Shuai currently has the rank of Shuai in more than a dozen countries including Russia, North Korea, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Mongolia, Cuba, Britain, France, India, Thailand, Afghanistan and Portugal. The five-star general officially established by the United States in the late period of the second private war is equivalent to the handsome of the allies. Except North Korea, other countries are only handsome at present. In many countries, military posts are generally awarded only to senior generals who have made outstanding achievements in wartime, and are rarely awarded in peacetime. For example, there is no living five-star general in the United States; French handsome, also as an honorary rank, is only awarded to respected fallen generals; In Indian history, only one person has won the rank of handsome. He was manik Shaw, the army chief of staff during the third India-Pakistan War. There are also some countries that have not officially established a handsome position, but some people were awarded a handsome position during the war. For example, the highest legal rank in Finland is a general, and Mannerhaim, commander-in-chief of the Finnish Army, was awarded the title of commander-in-chief during World War II.
There are 100 countries in the world with the rank of general officer. Among them, the generals of most countries are divided into four levels. The United States, Britain, France and other western countries and some larger third world countries, such as India, Pakistan, Egypt and other countries, divide the ranks into four levels: general, lieutenant general, major general and brigadier general. General officers in the former Soviet Union, Eastern European countries, North Korea, Vietnam, Mongolia, Cuba and other countries generally have four levels: general, general, lieutenant general and major general, but no brigadier general. Apart from Poland, there are five ranks of officers (big, high, middle, junior and brigadier general). In Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and other countries, there are neither generals nor brigadier generals. Officers are divided into general, lieutenant general and major general. Brigadier general is neither a general nor a school official in the countries headed by Britain and Arab countries, but is regarded as a special rank between general and school official. So in fact, the ranks of general officers in these countries are mostly level 3. In some small and medium-sized countries, the rank of general is very few, and some take lieutenant general, major general or brigadier general as the highest rank. Some small countries in Latin America, such as Ecuador, Honduras and El Salvador, have only one general, so they are called "generals".
In some countries, the title of general is quite special. For example, in Japan, general officers are called "Jiang Yi", "Jiang Er" and "Jiang Bu", which are usually translated into general, lieutenant general and major general. The ranks of Vietnamese naval generals are divided into "Commander-in-Chief", "Deputy Commander-in-Chief" and "Quasi-Commander-in-Chief", which should be translated as general, deputy general and major general. The rank of senior Swiss officers is divided into four grades; General, commander, division commander and brigade commander are equivalent to generals, lieutenant generals, major generals and brigadier generals in other countries respectively. The Chilean army has four general ranks, namely general, four-star lieutenant general, lieutenant general and major general.
School officials All countries that implement the rank system have the rank of school officials. Most countries in the East and West have three levels of colonel, lieutenant colonel and major, and only China and North Korea have four levels of school officials, and senior colonel level or above. Although Vietnam has also set up a senior colonel, 1982 has abolished the title of colonel, but it is actually divided into three levels (senior colonel, lieutenant colonel and major). The rank of Japanese intermediate officers is called "Left". In the old Japanese army, the ranks of assistant officers were set to major, intermediate assistant and minor assistant, which were equivalent to colonels, lieutenant colonel and majors in other countries. After World War II, the ranks of Japan's Self-Defense Forces were divided into three levels: first assistant, second assistant and third assistant, which were also equivalent to colonel, lieutenant colonel and major.
In western and third world countries, captains generally have three ranks: lieutenant, second lieutenant and second lieutenant. The former Soviet Union, Eastern European countries, North Korea, Vietnam, Mongolia, Cuba, Afghanistan and other countries set up four ranks of captain, captain, lieutenant and captain. The rank of captain is generally awarded to the company commander, which is actually the same as that of captain in western countries. The captain of the former Soviet Union is translated as a captain in the west, and the captain is translated as a "superior lieutenant", which ranks with the lieutenants in western countries. The Russian word originally translated into captain now consists of "senior" and "lieutenant", which shows that the former Soviet Union originally regarded it as a first-class lieutenant. In addition, the junior military academy graduates of the former Soviet Union are generally awarded the rank of lieutenant, and the rank of second lieutenant is basically unnecessary; Poland has no second lieutenant, but captains, captains and lieutenants. The lowest rank of Romanian male officers and soldiers is lieutenant, which is specially designed for female officers. Therefore, some people translated the captains, captains, lieutenants and second lieutenants of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe into captains, lieutenants, second lieutenants and warrant officers. In some countries, warrant officers are listed as the lowest rank of junior officers, so there are many ranks of junior officers, usually four to five, and the most is seven. For example, junior officers in Turkey, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Mexico have four ranks: captain, lieutenant, second lieutenant and warrant officer. Israel and Chile have five levels: captain, lieutenant, second lieutenant, first-class warrant officer and second-class warrant officer; Panama has first-,middle-and second-grade lieutenants and first-,second-,third-and fourth-grade warrant officers, with as many as seven ranks, making it the country with the largest number of lieutenants in the world.
