Kongming (181-234) was born in Wolong, Yang Du (now yinan county, Shandong). He is a descendant of Zhuge Feng, a captain of Li Si in the Han Dynasty.
Zhuge Liang was born into an official family in Langxie Yang Du in the fourth year of Han Dynasty (18 1). Zhuge family is a noble family of Langxie, whose ancestor Zhuge Feng served as a captain of Li Si in the Western Han Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Gui, named Simon, worked as a county magistrate in Taishan in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang lost his father in his early years and came to Zhang Yu with his younger brother Zhuge Jun, who was appointed as the magistrate by Yuan Shu. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhuge Xuan was replaced by Zhu Hao, and Zhuge Xuan went to his old friend Jingzhou to shepherd Liu Biao.
In the second year of Jian 'an (197), Zhuge Xuan died of illness. Zhuge Liang and his sister-in-law lost their livelihood and moved to Longzhong (now 20 miles west of Xiangyang County, Nanyang is a secluded place? ), live in seclusion in the countryside to farm and make a living. In the fourth year of Jian 'an (199), Zhuge Liang and his friend Xu Shu studied under Mr. Si Mahui, a water mirror.
Zhuge Liang's reading was different from that of most people at that time. He doesn't stick to one chapter and one sentence, but looks at it roughly. He likes to recite the old ballad "Song of Fu Liang". Through painstaking research, he is not only familiar with astronomy and geography, but also with tactical art of war. He is ambitious and takes the world as his responsibility. Zhuge Liang also paid great attention to observing and analyzing the society at that time and accumulated rich knowledge of governing the country and using troops.
In the 12th year of Jian 'an (207), when Zhuge Liang was 27 years old, Liu Bei visited the Caotang in Longzhong, Xiangyang, and met Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang brilliantly analyzed the situation at that time, and put forward the strategic idea of seizing Jing and Yi as a base, reforming politics at home, uniting with Sun Quan abroad, appeasing Yi Yue in the south, waiting for an opportunity, dividing the troops into two northern expeditions and unifying the whole country. [Xiangyang Longzhong, also known as Nanyang, is difficult to determine? ]
After listening to Zhuge Liang's incisive and thorough analysis, Liu Bei's thoughts were suddenly enlightened. He felt that Zhuge Liang's talents were rare, so he earnestly asked Zhuge Liang to come out of the mountain and help him complete the great cause of reviving the Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang came out to assist Liu Bei, forming the momentum of the Three Kingdoms. ?
Zhuge Liang stepped forward in times of crisis, assisted Liu Bei and United his grandson against Cao. Chibi defeated Cao Jun and seized Jingzhou. Jian 'an sixteen years, captured Yizhou. Then he defeated Cao Jun and won Hanzhong. In twenty-six years, Liu Bei established the Shu-Han regime in Chengdu, and Zhuge Liang was appointed as the prime minister to preside over state affairs. In the third year of the military war (223), Liu Bei was critically ill, and later things depended on each other.
After Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, Zhuge Liang was named the marquis of Wuxiang and was in charge of Yizhou animal husbandry. Diligent and prudent, major and minor matters should be handled in person, rewards and punishments should be strict, relations with all ethnic groups in southwest China should be improved, land reclamation should be carried out, and combat readiness should be strengthened. In the fifth year of lite (227), Shangshu (the "model") was stationed in Liu Chan, and the army was stationed in Hanzhong. It explored the Central Plains six times before and after, and many of them failed with grain. Twelve years, eventually due to overwork, died in Zhang Wu's original army.
Zhuge Liang was an outstanding politician, thinker and strategist in Shu during the Three Kingdoms period. For thousands of years, Zhuge Liang became the embodiment of wisdom, and his legendary story was told by the world. Among Zhuge Liang's writings, in the History of the Three Kingdoms, there is a Catalogue of Collected Works of Zhuge Liang, with a total of 24 articles, 104 1 12. Zhuge Zhongwu Hou Ji compiled by A Qing Zhang Shu is a relatively complete work. Zhuge Liang's main works in his life are: the front, the back and the middle of the dragon (Chen Shou described Xiangyang Longzhong and Nanyang, which is difficult to determine? Cecilia Han), etc. Due to the need of combat, he studied astronomy, magic and Taoism in depth, and talked a lot about the romance of the Three Kingdoms. Zhuge Liang is ingenious, resourceful and thoughtful. He once innovated the crossbow and fired 10 arrows at the same time. As a "wooden cow flowing horse", it is convenient for military transportation in mountainous areas; He also derived Sun Tzu's Art of War and made an "eight-array diagram"
There are many memorial sites for Zhuge Liang, including dozens all over the country. There is an endless stream of tourists.
