In April of the lunar calendar, Pu Songling was born.

Seventeen years of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1644)

The first year of Qing Shunzhi

Pu Songling is 5 years old.

Li Zicheng's army captured Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself. Qing soldiers entered the customs; Li Zicheng's army was defeated. Beijing, the capital of Qing Dynasty.

Shunzhi 14 (1657)

Pu Songling 18 years old. Marry Liu.

Shunzhi 15 (1658)

Pu Songling 19 years old. At the beginning, I should have taken the test for boys, and advanced to the school with the county, government and road, and was told to study politics in Shandong.

Shunzhi 16 (1659)

Pu Songling is twenty years old. They became friends with Zhang, Zhang and Zhang.

Seventeen years of Shunzhi (1660)

Pu Songling 2 1 year. I failed the township test.

The first year of Kangxi (1662)

Pu Songling is 23 years old. The eldest son, Pu Ruosheng.

Kangxi two years (1663)

Pu Songling is 24 years old. I failed the township test.

Kangxi four years (1665)

Pu Songling is 26 years old. Sitting at Wang Yongyin's home in Ibn Wangcun.

Nine years of Kangxi (1665)

Pu Songling is thirty. In August, at the invitation of Sun Hui, a friend from Baoying County, Jiangsu Province, he went south to make curtains.

Ten years of Kangxi (167 1 year)

Pu Songling 3 1 year. Spring and summer in Baoying and Gaoyou. Autumn curtain returns. The third son, Puyi, was born.

Eleventh year of Kangxi (1672)

In April when Pu Songling was thirty-two years old, I visited Laoshan Mountain with my squire and Tang. Qiu Ying didn't pass the rural exam.

Twelve years of Kangxi (1673)

Pu Songling is 33 years old. The crown sits in the pavilion in Quanfeng Township of this county.

Fourteen years of Kangxi (1675)

Pu Songling is 35 years old. I failed the township test. The fourth son, Pu.

In the 18th year of Kangxi (1679)

Pu Songling began to have a home in Biji, Xipu Village, this county at the age of 40. In March, the finished fox and ghost novels were initially collected and named Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. The peak prefaces it.

Twenty-two years of Kangxi (1683)

Pu Songling is 44 years old. Make a "marriage book". Grandson, Pu people.

Twenty-three years of Kangxi (1684)

Pu Songling is 45 years old. Make "quotations from saving the body".

Twenty-six years of Kangxi (1687)

Pu Songling is 48 years old. In spring, I met the great poet Wang Shizhen. In summer, Wang Shizhen wrote Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. In autumn, Pu Songling was arrested for "overstepping" after having obtained the provincial examination.

Twenty-nine years of Kangxi (1690)

Pu is 5 1 year old. Qiu Ying won the provincial examination and was arrested for another foul.

Thirty-two years of Kangxi (1693)

Pu Songling is 54 years old. In spring, Yu Chenglong, a local judge in Shandong Province, was invited to visit Jinan for a few days. When the owner of the museum died of illness, Pu Songling wrote eight poems of "Crying to eternity".

Thirty-six years of Kangxi (1697)

Pu Songling is 58 years old. Selected works of Zhuang Lie. Zhu Kun sent poems and letters and updated the unread manuscript of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio.

Forty-one years of Kangxi (1702)

At the end of spring when Pu Songling was 63 years old, I went to Jinan and stayed for several months, but I failed the list. The crown is dying.

Forty-five years of Kangxi (1706)

Pu Songling is 67 years old. Write a medical book. Zhu Kun copied Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio and wrote three poems.

Forty-eight years of Kangxi (1709)

Pu Songling is 70 years old At the end of the year, I retired and went home, ending my 30-year career in Xibin.

Forty-nine years of Kangxi (17 10)

Pu Songling is 7 1 year old. 10, and together, he was invited to drink in the country.

Fifty years of Kangxi (17 1 1 year)

Pu Songling is 72 years old. In May, Wang Shizhen died of illness. Pu Songling wrote four poems "Mr. Yu Yang's May Dream, I don't know how many days to donate guests". In October, he went to Qingzhou to take an examination of tribute, aged as a tribute student, and was called the Shandong champion Huang. Make a folk song "The Story of the Wall".