Sergeant A sergeant is a rank between an officer or a warrant officer and a soldier, also known as a "sergeant". The ranks of non-commissioned officers vary greatly from country to country, and most of them are divided into third and fourth grades. These three grades are usually staff sergeant, sergeant and corporal. Generally speaking, in the fourth level are sergeant major, staff sergeant, sergeant and corporal. Some European and American countries, such as the United States, France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Poland, Italy, Argentina, Peru, etc., have six to seven ranks of non-commissioned officers. At present, there are eight-level non-commissioned officers (master sergeant level 4, professional non-commissioned officers level 4) and three-level non-commissioned officers in China, totaling eleven levels, which is the country with the largest number of non-commissioned officers.
Bing Bing is the lowest level in the hierarchy. Many times, the ranks of national soldiers are set at two or three levels. The former Soviet Union, Eastern European countries, North Korea, Mongolia, Vietnam, Cuba and other countries have set up two grades: first-class soldiers and private soldiers; The United States, Britain, France, Italy and other countries set up first-class, second-class and third-class soldiers (or recruits) in three grades; Germany, Japan and other countries have set up four levels; India has five grades; Czech Republic, Slovakia, Spain, Netherlands, Canada, Mexico and other countries have only one level.
Compilation grade
Also known as "post rank", it is the rank level stipulated for each post in the army. Individual ranks of soldiers must be awarded or promoted within the ranks of their posts. The armies of all countries in the world generally stipulate the establishment of ranks, but the scope of establishment is not the same, some have one post and one title, and some have several titles. Countries such as Britain and the United States that stipulate one post and one title supplement the temporary rank system to adjust the interests of new officers, while countries that stipulate one post and several titles adjust the interests of new and old officers by rank range.
The rank of the China People's Liberation Army is basically one post and two titles. 1994, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) passed the revised Regulations on Officers' Ranks, stipulating that the vice chairman, members of the Central Military Commission, chief of staff and director of the General Political Department shall be generals, and other ranks shall be:
Zheng Da Military Region: General and Lieutenant General;
Deputy Military Region Position: Lieutenant General and Major General;
It is a military post, major general, lieutenant general;
Deputy military posts: major general, senior colonel;
Full-time teachers: senior colonel, major general;
Deputy division (brigade); Colonel, senior colonel;
Regiment level (deputy brigade level): colonel, lieutenant colonel;
Deputy regimental posts: lieutenant colonel and major;
Full-time posts: major, lieutenant colonel;
Deputy battalion commander: captain, major;
Company positions: captain, lieutenant;
Deputy company posts: lieutenant and captain;
Rank: second lieutenant, lieutenant.
Brief introduction of ranks and grades
A leader/handsome boy
Handsome, a higher title than handsome, is not a rank title at first, but an honorary title, which is awarded to the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the country or its allies, and sometimes to members of the royal family and national activists. 1569, French king Charles IX made his brother Duke of Anjou handsome.
Since then, France, Austria, the Roman Empire, Russia and other countries have enjoyed the title of handsome in the three centuries from the19th century, with a total of about 30 people.
According to the regulations of Russian Army 17 16, Shuai is the highest rank in Russian Army. 1727, this rank was awarded to the Duke of Mensh Chikov, and Shuai began to become the title of rank. Only a few countries, such as the former Soviet Union, Spain and People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC), have established the rank of commander-in-chief. At present, there is no such rank in the world.