The earliest Wuhou Temple in China is located in Mianxian County, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province. Mianxian Wuhou Temple is the first Wuhou Temple in the world. Wuhou Temple in Mianxian County was built in the spring of the sixth year of Jing Yao (AD 263). In August, 234, Zhuge Liang died of overwork in Wuzhangyuan, the front line of the Northern Expedition, at the age of 54. Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu and Han Dynasties, was named as the marquis of Wuxiang (Wuxiang is now Wuxiang Town of Hanzhong City) before his death, and was later named as the marquis of loyalty and righteousness by Liu Chan, so his temple was honored as the temple of marquis of Wuhou in history. Now the Wuhou Temple in Mianxian County is magnificent and large-scale, with more than 60 halls in the courtyard, which is not only a place to mourn the sages, but also a place to visit cultural relics. More significantly, the location of Wuhou Temple in Mianxian County was the former site of Zhuge Liang's "Hangyuan Xiangfu" during his northern expedition to Hanzhong.
At present, in addition to Chengdu Wuhou Temple and Mianxian Wuhou Temple, there are Nanyang Wuhou Temple, Baidicheng Wuhou Temple, Yunnan Baoshan Wuhou Temple and Qishan Wuhou Temple. In addition, there are Wuzhangyuan Zhuge Temple built before the Tang Dynasty, Wuhou Temple built in the Ming Dynasty (Puyin, Hubei) and Huangling Temple built during the Jian 'an period (Yichang, Hubei). Zhuge Town in Lanxi, Zhejiang Province, was named after Zhuge Liang's descendants lived here for generations. The Prime Minister's Temple was built in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, which has been more than 370 years. There are 52 ancient buildings in the Prime Minister's Temple, which contains Zhuge Liang's spiritual position. In recent years, the Prime Minister's Temple in Lanxi has gradually gained fame and influence. It is a great historic site in Lanxi and a land of Range Rover.
Speaking of Zhuge Liang, China people really know everything. Feather fan rocking, strategizing, winning thousands of miles away; One after another, Long Zhong Dui, Empty City Plan and Battle of Red Cliffs made many people prostrate themselves under Zhuge Liang's wisdom. It can be said that he has completely become the embodiment of wisdom in China, and there are many praises in history textbooks-"a famous politician and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period"; "During his administration, he made great efforts, strictly rewarded and punished, and pursued the policy of reclamation, which improved the relationship with all ethnic groups in southwest China and promoted the development of local economy and culture"; "Zhuge Liang, a politician through the ages, is almost perfect" and so on.
I also worshipped Zhuge Liang when I was a child. When I grow up, I feel that he also has many shortcomings, even serious shortcomings. It can be said that Zhuge Liang was held too high in China. I think we should return the true colors of history and seek truth from facts.
One: Zhuge Liang's talent view
From this point of view, there is no doubt that Zhuge Liang is a complete failure! Why? There is an idiom to prove it-"There is no general in Shu, but Liao Hua is the pioneer". When I said this on the Internet, many people excused him for various reasons. For example, Shu is small and lacks talents; In the battle of Yiling, the elite in Shu did their best ... I don't think this is a reason at all!
First of all, compared with Liu Bei's talent excavation, we can see Zhuge Liang's shortcomings.
Liu Bei's concern for humble abode, Wei Yan, Huang Zhong, Yan Yan and other famous players all show his desire and pursuit for talents. In this way, Liu Bei started from a humble cloth and followed Zhao for many years. Then from Jingzhou to Yizhou, many literati warriors came one after another, and at one time Shu was full of talents and prosperous. And after Liu Bei died? The basics used by Zhuge Liang were discovered by Liu Bei. It was once proved by Fei Yi, Jiang Wan, Dong Yun and others that Zhuge Liang discovered talents. In fact, Fei Yi, Jiang Wan, and Dong Yun were all highly valued by Liu Bei. It was Jiang Wei who was really discovered by Zhuge Liang, but his application was not the blessing of Shu Han. Kongming left Qishan and never rebelled, even worse than Wei Yan; Never led an important battle alone, even worse than Wang Ping; After Kong Ming's death, he took part in getting rid of Wei Yan, the pillar of Shu. Liao Hua and Zhang Yi were both early generals, resulting in no generals in Shu. In fact, the nine-felling of the Central Plains was unpopular and dragged down the economy, but he persisted; In the deployment of rear forces, he created conditions for the successful smuggling of Wargo; In the end, once it fell, Wei also fell.
It can be said that Zhuge Liang arrived, basically eating Liu Bei's "capital"!
