Current location - Education and Training Encyclopedia - Resume - A Brief Introduction to the Works of the Second Episode of West Lake
A Brief Introduction to the Works of the Second Episode of West Lake
Two episodes of the West Lake is a collection of short stories about commentary in the Ming Dynasty, and its publication date is probably at the end of the Ming Dynasty. Author Zhou Qingyuan, Ji Chuanzi from another department, is a Wulin person. His deeds are difficult to verify, and we can only know a thing or two from the stories in front of the book.

In Hu's view, Zhou Qingyuan is a "magnanimous and intelligent scholar". It is also said that "there is no difference between the two in the world". Judging from West Lake II, this man's talent is indeed quite high. He talked about the ancient road today. "In the palm of your hand, you can talk about ancient and modern. The waves are rough, and Lei Zhenting sends them. This is as big as Xiang Yu's defeat of Zhang Han, and as Cao Zhi said, I will be ashamed to be born in Handan. " It can be seen that he fully exercised his ability to write Pinghua in his daily conversation. But he didn't meet "luck", but died to "be a poor talent, rather be an actor, learn from the world by playing the piano, and be an illiterate forever". His fate is so tragic. In Syria, Hu quoted Zhou Qingyuan as saying that "the poor can't provide customers, and the customers are afraid of being recommended by the post office, so they dare not make friends with the elderly." The walls are crumbling, the moon and the stars are leaking, the snow is falling, and some cases are wet. Gai Yuanxian's Mulberry Book and Fan Dan's Dust Pot intersect. I'm willing to do it, too The most unwilling person is the person who took my life too far, and the fox and mouse insulted me for no reason, and the rest were sighing and stroking Longquan, screaming at the top of their lungs. " What about misfortune, poverty, humiliation, depression and indignation?

His leading thought is Confucianism, and at the same time influenced by Buddhism and Taoism, which belongs to Wang Yangming. The opening of the seventh volume of "West Lake II" and "Jue Yue Li Zhuan Shi" make it very clear:

The three religions have always been like this, and the sun, the moon and the five stars are the same.

You can laugh at the stupid people in the world, but you only know how to respect Hu Kun.

The origin of Zhou Qingyuan can be known now, but that's all. His works. This is the only one that has been handed down, which is rare. According to Volume 17, Liu Bowen recommended Xianping, Zhejiang Province, he also wrote the West Lake Collection, but it has been lost.

West Lake II consists of 34 volumes, including 34 Pinghua stories, all of which happened on the West Lake. Hu said, "King Yue of Wu reigned for a hundred years, and in the Southern Song Dynasty for 150 years. Charm still exists, anecdotes about historical sites and countless histories have not been translated into slang to convince the world. " Therefore, Zhou Qingyuan's work "The West Lake Episode" is highly regarded as "the hero of the West Lake", and even Bai and Su followed it. Lu Xun's "A Brief History of Chinese Novels" also said: "The writing is also fluent, but it is good to praise Dide, learn lessons and express more resentment"; It is similar to Zheng Zhenduo's Collection of Pinghua in Ming and Qing Dynasties: "The novels of Pinghua in the late Ming Dynasty are half admonitions and half trapped in the pit of self-venting."

The biggest shortcoming of West Lake II lies in these aspects. For example, it is often unnecessary to drag Hong Di into it and write a long and troublesome article. On karma, ten accounts for 78%. What is particularly unnecessary is that Volume 17 "Liu Bowen Jian Xian Ping Zhe Zhong" and Volume 34 "Hu Shaobao's Daily Work" are both accompanied by critical coastal defense theory and good laws for famine relief. Probably the main purpose of writing this book is to attack the political defeat at that time, vent their grief and anger, and expand the influence of feudal morality, that's all. Therefore, Volume I, Yue's near-re-embodiment "The Country of the Mountain", has such a passage in his "Into the Words":

The children of nature are blind in the sky, so poor that they have no ready-made clothes and can't eat. Once, he didn't eat, and he took these books with him all day. As a poem says, even those who can't do it can't do it. No crying, no laughing, no screaming, no jumping. Are you pathetic? So I had to take part in accidental amusement, and it didn't matter. I made a novel, made a random future and spread it all over the world. ..... One is to exhort everyone in the world to be a good person, so as not to be reviled by future generations. The other is to express one's life, write out all the meanings that one wants to sing, laugh, call and dance, and be full of grievances, bored and amused. To be exact:

Things are as short as spring dreams and human feelings are as thin as autumn clouds.