Shuai appeared as the name of the supreme commander of China's army in modern times. At the end of Qing Dynasty, Lu Haijun was once handsome with the emperor. In the early days of the Republic of China, the president was Lu Haijun. 1923, the Guangdong government elected Sun Yat-sen as commander-in-chief. In 1926, Zhang claimed to be handsome. 1927 after the establishment of the Nanjing national government, it was stipulated that the chairman of the national government and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces should be discontinued. 1937 after the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, 12 in August, the Kuomintang supreme national defense conference and the joint meeting of the party and government decided that Chiang Kai-shek, chairman of the Central Military Commission, was the "Commander-in-Chief of the Republic of China", referring to the supreme commander, not the actual position and rank. So,1September, 945, Chiang Kai-shek signed the title of "Special General of Commander-in-Chief of China Theater" in an order to Okamura Ningji, commander-in-chief of the Japanese invaders.
A leader/handsome boy
This prestigious title has had two meanings in history: one is the title of official position, and the other is the title of rank.
The word "handsome" in French has been derived from "horse" and "servant" in German and Italian since ancient times. In medieval France and some other European countries, Shuai was a general in the army. He is responsible for the marching formation and fighting formation of the army, supervising the execution of guard duties, managing the general affairs of the army, commanding the avant-garde and selecting camps. In China, the word "handsome" first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period in 633 BC. At that time, it was just a title of "the leader of a general", not a formal name. Since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Shuai has gradually become the official name of the wartime unified military campaign. For example, during Zheng Xuan's reign in the Northern Zhou Dynasty (AD 578), Xuan Di appointed his uncle Yu Wensheng as the "March Commander" in Zhao Wen to lead the army in battle. Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Song Dynasties all set up handsome positions in wartime, and Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, served as the "commander of the Western Expedition" before he succeeded to the throne. At that time, most handsome men were given different titles according to their functions and division of labor, such as "the world's handsome men and horses", "handsome men and horses in the March" and "handsome men in the March", including "all handsome men", "full handsome men" and "deputy handsome men". The Jin Dynasty set up commanders in wartime, and appointed commanders with different ranks to be responsible for conquest. All prefectures and counties with military affairs have commanders-in-chief or commanders-in-chief and deputy commanders-in-chief, and commanders with different names are appointed to take charge of local administration and military power. In the difficult years of the Ming Dynasty, under the Privy Council, Shuai, Tongzhi Shuai and other wing commanders were appointed to join forces to fight. The handsome power of the Ming dynasty is less than before, and it is only a second-and third-class official position.
The word handsome is used to express the highest rank, which began in the French army in the16th century. 1559- 1560, France II awarded four senior generals the title of commander for the first time. From Napoleon I in the19th century, 44 people in France were awarded this rank. After France, the military position was adopted by many countries:/kloc-Germanic countries in the 6th century,/kloc-Austria and Russia in the 7th century,/kloc-Britain in the 8th century,/kloc-Spain, Turkey, Italy and Japan in the 9th century, and Afghanistan, India, Thailand, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolia and Japan in the 20th century. Some countries divide handsome guys into different grades. The country with the highest level of handsome is the former Soviet Union, which has four levels: Soviet handsome, Soviet handsome, head coach and handsome. In World War II, Nazi Germany's handsome was divided into two levels: imperial handsome and military handsome. There are two levels of handsome in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea: one handsome and two handsome; According to 1955 People's Republic of China (PRC) legal documents, People's Republic of China (PRC) Shuai and People's Republic of China (PRC) Shuai were established, but they were not awarded. Zhu De, Peng, Lin Biao, Liu Bocheng, He Long, Chen Yi, Luo Ronghuan, Xu, Nie, Ye Jianying and other 65,438 people were awarded the title.
Some countries also divide handsome guys into different categories. Generally divided into three types: army handsome, navy handsome, air force handsome; The former Soviet Union was also divided into artillery, armored force, engineering unit and signal unit.
senior general
In some countries, the rank is the highest rank among senior officers. The rank of general was first determined by the Soviet Red Army. 1940 In May, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet issued an order to change the rank of senior officers to general officers. General is the highest rank among army generals, the same as the commander of the navy. 1943 after setting up commanders of air force, artillery, armored force, engineering corps and signal corps, the rank of general is only set up in the combined army of various services and arms, which belongs to the same rank as the commanders of various services and arms. After the Second World War, some countries in Eastern Europe, as well as North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, Nicaragua, Myanmar and other countries also set up the rank of general. China People's Liberation Army 1955 to 1968 first implemented the rank system, and 10 people were awarded the title of general, namely: Su Yu, Xu Haidong, Huang Kecheng, Chen Geng, Tan Zheng, Xiao, Zhang, Luo Ruiqing, Wang Shusheng and Xu Guangda.
common
Many countries confer the title of the highest rank on senior officers. General is the same word as "general" in English, but it is formed by adding a noun or adjective after general in French, German and other languages. French is "General Damien" and German is "General Oberst". The earliest rank of Russian general was established by Peter I. According to the army regulations of 17 16, the Russian general is the general commander with the rank of Yu Shuai and has the right to lead the general's "military meeting".