Look at employing people again.
"Everything is in the performance, do your best. People with lofty ideals strive for merit "(see Biography of the Ancestors). This is the way of employing people by a generation of lean Liu Bei. Therefore, many literati followed and were willing to make contributions to Shu Han. As for Zhuge Liang, from a historical point of view, Ma Chao, Zhao Yun and others were all overwhelmed, which led to his melancholy death. Li Yan is second only to Kong Ming in Liu Bei's eyes. When Liu Bei died, "Yan and Zhuge Liang assisted in the testamentary edict, and Yan was the middle supervisor to protect internal and external military affairs." Stay in Yong 'an Town. "Liu Bei's purpose is very clear, that is, to let Zhuge Liang assist in presiding over Chengdu's government affairs and let Li Yantun Yong 'an refuse Wu and preside over military affairs. And the result? On the pretext of the fifth Northern Expedition, Kong Ming deprived Li Yan of his military power and transferred Hanzhong to take charge of logistics. Because of the grain transportation incident, Kong Ming caught Li Yan's handle. "That is to give up Yan Weimin and move to Zitong County."
Use it short for Masu, not long (behind the scenes is longer than head-on combat). I can't give up my personal opinion about veteran Wei Yan. After his death, Yang Yi, who had personal grievances, and Wei Yan, who was brave and good at fighting, were allowed to cooperate to decide the fate of the Shu-Han army-this employment measure was indeed unprecedented. Who is Yang Yi? I don't believe it. I'd rather say he's not as good as Wei. Look what he is. At the same time, he has neither war experience nor a better plan. Yang Yi has no loyalty, no experience and no intelligence, but Jiang Wei, Wei Yan and Ma Dai of Shu are all here. I want to know why Kong Ming chose him. Yang Yi has always had a problem with Wei Yan, so she took this opportunity to falsely accuse him of rebellion. As a result, the only warrior in Shu was unjustly killed! ! !
It can be said that the failure of Shu Han was first defeated by Zhuge Liang's talent view!
Misunderstood relationship between monarch and minister
Zhuge Liang has always been regarded as the pillar of Shu and is famous for his loyalty and righteousness. As evidenced by Du Fu's poems:
Shu Xiang
Where is the temple of the famous prime minister? It is in a deep pine forest near the Silk City.
The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves.
The third call aggravated his state affairs, and he gave his sincerity to two generations.
But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats.
In fact, the relationship between Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei's father and son is not as described in the novel, and his loyalty has to be discounted.
Why do you say that?
Let me talk about the relationship between Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei. Many people think that Zhuge Liang has become the first person around Liu Bei since he visited the cottage. Actually, this is an absolutely wrong concept. Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei are not so closely related.
Looking at the thatched cottage, Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei are not inseparable as described in the novel, nor are they the first people in Shu. For example, in the major war to seize surprisingly, Liu Bei asked Zhuge Liang to keep Jingzhou and take Pang Tong; Fazheng assisted Liu Beixi in taking Bashu and conquering Hanzhong in the north, which laid the foundation for Liu Bei to establish imperial industry. When Liu Bei was the king of Hanzhong, Fazheng was ranked before Zhuge Liang.
See the key Liu Bei crusade. After Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, he sent troops to levy Dongwu. As Guan Yu's revenge, numerous ministers went to the table to dissuade him. Only Zhuge Liang, who has always advocated Sun and Liu Lianhe, said nothing. After Liu Bei's defeat, Zhuge Liang sighed: "If the law is filial, it can control the Lord, not the East; "I will return to the East, and I will not be in danger." It can be seen from this sentence that Zhuge Liang's position at that time was not below that of Liu Bei, and he thought that his influence on Liu Bei was not as good as that of Fa Zheng.
Talking about entrusting orphans should improve Zhuge Liang's position in Shu. But even when the orphan was entrusted to Zhu, Liu was not at ease. Bettito paid an orphan, and Liu Bei said to Zhuge Liang, "You are only ten times as talented as Cao Pi, and you will be able to settle down in the world and achieve great things in the end. If the heir can supplement it, supplement it; If he is incompetent, you can keep it for yourself "and Zhuge Liang's later" dedication "were neither initiated by Liu Bei nor only happened to Zhuge Liang. Needless to say, in the early days of the Three Kingdoms, Sun Ce, the founder of Dongwu, also staged such a drama on his deathbed. "The History of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Shu and Zhang Zhaochuan": "The policy is Zhao Yue:' If Zhong does not offer, you should take it for yourself. If you can't recover, go back to the west slowly. There's nothing to worry about. "(Zhang Zhao) in the Han dynasty, moved to the city, Chinese and foreign schools are in charge. Quan was too sad to look at things, Zhao ... That was self-help, Chen Bing came out, and then everyone knew they were back. " We also have reason to believe that he did not fully trust Zhuge Liang and had no worries.