Fifty-two years of Kangxi (17 13)

Pu Songling is 74 years old. In August, Liu died.

Fifty-four years of Kangxi (17 15)

Pu Songling is 76 years old. He died of illness in the first month.

Pu Songling (1640- 17 15), whose real name is Liu Xian, whose real name is Chen Jian, whose nickname is Liu Quan layman, whose room number is Liaozhai, is a family member of Pujiazhuang, Zichuan. Born in the late Ming dynasty and died in the early Qing dynasty, he failed in the imperial examination all his life, took teaching as his career, and became a tribute student in his later years. The old annals called it "Magnolia officinalis, dedicated to making friends, emphasizing the same name, but solitary and straight, especially unable to keep pace with the times." His works include poems, essays, essays, folk songs and plays. His China classic novel Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is widely circulated and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad.

Literary family

Pu's family lived in Zichuan, moved to Yuan, and had no literature. His distant ancestors Pu Luhun and Pu served as the general manager of Banyang Fudao, famous for riding in the city, but neither of them served. This tomb is near Dianzi Village in the northwest of the city. Weng Zhong, an old Chinese watch, is commonly known as a "stone woman". Therefore, its ethnic composition has caused controversy in academic circles, and the coexistence of "Mongolia, Jurchen, Hui and Han" is still inconclusive.

According to Pu's genealogy, Pu's surname is Yuan Shixun, and Ning and Shun once suffered from foreigners. Xing was butchered, leaving only a "reserved orphan". When I was six or seven years old, I hid in the ancestral Yang family and changed my mother's surname. After Yuan's death, he took Pu as his surname and Zhang as his ancestor. Later, many descendants lived in Jingzhuang and changed their names to Pujiazhuang. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, among the eight students in the county, their family actually accounted for six. Later, the Ke family came one after another, claiming to be a noble family. From Zhang Pu to Pu Songling calendar 1 1 year, the lineage is:

Zhang Zizhong-Zheng Haizhen-Yongxiang-Shiguang-Ji Fang-Shengling-Pan Songling

Pu Songling's great-grandfather Shiguang was the first member of this family. Four sons were born at that time, one was an instructor and three were Yao Sheng's. Among the descendants of later generations, there were dozens of scholars who issued (3) county decrees and decrees in Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Juren, Gong Sheng, Yi Sheng and Yao Sheng. His great-grandfather Ji Fang (Line 2) was born in a hurry, and all his five sons were born in Pan Pan. The ancestors died, and none of the five sons picked Qin; His father, Pan, was accompanied by Dong Shi and Li. Because he didn't have a mechanic and his family was poor, he left school to go to sea and was called Su Feng for several years. Laymen don't forget the classics, and Bo Cha is rampant, which is far behind Confucianism. But the eldest son died young, and he had no children for more than forty years (he had adopted a son). He gave money to do good deeds and help the village. Later, he gave birth to four sons (three of whom went to school). He was loyal to the monarch all his life, attached importance to the war, planned to defend the village and funded the repair of the city wall, so he was named "seclusion" in the county annals.

Inspiration learning

In the 13th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty, on the night of April 16th, Pu Songling was born in the north room of Pujiazhuang's hometown. At this time, while his father was dreaming, a sick and thin monk with a coat and a round ointment like copper coins stuck on his chest entered the room. However, Pu Songling was born as a "sickly and barren Gotama".

Pu Songling is the third (the second son of Dong Shi) among the four brothers (less dead, heir Zhao Xing Gui), two brothers (born by Li) and bai ling, and a younger brother He Ling. Due to the gradual decline of the family, the teacher could not postpone, and all four brothers learned from their father. Pu Songling is naturally intelligent and can read history, especially influenced by his father.

In the 14th year of Qing Shunzhi, Pu Songling, aged 65,438+08, married Liu, the second daughter of Daliu (now Daokou Village, Luocun Town).

