Zhong Guangguan loved learning since he was a child, and he was smart and diligent. Zeng studied ancient Chinese vocabulary from Mr. Yu Lianyuan, a famous person in Zhenhai. He works hard, writes poems and makes progress day by day. In order to restrain himself from being active, he often ties his hands and feet to the foot of the table. 17 years old, proficient in poetry, ci, fu and chapter. In the 13th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1887), he was admitted as a scholar, and the villagers nicknamed him a scholar with little feet. Scholars in 1887. At that time, the Qing court was corrupt, and foreign enemies invaded repeatedly. The young Zhong Guangguang believes that in order to avoid foreign aggression, it is necessary to develop science and set up industry in order to revitalize China.
In order to make up for the lack of natural science knowledge, 1899 (the 25th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty), Zhong Guangguang, together with his fellow villagers Yu Zuhui and Yu Heqin, with patriotic enthusiasm, overcame various difficulties in the absence of information and funds, and founded the "Siming Real Society" in his hometown of Chaiqiao, Zhenhai, to study, study and gradually introduce and popularize the knowledge of physical, chemical and natural history.
First of all, they tried to buy physics and chemistry books translated by Shanghai Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, studied hard, and began to do physics and chemistry experiments according to the methods introduced in the book. Although they were often frustrated in the experiment, their clothes were splashed with acid, causing spots and holes, which was laughed at by some people. However, the failure of the experiment and the cynicism of others can't make these passionate and ambitious young people give in. After repeated exploration and research, they finally mastered the knowledge they had learned correctly and solidly. In order to keep abreast of the new progress of foreign science and technology, Zhong Guangguang and others taught themselves Japanese and entrusted people to buy newly published physics and chemistry books in Japan, thus broadening their knowledge.
In order to have a better learning and research environment and further expand its influence, "Siming Society" quickly moved to Ningbo. On the basis of having certain theoretical knowledge and basic experimental skills, they set out to try to make phosphorus, and achieved success after several experiments. 1900, Zhong Guangguan and others designed and raised funds by themselves to set up Lingguang Phosphorus Plant in Pudong, Shanghai. After being examined and measured by Sheng Xuanhuai, then Minister of Commerce, they were awarded the comment that "the factory is properly built and cannot go abroad" and were granted the patent of 15. 190 1 year, Zhong Guangguang founded the Museum of Scientific Instruments in Shanghai, 1903, founded the scientific world and established the Shanghai Museum of Scientific Instruments. It has made important contributions to the development of modern science and technology in China.
1902, in order to learn science and technology from developed countries, Zhong Guangguang went to Japan to inspect education and industry. 1900 was the head of the department of physics and chemistry in Jiangsu universities; 19 15 was the head of the patriotic girls' school founded by Cai Yuanpei; 19 16 was the associate professor of natural history in Hunan Normal University; 1927 was the associate professor of biology in Peking University.
1905, Mr. Zhong left Shanghai for Hangzhou West Lake because of lung cancer. The West Lake is full of flowers and plants all year round, and it is rich in plant resources, which makes him have a strong interest in botanical research. Before he died, he carefully read Botany translated by Li, a famous Chinese scientist, and Williamson, England, and read many books and periodicals about botany, which enriched his knowledge in this field. After his illness improved, he went to the field to collect specimens, carefully made them, began to explore and study, and then embarked on the "green road."
19 1 1 year, at the invitation of Mr. Cai Yuanpei, then director of education, Mr. Zhong became the counselor of the Ministry of Education. Because the biology department of Peking University was not established at that time, Mr. Zhong didn't need to give lectures, and his main energy was to inspect plants in various places. He brought his own dry food, and sometimes walked for dozens of miles, searching for plants in and out of the mountains, such as Zhou Lijing, and devoted himself to botanical research. His colleague Jiang Weiqiao once recalled: "On holidays, Cai Yuanpei made an appointment to visit Yuanmingyuan. Mr. (Zhong Guanguang) took a reference book and went hiking. Like all the teachers and students in the school, he almost forgot that he was a leader. Yuan's collection tube, Vicho and portable juicer went to the countryside to find new species together. Climb Wanshou Mountain when you enter the garden and come back every day. "
After 1908, Zhong Guangguang began to study plants while teaching at Peking University, and systematically studied the collection of plant specimens. He once said, "If you want to walk Wan Li Road, you want to climb mountains. Collect ambitions and perfect vows. During the four years around 19 14, Zhong traveled all over Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan, Henan, Shanxi, Hebei and other provinces 1 1 provinces and regions, traveling to Wan Li, stopping at Youyan in the north, and Yunnan-Guizhou in the south. More than 500 kinds of marine and animal specimens; There are more than 300 species of wood, fruit, rhizome and bamboo, which lasted for four years and yielded fruitful results.