"You only have ten times as much as xelloss, will be safe, and finally great things. If the heir can supplement it, supplement it; If he is incompetent, you can do it yourself. " Since Liu Bei said this clearly, Zhuge Liang could only say "tearfully": "I dare to use my strength to serve loyalty and then die!" "This attitude clearly shows that he will not replace the loyal death. Zhuge Liang is a clever man. He can't answer "yes" like a fool. But in this way, if Liu Chan is fatuous in the future, and Zhuge Liang really wants to take his place, then he must first bear the responsibility of poor assistance, and face the charge of "unfaithfulness and injustice" politically, in public opinion and in people's hearts, which leads to his namelessness and disadvantage. Therefore, Liu Bei's words are not so much trust and trust, but rather a preemptive threat strategy. In addition, when the emperor entrusted orphans, Liu Bei not only found a Zhuge Liang, but also found a Li Yan. Liu Bei listed Li Yan, a rising star who had never entered the center of power before, as one of the two important ministers entrusted to orphans, and ordered him to "unify internal and external military affairs" and then contact the words "can take it for himself", clearly indicating that Liu Bei's goal of preventing checks and balances is Zhuge Liang.
Is Zhuge Liang loyal to Liu Bei? After Liu Bei's death (in fact, since Zhuge Liang helped Liu Bei's coffin back to Chengdu), assistant minister Li Yan has been left hanging. Li Yan is the official in charge of books after Zhuge Liang and one of the two trusted ministers. He was only given a virtual title of Guang Luxun, and was abandoned in Jiangzhou, far from the power center of Chengdu. As a result, such a big military operation in the Northern Expedition was completely absent, and Liu Bei was entrusted to speak on "unifying internal and external military affairs".
I think we should treat the relationship between Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei correctly and not let The Romance of the Three Kingdoms fool us. (To be continued)
Third: "ambitious but not seize the opportunity; Plan more and make fewer decisions. "
When Zhuge Liang is mentioned, people can't help but think of a feather fan and a black silk scarf, which is resourceful. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms turned Zhuge Liang into the embodiment of wisdom. Nothing seems unexpected, and military victory is easy. History textbooks call him a famous strategist in the Three Kingdoms, and people even think that he is the most powerful strategist in the Three Kingdoms.
So what about Zhuge Liang in history militarily?
In my opinion, Zhuge Liang's military ability in history is average, he is good at politics and diplomacy, and the military aspect is his shortcoming. Many people may not accept it. Listen to me one by one.
Look at his military career first.
Zhuge Liang had no military experience when he was young. Liu Bei attacked Sichuan, and Zhuge Liang went into battle for the first time. Soldiers trapped Pang Tong to death. Helpless, he called "(Zhuge Liang) and Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others to lead the people back to the river, enfeoffment the counties, and form the capital with the former owners." The romance greatly exaggerates the "burning hope" and "burning new fields" after "Longzhong Dui". In fact, in the official history, there is no record at all. Zhuge Liang's first contribution after he came out of the mountain was actually to cross the river and talk about Sun Quan and unite against Cao Cao. After Battle of Red Cliffs, "the patriarch took over Jiangnan and took Liang as the commander, making him supervise Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha, and adjusting his taxes to banish the army." In the meantime, the four counties of borrowing Dongfeng, Fuhuarong and Shoufu did not exist, and until now, Zhuge Liang was mainly responsible for internal and external affairs and never went to the front to fight.
After the pacification of Sichuan, "with Liang (Zhuge) as the strategist, the general was in charge of the left general's office." When my late Lord went out, (Zhuge) always guarded Chengdu. He was still a civilian. This is why Fazheng and Huang Zhong occupied Hanzhong, while Zhuge Liang stayed in Chengdu. At this critical moment of the battle of Yiling, we can't see Zhuge Liang's role, only his words afterwards: "If the law is filial, it can control the Lord and make it stop in the east; ""I'll go back to the East, and I won't be in danger. "
Even when Emperor Bai entrusted orphans, Liu Bei did not agree with Zhuge Liang's military talent. When Liu Bei died, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Pang Tong, Fa Zheng and Huang Quan, who were more important than Zhuge Liang in his mind, all died and left. He only "trusted Zhuge Liang and made Li Yan his deputy". Instead of putting Zhuge Liang in charge of the military, he listed Li Yan, a political rookie who had never entered the power center, as one of the two important ministers entrusted to orphans and ordered him to "unify internal and external military affairs." In fact, Zhuge Liang is in charge of civil affairs and Li Yan is in charge of military affairs.