The next day, newly-married Pu Songling, the son of the first exam, made up his doctoral disciples with county, government and Taoism, and borrowed students. Shandong scholar Shi praised his artistic creation, calling it "getting up early" and "as much as a spoonful". His comment on writing said: "The first art smells strange fragrance in the air, and when it comes to words, it is rich and ugly for a while, and it is enough to maintain the wind and change the customs. Second, reading like the moon, writing like the wind, losing the joy of marching. "

With the growth of age, Pu Songling, who is more and more ambitious, became a "Ying Zhongshe" together with his classmates and close friends Zhang (,) and Wang. Every time we get together, we will chant, sing and sing together, and the poems will be published in a book. The purpose is to learn from each other's strong points and complement each other's strong points to supplement the literary industry.

Since then, Pu Songling has been studying abroad. First go to the Shenjia in the west of the city to discuss "sharing lights" with Shen Run's son Ning Shaodao Shen Tianxiang (Yan He); In the spring of Kangxi's third year, at the invitation, he went to the Li family in the east of the city. During this period, Pu Songling did not change his study thought, although his brothers analyzed this change. In order to cherish time and study hard, he once accepted the advice of his nephew Zhao (now), who is also in the holiday museum, and wrote "Preface to Wake Up the World" as an incentive. Later, faced with the current situation of "living in three old houses on the farm without fences, small trees and chrysanthemum morifolium" after separation, especially the ailing wife, young son and embarrassed family, Pu Songling had to stop borrowing from the Li family against his will. In the fifth year of Kangxi, he attended classes in Wangcun Village in the west of the city and began his career as a teacher. This is his primary stage.

Youmu Baoying

In the autumn of the ninth year of Kangxi, Pu Songling was hired by Jinshi and Sun Hui (Bai Shu), the magistrate of Baoying County, Jiangsu Province, as a guest of Nanbaoying County Magistrate's Office to help with official documents. He rode south, entered Laiwu County from Qingshi in the southwest of Shen Yan Town (now Boshan District) in Yidu County, entered northern Jiangsu via Yizhou, crossed the Yellow River (from northern Jiangsu to the sea in the early Qing Dynasty), and finally reached Baoying.

Baoying is an ancient city in northern Jiangsu, which belongs to Yangzhou Municipal Government. Because it is located in the lower reaches of the Huaihe River and faces the Grand Canal, it is a waterway rush, so the official post station is heavily replenished; In the case of years of floods, land and villages were flooded, people were hungry and cold, and they were displaced. Sun Hui has been in this disaster city since the eighth year of Kangxi, and is in a difficult situation. Pu Songling's arrival really helped him a lot. The following spring, Sun Hui was transferred to Gaoyou state capital.

On behalf of Sun Hui, Matsuura drafted more than 90 manuscripts, such as "Opening Book" and "Proclamation", which mostly reflected the hardships of state and county officials, the difficult situation of being outstanding, the suffering of disaster areas and the sufferings of the people, and won a certain political discourse right for Sun Hui.

During the southern tour, the beautiful scenery along the way and the water towns in northern Jiangsu stimulated Pu Songling's enthusiasm for literary creation. He witnessed the sinister official career, the darkness of society and the tragic situation of the victims, which provided a deeper and broader life experience for his literary creation.

However, a person's dream of imperial examination is difficult to realize after all. He decided to resign and returned to the north in the early autumn of the tenth year of Kangxi.

Eight years of embarrassment

The seven or eight years after Pu Songling returned from his southern tour was the most difficult stage in his life. He thought that with his own intelligence, he could successfully pass the imperial examination and make great achievements, but he was deeply moved by the contrary. His poems include "Who can help the poor in the world", "Crying for Ruan Sizong's long journey" and "Who can play the leading role alone? It expresses his difficulties that his ambition is hard to be rewarded and not understood by the world, and reveals his lofty feelings of disdaining common customs and mediocrity and comparing himself with Yang Xiong, who has no talent.

During this period, he visited Qilu landscape with Zichuan literati leader and Tang, going to Laoshan in the east and Taitai in the south. However, he still makes a living by opening an account in a noble family such as the Wangs in Quanfeng Town.