The rich and colorful nature and the vast plant world with exotic flowers, herbs and fruits made him realize that the motherland is an inexhaustible plant treasure house, which greatly broadened his horizons, increased his knowledge and enriched his practical experience. During the inspection activities, he went through hardships, slept in the wind, suffered from rain and snow, and tirelessly collected new plant specimens.
Mr. Zhong Guangguang not only established a herbarium for Peking University, but also initiated a new era for China scholars to collect and make their own specimens for taxonomic research. Many new species and genera have been discovered. In modern plant classification, Tsoongiodendron and ChunTsoongia of Magnoliaceae are named after him. This is also extremely rare in plant taxonomy in the world. He collected and identified a large number of specimens, which brought a lot of convenience for future research work.
China is known as the "kingdom of plants" in the world, but there is a lack of in-depth study on the plant system. From18th century to the beginning of 20th century, all plants in China were collected by foreigners and taken to foreign herbarium for research. On the basis of collecting and making a large number of specimens, Mr. Zhong Guangguang carefully corrected, distinguished its genus and revised its scientific name, so that a wide variety of plants were systematically followed. This pioneering work has opened up a new era for the study of plant taxonomy in China.
1927, Zhong traveled to Hangzhou and served as an associate professor at the Agricultural College of Zhejiang University (then known as the Third Sun Yat-sen University). 1927, during Mr. Zhong's teaching in Zhejiang University, Mr. Zhong, who was in his sixties, went to Tiantai Mountain, Tianmu Mountain, Yandang Mountain and other places in Zhejiang Province to collect more than 700 plant specimens, and established a plant herbarium in the Agricultural College of Zhejiang University. At the same time, he founded the first botanical garden in China. This botanical garden surrounded by bamboo fences covers an area of about 30-40 mu. It has widely collected rare herbs and trees from various families, planted them in different areas, and has a greenhouse. Because it is located in Jianqiao, a suburb of Hangzhou, the Botanical Garden of Agricultural College is also called Jianqiao Botanical Garden. The birth of Jianqiao Botanical Garden has written a new chapter for China Botanical Garden and garden science. At that time, it not only brought convenience to college students, but also brought convenience to nearby middle school students to study botany. For example, Wu, who studied in the Department of Agronomy of Hangzhou Senior Agricultural Vocational Middle School, came to the Botanical Garden as soon as he had time, got into this colorful plant world, concentrated on observing the morphological characteristics and ecological habits of various plants, and formed an indissoluble bond with botany, and later became a famous botanist and forester in China.
1930 or so, when Mr. Zhong Guangguang was inspecting the islands along the southeast coast of Zhejiang Province, he found a tree that he had never seen before in Putuo Mountain. This tree always comes in pairs, and it will blossom every spring. Because the reddish female flowers and yellowish male flowers are not mature at the same time, the pollination rate is extremely low. Moreover, because a tree often has few seeds, the seeds are easy to rot after landing, resulting in low natural emergence rate. It's the only one in China. 1932, appraised by Professor Zheng, a forester, was officially named "Putuo Carpenter". Today, this precious carpenter is properly protected by the relevant departments as a national second-class protected tree species, and still thrives at the back door of Huiji Temple on Foding Mountain, the highest peak of Putuo Mountain.
While collecting, making and identifying plant specimens, Mr. Zhong Guangguang spent a lot of energy on the textual research of middle school names in ancient books. He repeatedly read Shi Mao, Er Ya, Li Sao and other ancient classics, and made detailed comments. A close reading of Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica and Wu's Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts reveals its complexity and regularity. In the institute, he devoted himself to the textual research of middle school names in ancient books, and wrote a book "General Certificate of Neo-Confucianism", "Textual Research of Middle School Names in Plants" and "Er Ya Shi Examples" and other papers. In terms of medicinal plants, he sorted out and studied materia medica in a scientific way, extensively recruited and learned, and penetrated into China and foreign countries. He wrote a book, Compendium of Materia Medica, with 23 volumes (unpublished), which is a huge project. In order to write this book, I went to qi zhou (Anguo, Hebei Province) to study Chinese medicine in fields, gardens and markets, paying special attention to homonyms of herbs. Although the Chinese names used by Japanese botanists at that time followed China's ancient books, there were many mistakes due to imprecise textual research. Mr. Zhong took pains to correct them one by one.
