Basic introduction Chinese name:1841mbth: in1841major events: New Zealand made Auckland the capital. Historical chronicle: the signing of "Chuanbi Cao Yue" memorabilia, date of birth and death, historical chronicle, Qing * * * declared war on Britain, fierce battle in Humen, etc. Cultural memorabilia, Gong Zizhen's death, Lu Runxiang's death, Li Zhaoluo's death, Huang Yue's death, lermontov's death, anecdotal memorabilia, New Zealand decided Auckland as its capital (184 1- 1865) (with photos) Auckland 65438+1. February 25th: British troops attack Humen Fort. On October 25th, 65438/KLOC-0, the Qing Dynasty * * * signed "Chuanbi" with the Iraqi law, and the first paragraph was to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain. May 26th: The first Opium War, the British army attacked Guangzhou for the first time. May 27th: Guangzhou Peace Treaty was signed. 10 June 13: Ningbo fell in the first opium war. Born on February 25th-Rehnova, a classic impressionist painter. May 7th-Gustave Le Bon, French social psychologist, sociologist and founder of group psychology. May 10-Henry Morton Stanley, British-born American explorer and journalist (died on 1904). September 28th-French Prime Minister Claude Duhamel Du Monceau. (died in 1929) 10 June 16 (September 2nd, 12th year of natural forest protection)-Ito Bowen, Japanese Prime Minister (died in 1909). Death 65438+1October 7-Chen Liansheng, general of the Qing army. (Born in1775) February 26th-Guan Tianpei, the prefect of Guangdong Navy, took the lead and died heroically in hand-to-hand combat with the enemy. (Born in1781) February 26th-Mai Zhang Ting, general of the Qing army. (Born in1802) April 4th-william henry harrison, 9th President of the United States. (Born in1773) July 21-lermontov, Russian poet. (Born in1814) August 1 1- Qi Yanhuai, a scientist in the Qing Dynasty. (Born in1774) September 26th —— Gong Zizhen, a thinker in China in the late Qing Dynasty. (Born in 1792)65438+ 10/-Ge Yunfei, general of the Qing army. (Born in 1789) Historical Chronology The Draft Convention on Nose Penetration was signed in the 21st year of Daoguang (184 1). On the third day of the first month, Qi Shan, an imperial envoy and governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, was arrested for the fall of Shajiao and Dajiaobao, and negotiated with the British plenipotentiary the Draft Convention on Nose Perforation (also known as the Convention on Nose Perforation). The main contents were: ceding Hong Kong to Britain, compensating the British cigarette price of 6 million yuan, and opening Guangzhou as a trading port; British troops withdrew from Shajiao and Dajiaobao and returned to Dinghai. Qishan dare not tell the truth, pretending that compensation is a "business debt", and cutting the port is to "sail for customers" on a small island outside the ocean. However, he was guilty and finally did not dare to affix an imperial envoy to the treaty. On the other hand, the British side unilaterally announced the establishment of the draft convention on nasal piercing without waiting for the formal ratification and signing of the treaty. And forcibly occupied hong kong on the fourth day of the first month. Guangdong Governor Yi Liang took the notice issued by Yi Fa in Hong Kong as evidence and told Daoguang Emperor that Qishan cut the port without permission. Daoguang was furious, announced that he would not recognize this agreement, ordered the arrest of Qishan, confiscated his property, and became an official. On the sixth day of February, Qishan was dismissed. Lock Beijing, with Qi (Tugong) as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. The Qing Dynasty declared war on Britain on the eighth day of the first month (184 1). When the news of the fall of Shajiao and Dajiao Fortress reached Beijing, Daoguang was furious. He immediately issued an imperial edict to China and foreign countries, denouncing the British invasion, and announced that he would send Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan and Jiangxi troops to Guangdong, and Hubei, Hunan and Anhui troops to Zhejiang, determined to "wipe out the British army and annihilate it." At the same time, I asked Ilibuk to March on the same day and recover Dinghai, and ordered Qishan to encourage his soldiers to March forward bravely. He also ordered the imperial clan Shangshu Yishan to be the general Jing inverse, Shangshu Long to be Wen, and Hunan prefect Yang Fang to be