The imperial examination is hopeless, and the ambition of Qingyun is difficult to achieve. However, disaster years are frequent and there is a lack of food to satisfy hunger. Pu Songling, a middle-aged man with a heavy burden, struggled on the steep slope of life.

Shezhangxipu

In the eighteenth year of Kangxi, Pu Songling, who had been "puzzled", was hired by Yi Bi's family to open a shop in the west of the city. Bi is a "noble family" of Zichuan IV Yipin. Bi (Bai Yang), the father of Guandong Bi (slaughtering chickens), was the minister of the Ministry of Finance in Chongzhen period of Ming Dynasty. Brigitte was known in Tongzhou, the former south of the Yangtze River. In the second year of Kangxi's reign, she went home, traveled all over the mountains and entertained herself with poetry and wine. He had many contacts and marriages with many famous families, such as Wang Shizhen and others, and also took part in climbing the knot when he was re-elected. Bi family is rich in financial resources, ranking first. In addition to Shangshufu, there are Chuo Ran Hall, Yizhen Pavilion, Fan Xiaotang and Wanjuan Building. After that, Yin Shi Garden 10 mu is square, with pavilions, bamboo and stone flowers and trees, and the scenery is pleasant.

Pu Songling is one of the eight disciples of Professor Gaby. I also work part-time as a large number of entertainment writers and attend cocktail parties, so I won trust. He has lived in harmony with employers of all ages for 30 years, and has also created a stable living environment for himself to study, take exams and write books.

Coesite

Due to the superior conditions and kindness of the Bi family, Pu Songling was able to rehearse his career with peace of mind in order to be the first. But his fate was not good, and he failed to do so all his life. It is difficult to tell the exact number of times he took part in the rural examination and the reasons for his failure, except that he broke the rules twice.

The first time was in the autumn of the 26th year of Kangxi. At the age of 48, he was arrested for "increasing the size of the book" (in the examination room, he mistakenly divided a picture and missed it). His words "Great Sage, Yue Yue was arrested, and eight brothers felt comforted and did something" said: "I am proud of my illness, but I decided to turn back and made a big mistake. What's going on I feel that thousands of cold sweats are stained with clothes, and a soul flies out of the house without pain. " It reveals his state of shock and depression after he found himself out of bounds in the examination room.

The second time, in the autumn of the 29th year of Kangxi, when he was 5 1 year old, he was rejected for some reason. His word "Drunk Taiping Geng Wu Qiu Wei, Two Scenes Again" said: "The wind sticks to the cold lamp, and the tower is shorter. Groaning till dawn, accompanied by stubborn veterans. Depression is nothing, and it will last for half a lifetime. Looking back, I laughed at myself and pulled the child upside down. " These two failures have dealt a great blow to him and his family. Although he didn't give up, his wife stepped in and advised him, "You don't need Charles! Life should be clear, and now it's a cupboard. The mountain forest has its own paradise, so why advocate it with meat? " He thinks his wife is right, but every time he sees his children and grandchildren working hard, he will have a desire and often take it as words, but Liu always ignores it.

Repeated attempts made him hate all his life. Many chapters in his poems,, Jia and Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio have a profound feeling and vivid description of this point.

Extraordinary work

Pu Songling's dream of imperial examination was shattered, but his writing heart never died out. Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, which he began to write when he was young, has been continuously collected. When he got home, the conditions were good. There were beautiful gardens in Yin Shi, thousands of books and the support of the curator. He was determined to continue writing this masterpiece. Since then, he has concentrated his spare time on collecting materials and conceiving and creating. "Midnight lights are fading, the village is rustling, and the case is cold and suspicious of ice", and the cold comes and the summer goes, day after day, "Every little makes a mickle" and "floating white pen" finally finished his lonely and angry book. Later, in Zichuan dialect, he also wrote The Story of the Wall, The Song of Compassion, The Song of Gu Fu, etc. Its redemption is obvious. While writing novels, poems, folk songs and dramas, he also compiled a variety of popular science reference books such as Common Words, Nong Sang Jing and Medicine. This fully embodies his thought of serving the people.