Take part in accidental amusement, and listen to my argument.

/kloc-There was a pocket-sized lithograph in the second episode of West Lake more than 0/0 years ago. My collection is a beautifully carved portrait of Yunlin Jujintang with "100 Autumn Rhymes of West Lake". After Chen compiled forty-eight volumes of West Lake, he reprinted twenty-eight volumes from here, and all the contents were deleted. There are three volumes that have not been copied, namely, Lingxiu Scholar Lost Power in Gold Wrestling, the fourth volume, Yu Gong Yu Gong Chun Sheng, the fifth volume, Li Shuang's Jealousy by God, the twenty-eighth volume, Tiantai Craftsman's Mistaste, the thirty-first volume, Loyalty and Filial Piety, the thirty-second volume, and Extraordinary Fragrance Instrument, with a total of six volumes. Those who can't get the second episode of the West Lake are entitled to read this book if they can find it.

Although this collection of Pinghua has many shortcomings, it also has many advantages. The most prominent one is that it strongly reflects the society in the late Ming Dynasty: political failure, corrupt officials and people's poverty. It also reflected some customs and habits at that time and the attitude of some intellectuals to the current situation.

The collapse crisis of Ming rulers has deepened since Wanli, and it has been irreparable by Chongzhen. At that time, some intellectuals with clear-cut flags witnessed domestic troubles and foreign invasion, corruption was rampant, the people were in dire straits, and their grief and indignation reached the extreme. More positively, they used various methods to alert the Chinese people, hoping to "pull down their luck just in case". For example, Zhou Qingyuan's two episodes of the West Lake, based on the historical facts of the Southern Song Dynasty and the prosperous times of Hongwu, is one of them. This is the first volume of West Lake II, so it's called Yue Jin Re-embodiment, and the second volume is also called Pian An Xian. For example, at the end of the first volume:

The emperor didn't want to restore the Central Plains. You, Zong Ze, Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, Wu Phosphorus and Wu Jun all tried to persuade him to restore, but he just didn't welcome Qin Hui back. After listening to Qin Gui's words, he focused on peace talks, making a lake and a mountain full of flowers and plants and singing. So at that time, Li Mengyou had a poem:

When will the singing and dancing in the West Lake stop?

Warm winds make tourists drunk and make Hangzhou a continent.

At that time, there was Baita Bridge in Hunan, which was printed and sold to Beijing. If a scholar wants to go to Lin 'an, he has to buy a good distance. Someone wrote a poem:

Baita Bridge sells land classics, and the short posts in Changting are very clear.

How to say Lin 'an Road only, not counting how many miles there are in the Central Plains?

In this way, Nandu's plan is safe and the letter is true! And when the war raged, I blindly imitated famous calligraphy and painting and spared no effort. I am tired of imitation and extension when I am at leisure, and I am dedicated in all directions. If you are far away from the countryside, what is there to say?

The historical cloak, the author's moral, is faintly visible. These two volumes completely warned the emperors at that time, asking them not to forget the hardships of their ancestors' entrepreneurship (so the second volume was brought into Hongwu), hoping that they would cheer up. For example, volume 17, Liu Bowen recommended Zhejiang Xianping, volume 18, and Shang decisively captured Manchu 4, volume 34, and Hu Shaobao Ping, which was not only "doing something" but also very positive. He wanted the king to cheer up and his officials to be loyal, so he also wrote some stories about loyal officials. For example, 26 volumes of The Righteous Man on the Road of Huiji, 3 1 volume of The Gate of Loyalty and Filial Piety, and 29 volumes of Zu Kong's Appearing to Save, etc. Of course, there are also some words that can't wait. He also angrily attacked those treacherous court officials, such as the characters in Volume 7 "A Wrong Reincarnation of Jueyue Li" and Volume 32 "Yi Xiang Yi". In short, it can be clearly seen from the appendices of Two Chapters of the West Lake and 17 and 34 volumes that the crisis of the Ming Dynasty was Zhou Qingyuan's anxiety. There is a "heart for the world" but there is no "way to get into the body", so we have to look at his "good intentions" through novels, which is exactly what he wants to do.