Zhong Guangguan pursued progress all his life. In his early years, he actively participated in the "China Education Association" initiated by Cai Yuanpei, and later participated in the Allied League led by Sun Yat-sen. During the Revolution of 1911, he made bombs for leading comrades to attack the Shanghai Arsenal. He lives a simple life and spends all his money on collecting specimens and buying books. 1937, the Japanese invaders invaded China, and Mr. Zhong was forced to leave the Institute of Botany of Beijing Research Institute. Mr. Zhu Sheng only took the manuscript and some materials, and escorted him around Mentougou on foot and returned to his hometown in Ningbo. Many important books and materials left in Peiping suffered heavy losses in the war. When he fled, he did not hesitate to lose his personal property, but kept a lot of materials and specimens. In his hometown, Mr. Zhong, despite his old age and tiring journey, still devoted himself to his favorite botanical research career, sorting out and supplementing his manuscripts. 1in July, 940, the Japanese invaders landed in Zhenhai, and their hometown fell behind enemy lines. On September 30th of the same year, this famous scholar who loved his motherland and devoted himself to science education died at the age of 73. Unfortunately, most of his manuscripts were later lost.
Mr. Zhong Guangguang has taught in Nanjing University of Jiangsu, Science Workshop of Shanghai Science Instrument Museum, Patriotic Girls' School and Patriotic Society, Peking University, Hunan Normal University and Zhejiang University, and has trained many scientific talents for the motherland.
190 1 year, Mr. Zhong is a science teacher in Nanjing School. At that time, many students were similar to or even older than teachers, and most of them were unwilling to attend classes. However, due to Mr. Zhong's thorough explanation and correct experiments, many students are happy to listen to his class. Among the students, Jiang Weiqiao, who later became a famous scholar, became a botanist, and Huang Yiren, who participated in the editor-in-chief of Botany Dictionary. After the Science Workshop was founded in Shanghai, Mr. Zhong Guangguang, Mr. Yu Heqin and others actively spread and introduced scientific knowledge. "Five years of rational chemistry and one year of natural history", Cai Yuanpei and Jiang Weiqiao all attended classes there. Zhao Benhuang studied physics and chemistry with Mr. Zhong Guangguang, and later decided to focus on pharmacy, becoming the pioneer and founder of modern pharmacognosy and materia medica in China. During this period, Mr. Zhong also translated the latest chemical theory of Hirashiro Nakatani of Japan, which was published by Shanghai Scientific Instrument Museum.
Mr. Zhong is in charge of the preparation of the Department of Biology in Peking University, and has established a herbarium. 1925 After the biology department was formally established, he served as a botany practice class and participated in the training of the first biology department graduates in Peking University, including Hao Jingsheng and others who later became famous botanists. Mr. Zhong Guangguang is knowledgeable, rigorous and helpful. Mr Jia Zuzhang, a famous popular science writer, wrote affectionately when his book Illustrative Botany in China came out: "I am most grateful to Mr Zhong Guangguang, Institute of Botany, National Peking Research Institute. In summer, he carefully reviewed some parts of this book, such as Compositae, Akebiaceae, Campanulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Orchidaceae, Patrinia and so on. With more than 40 years' experience in studying plants in China, he corrected many mistakes. Mr. Zhong's sincere feelings moved the author beyond words. Critics regard the behavior of two biologists, Darwin and Wallace, as a model of scientists' morality. Now Mr. Zhong treats academics and others as seriously and sincerely as his predecessors. "
Mr. Zhong studied hard, studied hard, became a self-taught student, and devoted all his energy to the cause of science education in the motherland. He is the founder of modern plant taxonomy in China. In recognition of his achievements in botanical research, in 19 18, the International Organization of Plant Taxonomy named the Verbenaceae discovered by Mr. Zhong as "Zhongjunmu". South China Botanical Research Institute named it "Sightseeing Tree", which is one of the only endemic tree species in China, and is the crown of orchid plants with fragrant fruits and flowers. Although Mr. Zhong has been away from us for more than 60 years, his reputation will last forever with Zhong and Guan Guangmu.
Zhong Guangguan wrote a lot in his life, including General Synopsis of Science, Travel Notes, Plants in the Classics of Mountains and Seas, Explanations on Modern Maoshi Plants, Notes on Ancient Plants, Notes on Botany in China, Compendium of Materia Medica and so on. Highly praised by American and Japanese plant researchers. After his death, the plants named after him were Bell and Sightseeing. After the founding of New China, his son Zhong Buqiu donated the book manuscripts and 16 wax leaf specimens of his former residence to the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.
1940 died in his hometown in Zhejiang at the age of 73. Without any modern higher education, he became a university professor and a famous scientist through hard self-study, which made a certain contribution to the development of early plant taxonomy in China. In his later years, he made a systematic study of the ancient botany of the motherland, made detailed textual research notes on the plants in Shi Mao, Erya and Lisao, and combined with field investigation, made textual research and textual research on herbal medicines of past dynasties, and wrote the first draft of Textual Research on Chinese Names of Plants. Textual research, supplement and revision were made on Compendium of Materia Medica and Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts. Ornamental wood of Magnoliaceae and Zizyphus jujuba of Verbenaceae were named after him.
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