Make friends with each other

During Pu Songling's stay in xipu, due to the local official status of the museum owner and the wide spread of his poems, especially Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, his reputation and friends are expanding day by day. He not only made friends in this city and senior celebrities in the province, but also got the favor of local marquis and Xian Tai. Among them, Zhang, Zhao, Wang, Wang Guan Zheng, Wang Yongyin, Shen Tianxiang, Qiu Xiqian, An Yuzhuo, Bi, Bi Shengtong, Hua Shi Zhi, Han Feng, Tan Zaisheng, Zhang Yuan, Yang Wanchun, Tang Mengyun, Zhong Yuan and Zhu Jian. Therefore, Pu Songling has a deep friendship with them, which is recorded in his works.

old age

By the forty-eighth year of Kangxi, 70-year-old Pu Songling had finished his teaching career in Bijia and returned to Li. From then on, I can have a leisurely mood, live in a house, be comfortable by myself every day, or take classes in Dong Qian, or invite five old people to have a beer fight.

First of all, his lovely grandchildren all got acne, which made him very sad. Later, his wife, who was in conflict with him, died unfortunately, which made him more miserable. Writing "Telling Liu's Practice" tells the virtues of Myanmar and his wife, which is full of affection, and writing eight poems, such as "Mourning Inner Mongolia", is also full of sadness. Jiangnan painter Li Zhuxiang wrote two autographs when he painted his portrait. After his wife died, he lost his spiritual support. Many years later, he went to Liu's grave and wrote a poem "Over the grave" to commemorate his dead wife, which made people cry. On the 54th Spring Festival of Kangxi, Pu Songling, who was familiar with Yi Li, was out of luck. On the fifth day of the first month, he led his children and grandchildren to pay a grave sacrifice to the Japanese like their father. It seemed that it was cold and he used medicine to regulate qi, so his appetite decreased. On the 22nd, I leaned against the window and died.

Pu Songling failed in the imperial examination, missed the officialdom, was poor all his life, and lived only by teaching. But he was not decadent or vulgar, but concentrated on his spare time and worked hard at writing, leaving many precious literary treasures for future generations without compensation.

According to the "Tomb Table of Mr. Liu Quanpu" written by scholar Bird (the third year of Emperor Yongzheng of Qing Dynasty), the works of Liaozhai are as follows: four volumes of Anthology, six volumes of Poetry and eight volumes of Zhiyi; Five volumes of miscellaneous works (Quotations of Provincial Style, Records of Huai Punishment, Li, Common Words for Daily Use, and Nong Sang Jing) and three plays (Kao Ci Jiu Chuan Lang Er, Zhong Shou and Noisy Pavilion) are attached to the monument, which are widely circulated. Two volumes of "Walking Clouds"). In addition, there are some edited works that are not in the tombstone. Because the ancients used to add the name of the house before their own poems and other works, Pu Songling's works were called: strange stories, poems, collections, essays, folk songs and operas.

Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio

Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is a collection of short stories in classical Chinese written by Pu Songling at the age of 20 to 40, and he continued to write in his later years. There are nearly 500 articles in the book, with various contents. There are many stories about foxes, ghosts, flowers, demons and immortals. Although they involve wild illusions, they are carefully made. The purpose is to criticize the disadvantages of the times, to persuade the good and punish the evil, to change the customs and express loneliness and anger. Its materials are mostly taken from real life, anecdotes, legends and personal feelings. For example, articles describing wars in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, such as Ghost Li, Wanderer, Wild Dog and Zhang Wife, as well as The Woman in Green, were all written to comfort down-and-out scholars and lonely teachers.

Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio has widely inherited ancient myths and legends, historical biographies and strange stories of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, and has integrated legends of the Tang Dynasty and novels of understanding stories in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Pu Songling takes foxes, ghosts, flower demons and immortals as the carriers and means to express his thoughts and feelings, "making the flower demons and foxes charming, full of human feelings, amiable and easy to forget differences" (Lu Xun's language); Combining the advantages of the legends of the Six Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty, "take the legendary method and aim at the strange"; Through the acquisition of historical biography literature, vernacular novels, drama literature and other artistic skills, the creation of classical Chinese novels reached the final peak.