With the expansion of military scale and the development of national military system, some countries divide generals into several grades. The United States first awarded Pershing the title of five-star general after World War I, and Marshall and other eight people were awarded the title of five-star general during and after World War II, including four in the army, three in the air force 1 person and three in the navy. During the period of China National Government, 1935, generals were divided into principal, first, second and third classes. Special generals, also known as five-star generals, are only awarded to Chiang Kai-shek1; The first-class general, also known as the four-star general, was awarded to Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Zhang Xueliang, He, Li Zongren, Tang Shengzhi, Chen, Chen Shaokuan and others.
During the first rank system of China People's Liberation Army in 1950s, the general was the second rank among general officers, and 57 people in the whole army were awarded the title of general. 1988 when the military rank system was re-implemented, the legal documents stipulated that generals were divided into two levels: first-class generals and generals. The first-class general is vacant, and 17 was awarded the title of general. 1994, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) decided not to set up a first-class general, and the general became the highest rank of the PLA. This is the legally established rank of vice chairman, members, chief of staff and director of the General Political Department of the Central Military Commission, and senior generals in the major military regions can also be awarded or promoted to the rank of general. By the end of 1996, 29 lieutenant generals had been promoted to generals in three batches, bringing the total number of new generals in the PLA to 46. They are: Hong Xuezhi, Liu Huaqing, Qin Jiwei, Chi Haotian, Yang, Zhao Nanqi, Xu Xin, You Taizhong, Zhang zhen, Li Desheng, Liu Zhenhua, Xiang Shouzhi, Wan Haifeng, Li, Wang Hai (presented in September 1988), Zhang Wannian and Yu Yong. , Li Jing,, Wang, Ding, Dai,,, Kelly, Li Laizhu, Gu Shanqing, Liu Jingsong, Cao Pengsheng, Zhang Taiheng, Song Qingwei, Gu Hui, Li Xilin, Shi Yuxiao, Li Jiulong (1promoted on June 8, 1994), Zhou Ziyu and Yu Zhenwu.
lieutenant general
The title of the first rank among general officers is the intermediate rank of general officers in most countries, and the highest rank of lieutenant generals in a few countries. In most countries, lieutenant general is the rank of commander, but in some countries, such as Mongolia, Israel, Libya, Somalia, Belgium, Switzerland, Guatemala, Ecuador, Uruguay, Honduras and other countries, lieutenant general is the title of the highest rank in the country, so it is also the highest rank among generals in these countries.
During the first implementation of the military rank system in China People's Liberation Army in 1950s and 1960s, it was stipulated that Lieutenant General should be the commander, the commander and deputy commander of the Corps, and the commander and deputy commander of the military region. A total of 177 people were awarded the rank of lieutenant general. At present, the rank of lieutenant general can be awarded to the Zheng Da Military Region, the Deputy Military Region and the regular military post; Can also be awarded to senior professional and technical personnel. But at present, no one has won the title of professional technical lieutenant general.
major general
A lower rank title among special-rank officers. General officers of all countries in the world, some countries take Major General as the lowest rank, others take Commodore General as the lowest rank, the latter is the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, India, Pakistan and other countries, and the former is Eastern European countries, Japan, Denmark, Brazil, Colombia, Portugal and other countries. Major General is generally the rank of commander and deputy commander, so it was originally called "commander" in some countries, but now the major general in France is still a combination of "general" and "General dedivision". During the first implementation of the military rank system by the People's Liberation Army of China in 1950s and 1960s, it was stipulated that the rank of Major General was 10. At present, it is stipulated that the rank of major general can be awarded to deputy military regions, deputy military posts and full division officers, and senior professional and technical officers can also be awarded this title.