the counselor, and went to Guangdong to take charge of military affairs. The Battle of Humen broke out on the third day of February in the 21st year of Daoguang (184 1). After learning that the Qing Dynasty declared war on Britain and sent troops to Guangdong, Yifa took advantage of Yishan's delay to send people to clear the wooden stakes nailed in the sea and attack the positions around Humen of the Qing army on a large scale. On the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, the British army surrounded the two fortresses of Hengmu and Yong 'an with 18 warships. It is the central portal of Humen Fortress, and Guan Tianpei, the governor of Guangdong Navy, once ran a miserable business. He renovated the fortress and installed wooden chains. However, since Qishan arrived in Guangdong, Shuiyong was laid off, coastal defense gradually relaxed, and most of the rafts were washed away by the wind and waves. When the British army approached Humen, Guan Tianpei sent Li, the company commander, to ask Qishan for more troops. When Qishan was fully armed, there were no fewer than 10,000 soldiers stationed in the Eight Banners, overseers and pacesetters, and only a few hundred soldiers guarded the fort. But Qishan refused to send troops. At dawn on the sixth day of the sixth lunar month, the British army attacked Fengbao and the Qing army struggled to resist. Because the fortress was surrounded by water, ammunition and reinforcements were blocked by British ships, and finally it fell. At the same time, Jingyuan, Zhenyuan, Weiyuan and consolidated forts were also attacked by the British. Guan Tianpei, a 62-year-old veteran, led the army to fight to the death in Jingyuan Fort. He was wounded more than ten times, but he still fired himself. The British army entered from behind, and Guan Tianpei made a heroic sacrifice by counting the enemies with his hand. More than 400 soldiers who defended Taiwan Province died. The battery dropped. Soon, Zhenyuan, Weiyuan and other fortresses fell one after another, and Humen fortress fell into the enemy. On the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, an English ship sailed into the Pearl River and Fort Wu Yong fell. All the western cannons and 380 old guns purchased by Lin Zexu were taken away by the British army, which seized Liede and Ershawei, which are only 20 miles away from Guangzhou. At this point, the door of Guangzhou opened. In the 21st year of the military and civilian struggle against Britain in Taiwan Province Province (184 1), from August to February the following year, the people of Taiwan Province Province launched a struggle against the British invaders. As early as September of the 20th year of Daoguang, the British warship had reached Luermen, Taiwan Province Province, and was repulsed by Yao Ying, commander of Taiwan Province Military Region, and Adu Naval Commander of Dahong. In August of the 21st year of Daoguang, British troops invaded Fujian and Zhejiang coastal areas and harassed Taiwan Province Province again. On August 16, the British transport ship "Naboda" hit the rocks and sank in the sea where the chicken house was deserted. On board, the British army fled by sampan, guarding the henhouse for Xu Changming and others, killing more than 30 people, taking 133 alive and seizing a large number of weapons, maps and other things. On January 30th of the following year, a British three-masted warship sailed into Da 'an Port between Danshui and Changhua. The Qing army guarding Hong Kong disguised itself as a fishing boat and ordered people to disguise themselves as fishermen to lure British ships into dry ports and hit the rocks. On the shore, Fu Yong immediately rounded up the ship, captured 54 enemies and seized weapons, uniforms, flags and other things plundered by the British army from Ningbo. In the 21st year of Daoguang (184 1), the British army captured Dinghai, Zhejiang again on August 17th. First, in order to reinforce Guangdong, the British troops withdrew from Dinghai in the first month of that year. The Qing court appointed Ge as the company commander of Dinghai Town, and transferred Wang Xipeng, the company commander of Shouchun Town, and Zheng, the company commander of Chuzhou Town, to help defend Dinghai. Ge Yunfei waited until the sea was settled, overcame many difficulties, vigorously reorganized the army and strengthened coastal defense. The British plenipotentiary Pudingcha invaded Dinghai for the