Judging from the connotation of the work, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio reflects a wide range of social life. Pu Songling, a cold Confucian in Buyi, paid attention not only to the corruption and brutality of official management from the emperor down to local officials, but also to all social strata, social customs and people. What he can't tolerate in particular is the unfairness of the examination room and the fatuity of the examiner, which also entrusts his yearning for a better life and an ideal society. The representative chapters are Promotion of Weaving, Luling, Owl, Dream Wolf, Flying Butterfly, Rouge, Zhang Hung-chien, Thief, Gong, Beauty and Wu Hefang. The paintings on the wall are Kao, Zhong Sheng, Chen Xijiu, Zhang Cheng, Er Shang, Zeng Youyu, Xin Shiniang, Ma, Da Nan, Yun and Yao An. Ye Sheng, Si Wenlang, Yu Quxie, Wang Zian, He Xian, Jia, Hungry Ghost, Sanxian, Goddess, Kaoji Division and Hu Siniang; Redjade, Girl in Green, Liansuo, Yu Xiang, Xiao Xie, Chang 'e, Ainu, Impatiens, Childhood, Jiao Na, Qiao Nv, Liancheng, etc.

The literary achievement of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is unprecedented in China's ancient legendary novels. Pu Songling's Superman is unique in that he is good at fiction, breaking away from convention, expressing fantastic ideas in legendary ways, setting up false illusions to imply, and writing about imaginary ghosts, foxes and monsters in real life, so as to express his feelings and warn the world. However, these innovative achievements were later opposed by Ji Yun, and what Ji Yun opposed was the root of this masterpiece's enduring for hundreds of years.

Although Gao Feng and Tang Mengzuo wrote a preface to Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, and Wang Shizhen also commented on it, Pu Songling failed to publish it before his death, so it could only be copied by the people. In the thirty-first year of Qianlong, the first woodcut edition of hanger-on Pavilion was published in Zhou Mu, Zhejiang Province, and then various annotated books, commentary books, illustrated books and gleaned books were published overseas. Up to now, there are more than 20 foreign language versions in Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Italy, Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Norway, Switzerland, Netherlands, Malaysia and Indonesia, and dozens of versions are all over the world.

Collection of serial stories

Collected Works of Liaozhai is Pu Songling's essays, essays, entertainment, plans and other collections. Originally it was four volumes, and the collection of later generations was 13 volumes, including Fu, Ji, Yin, Preface, Book, Theory, Postscript, Inscription, Book Opening, Proclamation, Presentation, Marriage Opening, Life Record, Epitaph and Practice. Among them, except some works are self-created, most of them are songs and cries of several generations, and parallel prose accounts for six tenths.

Most of his works reflect the social reality at that time, and some of them also reflect Pu Songling's thought of serving the people, such as Before the Forty-three Years Disaster of Kangxi, After the Autumn Disaster, First Secretary of Emergency, Following the Good Officials, The Abuse of Ziyi, On Salt Law, etc. The article is exquisitely conceived, elegant and vivid, and has achieved great success. Wang Shizhen greatly praised it: "The eight ancient words are getting more and more dull, so Cangzhou and Langzhou have become ancient", while Cao Cao said that "writing about feelings because of their different genres, every time they are bold and steep, they will see simplicity" and "when you are a fisherman, Qiu Gu is a historian, you will be a masterpiece.

Collection of Liaozhai Ci

Liaozhai Ci is not recorded in its tombstone or description, but it is mentioned in the book From Pulide to Wang Hongmou. On the basis of collecting Liaozhai Ci, Mr. Lu Dahuang revised the contents of Liuquan Jushi Ci (manuscript) discovered and collected in Xi 'an before, and got 92 manuscripts, which were divided into one volume, and put Tang Mengben's Liao Zhai Preface at the front. This is the authentic serial lyrics that we have seen so far (The Complete Works of Serial Studio in the Republic of China was serialized with 26 lyrics, 262 poems, 6 articles and two volumes of "Notes").