How corrupt was politics then? In the sixth volume, Yao Bozi's Filial Piety is Proud, Zhou Qingyuan once talked about the situation of the Yuan Dynasty, saying: "At that time, the world was not the world of the Yuan Dynasty, but the world of the yamen people and the rich! What do you mean? It was only because the statutes of the Yuan Dynasty were lax that they were entrusted to the yamen. People in the yamen are all trying to make money, and their children and grandchildren live in it. Therefore, it has always been said that an honest official cannot be an official. What's more, the confused officials of the Yuan Dynasty knew that the yamen was coming, and they were all fooled, as long as they kept the class from one person. Anyone who does a thing is nothing more than a plan to make money for the yamen. Indeed, officials are divided, and officials are divided. Everybody split it equally. Rich people live, but poor people die. Therefore, everything is embarrassing and the world is a confused account. " This is obviously implicit. Look at the situation in the Ming Dynasty. There are foreign bandits on the one hand and spies on the other. People are suffering and thieves are emerging. Isn't it almost the same? Volume 34, "Hu Shaobao Ping Japan's meritorious military service", wrote a paragraph harassing Wang Wufeng, a thief from seven provinces, which best reflected one reason why the society was so chaotic at that time:

Nowadays, it is the world of the rich, without us! We have been wronged, where can we be wronged? Moreover, there are many officials who are confused and greedy for money, and there are few officials who are honest and love the people. He won the Jinshi and benefited a lot from the imperial court. He just takes bribes blindly, refuses to be a good person, harms others and harms himself blindly, and refuses to do justice. So the heroes in the water margin only kill corrupt officials!

"Officials force the people to revolt" is actually the case. What are these officials like? "But I made a few articles on this, cheated a Huang Bang Jinshi, became a thief, dug the skin, brought back these times, built a Gaotang building, bought a demon concubine, and bought a manor widely, thinking that concubines were places to escape. Collecting livestock, such as Longyang, artists and women's music, has never had the slightest intention of serving the country and benefiting the people. It has also deceived local neighbors, seized people's land and property, and deceived people by relying on the situation. Such a person, the dog is not worth it! " (Volume 29 "Ancestor Control Appears to Save") At that time, there were many such officials! The situation of officialdom is also dark to the extreme. Volume 20 "Qiao Ji Zuo Fu Became Famous" concludes:

The world is skewed, and the price of gold and silver is better than that of articles.

Kaiyuan Bao Tong can really do things, and the chaos of Yin and Yang will be reversed!

Gambling on money is called a genius, and pearls are scattered all over the floor.

I know that both the ruling and the opposition are bribing, and I don't hesitate to pay a bucket of gold and a bucket of silver!

In other words, in those days, bribery was the reputation of the examination room, and it could also be bought with money. How can the world be peaceful when such a person goes to be an official? Going online will inevitably have the effect of going offline. Since officials are corrupt, people in the yamen certainly don't want money, so things like "slapping praise, stealing bells, flying around, cheating, catching books, going back in time, and washing documents" (Volume 30, "Horse Fairy Riding a Dragon to Heaven") can be found everywhere, from "beating bamboo shackles and fighting all day" to "dancing with ink, playing with ink"

There are several plain words in the book that satirize such people in a spicy way and are well written. For example, in Volume 4, the foolish old man kept the jade palace and lived in the spring. Although he wore the cloak of karma, he actually wrote that an ignorant person can become famous, become a big official, make a fortune and be regarded as a knowledgeable person. The volume "George Zuo Fu Becomes Famous" especially scolds this group of people. Write a guy who knows nothing but gambling. He has no illusions, but the prostitute who is happy with him thinks he is stupid, shows him the way, turns him into a great writer, and has a high official position. According to her life experience in a geisha brothel, geisha girls know very well that most of these literati are "seven ups and eight downs", "half arts and sciences" and "ignorant". A truly learned man is hungry, cold and lonely because he "refuses to bow to others and is too arrogant to go to the camp to beg for thorns." She believes that since she has the money to marry, she is not afraid of being unsuccessful, and she is not afraid of not being an official. So she died for him first. How do you call it "hitting the wall"? Cao Miaoge, a prostitute, said:

