them, An Lushan, the semi-final of the conference, is the most famous. An Lushan is our special envoy in Fanyang, Pinglu and Hedong. He is armed to the teeth. In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), he took advantage of the political corruption and military emptiness in the Tang Dynasty to launch a rebellion with Shi Siming, which was called "An Shi Rebellion" in history. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled to Chengdu, and Prince Hengli proclaimed himself emperor in Lingwu for the sake of Tang Suzong, and made Emperor Xuanzong the emperor's father. An Lushan claimed to be the Great Yan Emperor, with the title of Wu Sheng. It took eight years for the rebellion to be put down. The decline of the Tang Dynasty was greatly weakened, from prosperity to decline. At this time, the land equalization system has gradually disintegrated, and the phenomenon of land merger has become increasingly serious, so the rent adjustment system cannot be implemented. The separatist situation in the buffer zone has been formed. In Tang Daizong, Ada reformed the salt law and improved the country's financial situation. Tang Dezong appointed Yang Yan as the prime minister, and in the first year of Jianzhong (780), two tax laws were implemented, and taxes were levied by land in summer and autumn. Tang Dezong also tried to pacify San Francisco, but it caused the rebellion of Zhu Tao, Li Xilie and Zhu Zhi. The result was a disaster. The war lasted for five years. In the end, although Zhu Qi and Li Xilie were defeated, the Tang Dynasty compromised with other provinces on the condition that the titles of kings were abolished and the imperial court recognized their local sovereignty. Since then, the separatist situation has further deepened. After that, foreign invasions such as Tubo, Uighur and Nanzhao appeared in the Tang Dynasty, and eunuchs took power, and the abolition of imperial power and even the emperor was decided by eunuchs. Our local government has the right to manage independently of the central government. After Tang Dezong's death, he passed through the transitional stage of Shunzong, and then Tang Xianzong, supported by Yongzhen Neichan, was enthroned by eunuchs, relying on the imperial power to make all the provinces in the country at least nominally submit to the Tang Dynasty, which was called Yuan and Zhongxing in history. In the last few years of Xianzong's reign in Huichang, the feud between ministers and factions led by Niu Senru and Li Deyu became more and more fierce, and eunuchs were more powerful. Niu Party and Li Party came to power one after another, which is called party struggle in history. In the ninth year of Taihe (835), Tang Wenzong, Li Xun and Zheng Zhu launched the Ganlu Rebellion, and their plot to kill eunuchs failed. After the change of manna, eunuchs joined forces; The vassal only used the forces of the buffer region to confront the forces of the eunuchs, and buried the direct conflict between the buffer region and the eunuchs in the Tang Dynasty. After the death of Wenzong, Tang Wuzong succeeded to the throne and established Jianyuan Huichang. With the support of eunuch Chou Shiliang, Wu Zong succeeded to the throne after factional struggle. Shiliang Zhou, the eunuch who supported Wu Zong, had to personally handle the affairs of state affairs for Wu Zong in view of the numerous factions in the court. Wu Zong reused Li Deyu, the leader of the Li Party, and cut Shiliang Zhou's power. Wuzong has made a series of achievements in revitalizing the imperial court, which is known as Huichang Zhongxing in history. Wuzong attaches importance to Taoism and forbids religions other than Taoism, such as Buddhism and Nestorianism. Therefore, in the history of Buddhism, it is listed as one of the monarchs with the title of "Woods". Also known as Huichang to destroy Buddha.