Judging from the writing time of Liaozhai, it began at the beginning of Kangxi, mostly after his southern tour, between the library and Xidian. The content mostly includes singing with friends, playing with gifts, lamenting the embarrassment and loss after the provincial examination, praising the talent of women and the joy of love between men and women, writing landscapes, mocking the world, and so on. The characteristics of the work, as Tang Xu said: "It is as steep as clearing the mountains after snow, and it will never come out. Every grass and stone has aura." There is no such thing as "generational disease" and "Kansai Dahan disease".

Liaozhai essays

The Quotations of Provincial Style was written in Jiazi (1684) in the 23rd year of Kangxi, and its content is "respecting the book motto, for introspection, for showing the future". The Collection of Liaozhai Edited by Lv Dahuang has only a preface, but no text. Professor Ma from Peking University brought back a manuscript from Keio University in the spring of 1994, and edited and published Seven Kinds of Remnants of Lonely Studio (Peking University Press 1998), which was previously published in Pu Songling's Research (named Stories of Lonely Studio).

Huaixinglu was written in the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi (1696). The Collection of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio compiled by Lu Dahuang contains a preface without a text. Judging from its sequence, the book "sets the ceremony of five clothes and abides by the law of five clothes", aiming at "making the readers know love, the readers know respect, which is conducive to weathering" and "making the distinction between honor and inferiority and the meaning of intimacy". This book has been lost for a long time and has not been published yet.

Li Wenzi is a manuscript carefully collected by Pu Songling in Sikuquanshu about "taboo of good fortune and bad fortune, happiness and happiness", which has been compiled into a book after years of painstaking management. After the loss of China, the "Liaozhai Library" of Keio University kept its remaining manuscripts. Mr Ma copied it down and took it back to China. After finishing, it was first published in Pu Songling's study, and then included in his book "Seven Kinds of Lonely Studio".

Manuscripts of Commonly Used Characters was written in the first month of Shen Jia in the 43rd year of Kangxi (1703), and it was not until Qianlong that it was carved into a book. At that time, Pu Songling saw that there were many omissions and fabrications in the book Zhuang Nong Zazi, and he was not satisfied. Therefore, he made a detailed survey of vocabulary and compiled another book, Everyday Words. Among them, the pronunciation is learned from Zhengzitong, and the difficult ones are marked with pronunciation. It is divided into 3 1 articles, including body articles, strong farming articles, sericulture articles, diet articles, vegetables articles and utensils articles, covering the world's creatures and social undertakings, and commonly used folk characters in all aspects. It is not only a good literacy book, but also an encyclopedia of social customs at that time.

Nong Sang Jing was edited by Pu Songling on the basis of Han Nong Xun, according to the principle of adapting to local conditions and drawing lessons from ancient and modern sericulture theorists. The purpose is to "be a dude, hold a scholar, and everyone knows the crops." Including agricultural economics 7 1 (including annual soil preparation and fertilization, planting time and methods of various crops, pest control, famine relief and disaster prevention, etc. ); Silkworm Classic 2 1 (including seed selection, silkworm rearing, cocoon selection, cocoon matching, etc. ); Silkworm Tonifying Meridian12; Appendix "Silkworm Treasure Book" 27 and "Mulberry Planting Law" 10, etc. It's a valuable agricultural science book.

In addition to the above five miscellaneous books, Pu Songling has also compiled a number of works, such as Marriage Encyclopedia, A Brief Introduction to the Scenery of the Imperial Capital, Selected Poems of the Song Dynasty, Biography of Zhuang, Collection of Primary Schools, Medical Collection, Internal Compilation of Home Economics, External Compilation of Home Economics, Watching Elephants and Playing Zhan, etc. It can be seen that he is diligent, and he is more human. Unfortunately, except for the manuscript of Yao Sui Shu and the manuscript of Home Economics Inside and Outside Edition, other books have long been lost, leaving only the preface and postscript.