brigade commander
The lowest rank among general officers in some countries. Commodore is generally the rank of brigade commander, so some countries used to call it "brigade commander", which is a combination of "general" and "brigade" in French. In Britain, the brigadier general who is the deputy commander or brigade commander of the independent brigade (composed of two regiments) is a general officer, while the brigadier general who is equivalent to the brigade commander of other countries is not a general officer, but a colonel extraordinary. The rank of brigadier general is temporary. During the period of Peter I in Russia, the navy only established the rank of brigadier general, but the army did not. Since the Western European military rank system was introduced to China in the late Qing Dynasty, successive governments have not set the rank of brigadier general. The rank of senior colonel set by the China People's Liberation Army between colonel and major general is not lighter than brigadier general according to the command authority, but foreign troops often rank it below brigadier general on the grounds that the lowest general officer is one level higher than the highest school officer.
senior colonel
The highest title of an army officer in several countries. Senior colonel is a first-class title that appeared only after the Second World War and was originally established by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. China People's Liberation Army has this title in the military rank system implemented twice in 1955 and 1988. Countries with the title of senior colonel include the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and Morocco. The rank of China People's Liberation Army Senior Colonel is 1955- 1965. When the rank system was first implemented, it was stipulated that officers at the commander, deputy commander, division commander and deputy division commander could be awarded. According to the Regulations of China People's Liberation Army on Officers' Ranks 1988, senior colonel ranks can be awarded to officers at five levels: deputy corps level, deputy corps level, deputy division level and deputy division level. 1994 revised "Regulations on Military Ranks of the Chinese People's Liberation Army" stipulates that the rank of senior colonel is only awarded to officers at the deputy corps level, the full division level and the deputy division level. According to the regulations of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, a senior colonel is only the rank of deputy division commander.
Most countries in the world do not have the rank of senior colonel, and some countries do not recognize that senior colonel is higher than colonel. They are often equivalent to their own colonels, whose names are translated as "senior colonel" or "old colonel".
captain
The word colonel comes from the Italian word "column". In the ancient French infantry, the colonel was synonymous with the colonel. /kloc-at the end of the 0/8th century, the French often confused the colonel with the colonel. In Russia, the word colonel first appeared in16th century, when people called the command team colonel. 163 1 year, the colonel changed the titles of overseer and colonel, and called the hired officer as the colonel. From 1632, the colonel was awarded the commander of the new regiment. After the military rank system was introduced into China in the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing government named this rank "Quanling", that is, the post rank of "Commanding" (the commander of "Biao" is equivalent to the current head of the regiment). After the Revolution of 1911, Nanjing Provisional Government renamed this rank "Captain" and Beiyang Government renamed it "Colonel". At present, the rank system of all countries in the world generally has the rank of colonel. Except for a few countries with large universities, a colonel is the highest rank among school officials. A colonel is usually a colonel. According to the current legal documents of the People's Liberation Army of China, a colonel can also confer the rank of deputy division commander.
Lieutenant Colonel
The intermediate title of a field officer. In the17th century, the deputy head of the Russian army was called Lieutenant Colonel, and later it gradually evolved into the title of deputy head. In western European countries, Lieutenant Colonel is the first assistant of the team commander Colonel. 1722, Peter I of Russia designated the second rank of Lieutenant Colonel as a school official in the official rank table. When the Red Army of the Soviet Union implemented the rank system in 1935, the school officials were only colonel and major, and it was not until 1939 that lieutenant colonel was added. At present, there is no title of lieutenant colonel in the rank system of all countries in the world, and it is generally the rank of lieutenant colonel or battalion commander. According to the existing laws and regulations of the People's Liberation Army of China, Lieutenant Colonel can award commanding officers at regimental, deputy regimental and battalion levels, as well as officers who hold professional and technical positions at senior, middle and junior levels.
primary
The word comes from Latin words such as "big", "higher status" and "older" and is an ancient military term. More than 400 years ago, the Spanish army first used major as the rank title. The military term "major" was introduced into Germany in16th century. At first, it was only used as a title for people who held certain positions. For example, when the word "major" is used with the word "city", it means the manager of city affairs, and when it is used with the word "key", it means the person responsible for opening and closing the gate of the fortress. When Germany establishes a standing army in the future, it will take the rank of major as its title. 1698, Russia established the rank of major for the commander of the new corps and foreigners serving in the Russian army. 13 years later, it began to set up this rank in the regular army established by Peter I. In the18th century-19th century, Russia once divided the small campus into two grades, namely, the first-class specialty and the second-class specialty, and also matched the specialty with the post to indicate the fixed position, such as "base specialty" and "guard specialty".