Now that you have no name, if you suddenly win a Jinshi, after all, someone will talk about you. You can secretly invite an interesting person to write poems, and do them in your own name in the future, and invite a famous scholar and talent. The production sequence of several of his poems is just ahead. You can't help calling them, praising them, expressing them, publicizing them, engraving them on the book tickets, printing them, giving them away, or selling them, and making friends with famous people in the world. All officials with gauze hats should take this poem as their capital. If you meet someone, be modest, just control the bird's mouth, and don't talk too much and give away the clues. ..... after becoming famous, swagger, who dares to criticize him? ……

This is a scholar of the Ming Dynasty and also a "Longdeng" at that time. After all, the servant girl is much smarter and more sophisticated than the scholar! Zhou Qingyuan's sustenance has its own grief and indignation. Another example is the theory of "flattery" in the seventh volume "I was reborn wrong":

"Even if he farted, he would still go to Wan Li Road. Those who flatter him will even put this fart on his head as a symbol of saving his life and hold it under his nose, just like a foreign country dies for love. Suck it in your mouth, and bite your lips and tongue to get the taste. I must hold this fart with satisfaction, I am afraid that someone will steal it. " It also reflects the ugliness of a group of flatterers.

So corrupt and dark, bad official management, how to avoid foreign invasion, thieves, people's livelihood, national death? Therefore, West Lake II is not a particularly good work in storytelling novels, but it has a strong sense of the times. At least readers will feel this way. The acrimony, satire and fluency of the article are also the greatest advantages of this book. Zhou Qingyuan is not only brilliant, restrained and unrestrained, but also hand-talking, getting married, laughing and cursing. Even today, he can still see the four scenic spots in books.

There are also many records about Hangzhou customs in Two Chapters of West Lake. For example, the history of Zhu in volume 16 shows that the old mismatched moon is the frontier, and there is a long section about Hangzhou in the first month. He said: "It is a custom in Hangzhou to get up at the fifth watch of New Year's Day, take a stove to worship the sky, and then worship your parents. It is pepper and cypress wine for relatives and neighbors. Sign cypress branches on persimmon and inherit them with big oranges, which is called' good luck' to see the meaning of benefiting the market in the new year. " People in Hangzhou also say cremation: "Hangzhou customs, small families, often cremation." Throwing a bone under the broken bridge of the West Lake is abhorrent. "Even in" Dad Hua Lian ",there is a story about Hang Cheng's New Year's Day custom, which says,' It's not until the kitchen god is dawn, and the cannon sticks are loud and noisy, so we should open the door quickly. The new Zhong Kui, hang up first, Red Spring Post sells well. The incense of Atractylodes lancea burning in the furnace fills the air, and the name of God is written on the yellow paper tablet. People in the street were drunk without even sweeping the paper dust. "Remember it in detail. Another example is about restaurants in Hangzhou:

Each restaurant is divided into more than ten small pavilions, and all the wine vessels are made of silver to compete for luxury. There are dozens of prostitutes in every place, dressed in fashionable clothes, full of jasmine in summer, full of fragrance, invited by the threshold, known as "selling customers." There is also a small cup, which does not call itself, but sings a strong cymbal for the sake of branching, called "wiping". There are also people who play flute, play Ruan, have a rest, play gongs, sing and play the piano, and an old woman who cooks incense in a small stove is called Xiangpo. Some people make green tangerine peel, almond, Pinellia ternate, shrink sand, cardamom, small wax tea, fragrant medicine, rhyme ginger, fragrant incense, olives and mint, and then go to the restaurant to get money, which is called "San (temporary)". There are also jade raccoons, venison, rotten cinnamon, rotten crabs, rotten sheep's feet, wine clams, soft fish, shrimp paste and dried fish, which are called "family style". There are also seafood such as Jiang Yao and Zhang Ju soaked in wine, oyster meat, turtle feet, needles, diced rice, crispy snails, lysate of horseshoe crab metamorphosed cells, shrimp and fish, which are called "hangover relief". Anyone who drinks soup at will, that is, ten guests, each of whom wants one, might as well. If you sell too much, you can promise as easily as possible Before the wine arrives, put some dishes to watch and raise a glass, and then change into fine dishes. It's so easy, the weirder it is, the more pleasing it is. If you don't care too much, or eat late, the pub owner will fire the person. In this pub, the laughter from the singing pipe reaches a peak every night, meeting the horses and chariots in the sky. Although it rained and snowed in summer, it did not decrease slightly. (Volume 11 "Send Plum Blossoms to Wrap the Xiting")

These are just a few examples. If all of them have been carefully sorted out, there will be an easy-to-write "Hangzhou Customs Records". Such a grand occasion is gone now. Not only now, but even when Zhang Zongzi was dreaming, he already had the idea of "unbearable looking back". The victory of sightseeing is also written a lot in West Lake II. The second volume, Song Gaozong's Fearlessness and Leisure, is the most complicated and wonderful, with quiet scenery and a garden pavilion.