Liaozhai opera

"Noisy Pavilion" is about the teacher who couldn't find customers in the famine year and shouted "teach" along the road like a beggar. After asking for a counter-offer, he made a deal with a very low salary, willing to pick up and drop off the children for his employer for free and do all kinds of housework. Although there are only two decent meals a day, it is better than starving. It fully reflects the social reality that "Sven is worthless".

"Zhong Mei's Birthday" celebrates her brother's birthday by sending ghosts to Zhong Mei, but Zhong Kui, who can only spit out the phoenix because of his ugly face, bears a grudge against the imperial court article and angrily bumps into Jin Zhi. After his death, he was promoted by God to be the judge of Jiuyou Sancao. He thinks that the injustice in the world is caused by a few evil spirits, so he specializes in swallowing evil spirits. "cultivate a ghost spleen and stomach, and the rice is not ghost or beautiful." "Sweep away all demons and fog, and let the sun and the moon shine on Yin Cheng." I said what Pu Songling said. He was incompetent and hated the unfairness of the examination hall.

"Embarrassment" (attached to "The Salesman Transferred from Southern Shandong to Nine") describes all kinds of embarrassments and psychological changes of candidates in the rural examination room in the process of answering questions. The latter is about the scholar who took part in the provincial examination, from rushing to prepare for the exam, waiting for the exam, entering the venue, and all kinds of feelings and mentality that he regretted before and after answering the paper. The embarrassment and hardships of the candidates are vividly portrayed.

The three plays are vivid and humorous, and they are written about Pu Songling's personal feelings and indignation at the unfairness of the examination room.

Liaozhai folk songs collection

According to Pu Songling's tombstone records, there are 14 kinds of Liaozhai folk songs, among which "Rich Immortal" was changed to "Bitter Songs", which should actually be made into two kinds, totaling 15 kinds. At that time, Lu Dahuang did not include a kind of harp music when sorting out the folk songs of Liaozhai.

"Liaozhai Folk Music" is a rap opera created by Pu Songling in Zichuan dialect, which is similar to today's Qin Shu rap and local opera. The tune used is sung by borrowing dozens of songs (lyrics) that were circulated at that time (because the work has no soundtrack, it is only oral, and more than a dozen have been recorded so far).

Judging from the writing time, except for a few short stories written in the author's middle age, most of them were written in his later years. Judging from the writing motivation, the author is trying to "break the mystery of rural mediocrity and awaken the dream of the city" to persuade the good and punish the evil and change the customs. Most of the works are written in Xipu, the direct reason is to please the widowed wife, Mrs. Wang (her aunt).

Judging from the contents of the works, half of them are adapted from Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio: Gu Fuqu is a coral, Compassion Qu is Zhang Cheng, Revenge menstruation, Envy Curse is Jiangcheng, Richness Fairy and Suffering Qu is. Most of the works reflect family ethics, such as the relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law (Uncle Qu), the relationship between husband and wife (The Curse of Jealousy), the relationship between stepmother and son, the relationship between brothers (Song of Compassion) and the relationship between father and son (The Story of the Wall Grass), as well as neighborhood relations (such as turning over nightmares) and social injustice (such as wealth and wealth). Except for a few games, all of them are saturated with the author's redemption and good intentions. Some of his works are still instructive.

Judging from the artistic effect, the materials used in the works and the use of dialect proverbs are deeply loved and welcomed by local audiences, audiences and readers. For example, The Wall Grass, as a local drama, has flourished to this day.

From the creative form, Liaozhai folk songs have experienced a development process from short stories to long stories, and also experienced an evolution process from simple rap with piano books to local operas performed on the stage, such as Envy Mantra, Bitter Songs and Story of the Wall, which were finally completed. The author's thought has also changed from the initial self-pity to the highest level of sharing weal and woe with the public. Liaozhai folk songs have finally become the pinnacle of popular art works and popular literature.

The talented Pu Songling surpassed the worldly pursuit of pleasure, shouldered two literary peaks of elegance and vulgarity, and climbed to the top of the world. He set up a monument for himself and set an example for future generations.

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