At present, there is a major in the rank system of all countries in the world, which is the lowest rank among school officials. Generally, it is the rank of deputy battalion commander, and some countries also stipulate the rank of battalion commander or company commander of special forces.
Senior captain
The word comes from the Latin word "chief" and from "officer". The title of captain first appeared in medieval France. At that time, it was the title of the head of the independent military region and had a prominent position. Later, the word Dawei gradually lost its original meaning. Starting from 1558, the company commander is called David, and the commander is called section chief David. In Russia, the title of captain first appeared in the Boris Godunov period of16th century. People call the captain of a foreign mercenary a captain. From 1647, the captain was awarded the title of first-class rank to the company commander of the new regiment. By the beginning of the18th century, all company commanders of the regular army enjoyed the title of captain. At present, only Eastern European countries and a few countries, such as Vietnam, North Korea, Nicaragua and Afghanistan, have established the rank of captain among the ranks of captain officers. Before the end of World War II, the highest rank among Japanese junior officers was called Dawei, but they didn't have a captain. David is an officer above the rank of lieutenant, which should be called captain in Chinese. During the first implementation of the rank system in China People's Liberation Army in 1950s and 1960s, the rank was captain, which was the highest rank among the officers with the rank of captain, and was awarded to deputy colonel, battalion commander, deputy battalion commander and company commander. 1988 implements the new rank system, which no longer sets this rank.
captain
The word comes from the Latin word "chief" and is the oldest military term. The earliest organizational form of the western army was the company, and each company was commanded by a captain. At that time, the captain was a professional title. In German, captain and company commander are the same word (Hauptmann). This word is a combination of "head" and "person", which means a person with a prominent position. In the past, it was usually used as the title of leader or commander. Later, the captain gradually evolved into the title of company commander. In today's world, all countries that implement the rank system have the rank of captain without exception. In most countries where there is no captain, the captain is the highest rank among junior officers. The ranks of captains in the China People's Liberation Army are deputy battalion commander, company commander and deputy company commander, and they can be directly awarded this rank after graduation from master's degree.
Assistant
The word comes from the French words "agent" and "agent". As a military title, captain first appeared in France. 1444, the French army called the leader who served as the vice captain the lieutenant. By the end of 15, the lieutenant became the name of the deputy company commander. From the second half of the17th century, the lieutenant became the title of the army and navy of France and other western European countries. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/7th century, the Russian army set the rank of lieutenant in the new regiment. At first, it was awarded to the deputy company commander of the infantry company and the cavalry company, and later the lieutenant was appointed as the company commander. At present, all countries in the world have the rank of lieutenant, usually the rank of deputy company commander. In some countries, lieutenants are divided into first-class lieutenants and second-class lieutenants. Captain ranks of the China People's Liberation Army are junior officers such as company commander, deputy company commander and platoon leader. Soldiers who graduated from college can directly obtain the rank of lieutenant.
second lieutenant
This word comes from the French word "representative", which is the title of flag-raising officers in infantry and cavalry units in ancient French. From 1789, when the French bourgeois revolution broke out, the second lieutenant was determined as the rank title of the lowest officer in France. In Germany, about 65,438+0,500 years ago, people used this word inherited from France to address some military leaders or representatives of other civil servants. After about18th century, the lowest-ranking officer in the army was called a second lieutenant. In Russia, the rank of second lieutenant was set in the period of 1703 Peter I, and it was fixed in the form of law in the official title list promulgated by 1722, and it has been used until 19 17. At present, the second lieutenant is the lowest rank in most countries. In a few countries, there are two situations in which a second lieutenant is not the lowest rank of a junior officer. First of all, there is no rank of second lieutenant. Lieutenant is the lowest rank of junior officers, such as male officers in Mongolia, Poland and Romania. Then the warrant officer is included in the rank of junior officer, and the warrant officer is the lowest rank, such as Afghanistan, Turkey, Argentina, Chile and other countries. The rank of second lieutenant of the China People's Liberation Army is generally awarded to those who hold the position of platoon leader, those who have graduated from universities and secondary specialized schools as officers, or those who have been directly promoted to grass-roots officers by soldiers after short-term training.