It was invisible to say that Zhuge Liang "used troops as gods", at least before Liu Bei died-Liu Bei hardly asked Zhuge Liang to lead troops.
Zhuge Liang really commanded the army to fight only after Liu Bei's death. "In the first year of lite, Zhuge Liang was appointed as the marquis of Wuxiang, and opened the government to manage affairs. After a while, he also led Yizhou to shepherd. No matter how detailed the political affairs are, it depends on Zhuge Liang's cleverness. " He abandoned Liu Bei's established Li Yan, who was in charge of military affairs, and made six northern expeditions. What was the result? The Northern Expedition not only failed to gain an inch of land, but made Shu exhausted, and he himself died in the army in the last Northern Expedition.
"But before he conquered, he died, and since then, heroes have cried on their coats." It also proved that the failure of his military career is irreversible. It is said that Zhuge Liang is a great strategist-there is no successful example at all. How does he prove his strong military ability?
Some people will say that Zhuge Liang is just unlucky, and you can't judge heroes by success or failure. See how good his long-term success is. Next, let's talk about the strategy of "Long Zhong Dui" that made Zhuge Liang famous.
When commenting on Sun Tzu's The Art of War, Mao Zedong pointed out rudely: "It was originally Longzhong's mistake. Thousands of miles away, it was divided into two armies." In the end, Guan Yu, Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang were invincible. "
The northern song dynasty strategist Su Xun "book of rights? "Ji Xiang" tells a major strategic mistake of Zhuge Liang in the Three Kingdoms period: "Zhu Gekongming abandoned Jingzhou and went west. I know there is nothing he can do. Besides, he has never seen a big risk, and he thinks that the people at Jianmenguan can survive. I have tasted the danger of seeing Shu, but I can't keep it and I can't hold on. I am conscientious and self-sufficient, but I don't give it. How can we control the Central Plains? ..... Today, the rich will live in the capital with four links and five connections, so that their wealth can come from the world, and then they can collect the interests of the world. If you have a young husband, you will get a gold urn and hide it in all the houses, but if you refuse to stay at home, you will keep it. Alas! Seek not to lose money, not to make money. "The thief arrives, robs it and takes it, but how do you know that it will not lose its fruit?" It is a strategic mistake to think that Zhuge Liang's strategic focus is on Yizhou (now Sichuan and parts of Yunnan and Guizhou) and it is difficult to make progress in the world.
"Long Zhong Dui" is not a good strategic plan, and Zhuge Liang is not a brilliant strategist. It is far from Guo Jia's theory of Cao Cao's ten victories. Zhuge Liang's strategic mistakes were already known at that time. Chen Shou commented on Zhuge Liang in the History of the Three Kingdoms that "mobilizing the masses has failed for many years, and seeking change is not his forte!" He Qufei, a doctor of the art of war in the Northern Song Dynasty, also pointed out that "Kong Ming has the ambition to make meritorious deeds and the amount of reactive power; There is the benevolence of the United States and no wisdom of the public. " These are very pertinent comments.
I don't know the geometry, but Zhuge Liang, who is mediocre in military affairs, has become the most skilled strategist in the Three Kingdoms, which really makes people feel the incredible history of China! On the internet, I have asked this question many times, and there are still a lot of people who have explained it or even never understood it. How sad!
How is Zhuge Liang militarily? Quote Zhuge Liang's opponent Sima Yi to sum up this article-
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Kongming
Dungeon: Dungeon Star
Occupation: Captain of Infantry Corps of China Guard Battalion.
Weapon: Peak Wind and Thunder Hammer
In the water margin, it is called the underground star, Mao Xing Kong Ming.
Kong Ming is the son of Dagong, the Xiakong of Baihu Mountain. Kongming
Kong Liang was killed because he quarreled with a rich man in his hometown.
The rich man occupied the White Tiger Mountain as the king and plundered the family wealth. uncle
Kong Bin was caught by Mr. Murong magistrate in Qingzhou City and put in prison.
. Kong Ming and Kong Liang set fire to their uncle in Qingzhou.
, just met by liangshan burn, hole.
Because of his inexperience, he was caught alive by Hu. Song Jiangtong Erlong Mountain,
Taohua Mountain and Baihu Mountain captured Qingzhou and rescued it.
Zhuge Liang said, Zhuge Liang defected to Liangshan and was appointed as the guardian Zhong Jun.
The warrior of Bujun is the 62nd hero of Liangshan. Carry out a crusade
Fang La died on the road.