second time after leading the army to capture Xiamen. On August 12, British ships gathered in Zhoushan Ocean and stormed Dinghai. The 5,000 defenders in Dinghai fought for six days and nights, which dealt a heavy blow to the British army when there was a shortage of rations and everyone had to eat six or two loaves of bread or even three bowls of porridge every day. /kloc-on 0/7, the British army launched a fierce shelling on Xiaofengling behind Dinghai City. Defenders don't have guns, so they have to use an old gun to defend against the enemy. In the afternoon, the British army entered the county town from Xiaofengling. Ge, Wang Xipeng and Zheng were killed one after another, and Dinghai was trapped again. On August 26th (184 1), British troops attacked Zhenhai after capturing Dinghai. Yu Qian, an imperial envoy in charge of Zhejiang coastal defense and governor of the two rivers at the front line of Zhenhai, has always advocated firm exclusion and opposed surrender. Before the war, Yu Qian vowed never to back down, never to talk about peace, and vowed to live and die with Zhenhai. With the encouragement of Yu Qian, the morale of patriotic officers and soldiers is very high. In the face of the crazy attack of the British army, Yu Qian personally boarded the city and commanded the defenders to hit the enemy. However, Yu Buyun, the magistrate of Zhejiang Province who was guarding Zhaobaoshan outside Zhenhai, was afraid of death. Before the British attack, he hung a white flag. As soon as the British army landed, Yu Buyun immediately abandoned the fort and fled to Ningbo in the west. Xie Chaoen, the main commander guarding Jinji Mountain, died in battle. The British army is commanding and attacking Zhenhai. Seeing that it was no use crying over spilt milk, Yu Qian jumped into the water and was rescued by Qin Bing. The next day, he took poison and died in Yuyao. Zhenhai fell. Cultural Chronology Gong Zizhen died in the 21st year of Daoguang (184 1). On August 12th, Gong Zizhen died in Yunyang Academy in Danyang. After Daoguang in the Middle Ages, Gong Zizhen was not willing to bury himself in textual research. He wrote a series of articles, such as On Liang Ming, On the occasion of B and C, exposing the social darkness at that time, attacking the autocratic system, clamoring for "changing the law" and "changing the map", and studying issues such as land possession, stereotyped writing, official responsibility, and monetary tax system. Gong Zizhen emphasized that reform is a historical necessity. He advised the rulers of the Qing Dynasty that "the laws of one ancestor are all open, and the discussion of a thousand people is invincible. Instead of giving someone a gift of transformation, is this self-transformation? " In November of the eighteenth year of Daoguang, Lin Zexu went to Guangzhou to ban opium, and Gong Zizhen wrote Preface to Hou Guanlin, an Imperial Envoy, denouncing British opium smuggling and encouraging Lin Zexu to resolutely ban opium and never "escape to prevent it". Officials, gentry and businessmen who undermine the ban on smoking should make an example of them; Invaders should "trim their weapons" and strengthen their defense. Gong Zizhen is good at poetry and is famous for his literary talent. His poetry style is fresh and unique, and he is known as "Gong School". Philosophically, it opposes both Mencius' theory of good nature and Xunzi's theory of evil nature, and advocates that there is no good or bad nature. He has a changeable and evolutionary view of history, so we can pay attention to its development and change in the exploration and research of many problems. Later generations compiled more than 200 articles and 500 poems into The Complete Works of Gong Zizhen. Lu Runxiang died in Lu Runxiang (1841-1915). In the thirteenth year of Tongzhi (1874), he was the top scholar, and the official was the left capital of Duchayuan. Guangxu Gengzi year (1900) invaded Eight-Nation Alliance, and Empress Dowager Cixi made her maiden voyage to the west, where she made her debut and endorsed the grass system. Official to Taibao, University of Dongge, looking forward to the text. Tsinghua's calligraphy is vigorous, which means pro-Europe and danger. However, the pavilion is heavy and is the ear of a scholar. He gave lectures at Zhu Zhu College. At the age of 75. He died in the fifth year after Xinhai (19 16) at the age of 76. Li Zhaoluo passed away. Li Zhaoluo (1769— 184 