warrant officer class i
The etymology of this word comes from guslav's word "Qi". 1649, the Russian army first called the flag bearer a warrant officer. Flag bearers are usually selected and appointed from the bravest, strongest and battle-tested soldiers. When Peter I established the regular army, he officially established the rank of warrant officer in 17 12 as the lowest rank among infantry and cavalry. In the official rank table of 1722, warrant officers are divided into two grades, with "junior warrant officers" included in the rank of sergeant and warrant officers included in the rank of junior officers. Warrant officer is a special rank, and the system of warrant officer is not uniform in the world, which is manifested in the following three aspects: first, some countries set it up, while others do not, and the ratio of the two is roughly 4: 6; Second, countries with warrant officers have different regulations on the status of warrant officers, some of which are listed as junior officers, some as sergeants, and some as independent ranks between officers and sergeants. Third, warrant officers are graded in different countries, and the number of graded officers is different. Algeria is divided into two levels, India into three levels, the United States into four levels, Bolivia into five levels, and former Czechoslovakia into six levels. After the rank was introduced into China, the Qing government stipulated the establishment of the rank of warrant officer, which was called "supernumerary officer"; After the Revolution of 1911, successive governments of the Republic of China also stipulated that this title should be set. Sun Yat-sen's Nanjing Provisional Government adopted the name of the Qing Dynasty, the Beiyang Government renamed it "quasi-subordinate officer", and the National Government called it "quasi-lieutenant" and "quasi-assistant", which expressly stipulated that it was not included in the official rank. During the first rank system of China People's Liberation Army in 1950s and 1960s, there was no provision for the establishment of a warrant officer in the legislative documents, but it was actually granted the rank of warrant officer. At most, the whole army had more than 1 1 10,000 people. At that time, the warrant officer was a deputy platoon leader, a cadre but not an officer, and was called a "reserve officer" within the army. 1988, the PLA re-implemented the rank system, and warrant officers were not included in the rank hierarchy. In 1950s and 1960s, the job of warrant officer was held by a second lieutenant, a master sergeant or a civilian.
warrant officer class i
In some countries, ranks are lower than officers and higher than non-commissioned officers. Only in a few countries, such as Spain, Algeria and Indonesia. China People's Liberation Army established this rank for the first time in 1988, which is the highest rank title among soldiers. The ranks of non-commissioned officers are divided into two categories: master sergeant and professional non-commissioned officers. They are relatively independent and parallel systems, and there is no mutual subordination and progressive relationship at the level. According to the nature of military service, non-commissioned officers belong to the scope of volunteers, and their service period is longer than that of volunteers. After retiring from active service, you can enjoy the treatment of changing jobs, and the local government is responsible for arranging work. Those who meet the requirements can also be retired or demobilized. Some countries call non-commissioned officers non-commissioned officers, while others call them "non-commissioned officers". They have different names, but their status is similar, and they are all in a rank between officers and non-commissioned officers.
Master Sergeant
The highest rank among non-commissioned officers or noncommissioned officers in some countries. The United States, France, Germany, Japan, Hungary, Luxembourg, Peru, Chile, Venezuela and many other countries have this title, and some countries also divide the master sergeant into several grades. For example, the master sergeant in the United States includes the first master sergeant, the second master sergeant, and the third master sergeant. In addition, there are the chief master sergeant of military departments, military academies and troops at all levels, who are the general leaders of soldiers in various units and have a high status. The rank of Master Sergeant of the People's Liberation Army of China is awarded to soldiers who have passed the military training in military academies and have been appointed as the head of grass-roots administration or professional technology. From April 1993, the State Council and the Central Military Commission issued the decision to amend the Regulations on the Service of Soldiers in Active Service of the People's Liberation Army of China, the master sergeant is divided into four levels, the first level is junior, and can be promoted step by step according to the service years. The time limit for promotion from level 1 to level 2 and level 2 to level 3 is 4 years respectively, and the time limit for promotion from level 3 to level 4 is 5 years.
Professional sergeant [Chinese army]
A title of the rank of non-commissioned officer of China People's Liberation Army. The Regulations of China People's Liberation Army on the Service of Soldiers in Active Service stipulates that soldiers who have served in active service for more than five years and voluntarily continue to serve in active service and are approved to hold professional and technical positions are awarded the rank of professional noncommissioned officers. Professional non-commissioned officers are divided into four levels: first-class professional non-commissioned officers, second-class professional non-commissioned officers, third-class professional non-commissioned officers and fourth-class professional non-commissioned officers. Professional sergeant [Chinese army]