1) was born in Yanghu, Jiangsu (now Changzhou). Jiaqing ten years (1805), a scholar and official in Fengtai County, Anhui Province. I am addicted to Linchi and have learned three classics. I have seen many works of the ancients and am diligent in imitation. I am good at calligraphy, especially cursive. Exquisite textual research, rich in books, especially the study of geography. The geographical evolution map and geographical phonology of past dynasties are quite detailed. The making method of celestial sphere and dribble, combined with ancient instruments, is exquisite. After being dismissed from office, he gave lectures at Jiyang Academy, and there were many talents. At the age of 73. Huang Yue died Huang Yue (1750 ——1841) was born in Dangtu, Anhui. Qianlong fifty-five years (1790) Jinshi, senior official of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, diligent. Works, poetry, calligraphy, painting. Good mountains and rivers, mountains and rivers, do not make people clear at a glance, won the charm of small hometown, and learned the king in his later years, using a thicker pen. Good at flowers, especially long plum painting. Presenting a painting, each invitation has a reward, and Dong Bangda is called Dong Huang. All the names hidden in the imperial palace have been seen through by them, and people who are good at six methods at a time often keep their doors. Over 90 years old, blind, blind from the left, and able to write books. Imitate Qin and Han dynasties, showing the power of Wu. At the age of 92. Zuo Tian's poems and notes, Zuo Tian's paintings and friends, and paintings. Lermontov dies1841On July 27th, lermontov, a famous Russian romantic poet and novelist, died at the age of 27. In the 21st year (184 1), the Sino-British Guangzhou War broke out. At the beginning of April, after the Qing Dynasty declared war on Britain, both sides sent more troops to Guangzhou. On February 9th, Major General Wowugu of the British army led two ships of British soldiers to Guangzhou, ready to launch a new attack. Two days later, Yang Fang, Counsellor of the Qing Dynasty, also led troops to Guangzhou. Yang Fang believes that the reason why the British army quickly captured Humen is because of "witchcraft". As long as it is broken, it will not be defeated. Therefore, as soon as he arrived in Guangzhou, he immediately ordered people to collect folk toilets and fill them with female human feces and urine as a magic weapon to break the enemy. He also used paper to prick people, build Dojo and pray for ghosts and gods. I thought I could defeat the enemy in one fell swoop, but the "witchcraft" was not broken, and the British army had arrived at the gates of Guangzhou. On March 23rd, General Yishan arrived in Guangzhou. Although he is the nephew of the emperor, he knows nothing about the method of dispatching troops. He only knows how to drink and have fun day and night, hoping to get good luck. On the first day of April, Yishan decided to attack the British at night, but sent more than 1,700 soldiers, carrying rockets, incendiary bombs, nozzles, crochets, etc., out of the city in the evening. The soldiers were divided into three ways and agreed to get up at eleven o'clock at night to raid the British ship in White Swan Pond. That night, the artillery exploded and good news came from the battlefield. Yishan was so proud that he held a celebration banquet in Shuaifu. Who knows that the next morning, the British only lost a few sampans, but a large number of civilian ships moored on both sides of the Pearl River were burned. On the second day of the second lunar month, the British retaliated by attacking the West Fort with three warships and Mudeng Port with a steamboat, setting fire to 39 warships and more than 30 fireboats of the Qing army. A few days later, the Qing army was defeated and fled into Guangzhou. The battery outside the city was occupied by the British army, and Guangzhou was caught in the British artillery fire. On the sixth day, the British concentrated their artillery fire and stormed the Yishan Mansion in Hiran Hospital in the north. Yishan quickly erected a white flag at Chengtou, and sent Yu Baochun, the magistrate of Guangzhou, out of the city to beg for surrender from the British army. On the seventh day, Yishan accepted all the conditions put forward by the British army and signed the Guangzhou Peace Treaty. The Battle of Guangzhou ended in a fiasco in the Qing Dynasty.