Watch a paragraph at the same time:

A boat is like a cloud. As for fruits and vegetables, soup and wine, closed shops, Yimen, playthings, noisy poles and flower baskets. Painting fan, colorful flag, sugar fish, powder bait, flowers, mud baby, etc. It is called "soil on the lake". There are also Zhu Cui comb, golden pin festival, rhinoceros enamel kiln toys, etc., all of which are listed. Or there are those who are eager to sell, singing and dancing, pretending to be dazzling, and greeting guests, called "Water Fairy". As for playing the piano and dancing, making a summary of zaju, throwing pots on drums, playing with flowers, making water by tea, stepping on wood, walking on ropes, making tiles, cooking, singing, teaching ornamental birds and water dolls, performing magic tricks, swallowing knives and fire, setting off fireworks, starting wheels, walking on lines, shooting meteors and flying kites. There are so many people like ants that we can't elaborate.

Like some games mentioned later, some of them are really difficult to test now. Liu Dong's "A Brief Introduction to the Scenery of the Imperial Capital" also describes all kinds of child's play in Beijing, some of which are hard to understand now. At that time, the West Lake was more prosperous than it is now, probably because of the imperial city and the surrounding imperial cities. The book also wrote the story of watching the tide:

Before that, 5,000 people from Ganpu and Jinshan were in Xiajiang. Later, they were ordered to attack Jiang Shuijun and Lin 'an Shuijun in parallel. Near the military ship, the wild wing ship is located in the estuary. There are more than 1000 on both sides of Xixing and Longshan. All the troops are wearing uniforms, and the national flag of Ge Jia is bright and dazzling. On the river, the officers were in five arrays, waving flags and shouting, flying knives, ships advancing and retreating like a shoe on the ground, and firing five-color smoke cannons all over the river. The smoke stopped, too, and all the ships were hidden, but no one could be seen. At that time, from the bottom of Longshan, traveling in Fujian, colorful curtains stretched for more than 30 miles, side by side, but there was no way to go. Even in the whole area of Jiangxi and Xing, they are catching and tying curtains and hanging splendid flowers on the river, just like spreading brocade. In a little while, the tidal wave in Haimen will move, and people who are used to making waves will lead more than 100 people and hold ten colorful flags until Haimen meets the tidal wave, treads on the wave and appears in the wave without being submerged. After a while, the tide came and the cheers were loud. There are also wooden treadmills, water puppets, water acrobatics and water stunts.

I have never seen the tide in Zhejiang. I wonder if there is still such a grand occasion to watch the tide in Haining. Is the tide probably low, or is there nothing? Of course, these are also customs and the like, so I won't mention the rest.

The social life of the Ming Dynasty is reflected in the second episode of West Lake, as shown in the above picture. In addition, there are Volume 30, Fairy Ma Riding a Dragon to Heaven, and Volume 10, Xu Junbao's Festival and Righteousness Double Circle. The former describes the magic of a Taoist priest, which is quite like Arabian Nights. It seems to be based on Ma Ziran's biography. If the monks in the temple offended him, he immediately used a spell to make 300 monks stand still like stones. If you write this line, you will be scolded if you ask the owner of the vegetable garden for some vegetables. He was angry, but:

So he drew an egret on paper, sprayed it with water, turned it into a real egret, flew into his vegetable garden and pecked at the water shield with a long and short mouth. The owner of the garden came, and the egret flew up, walked a little further, and flew down to peck. The owner of this garden is running around, even his feet are sore. Ma Ziran drew a little pug, sprayed it with water, turned it into a real pug and drove the egrets away. Egrets flew around, dogs ran around and trampled all the good leeks.

In fact, this "trampling" is fake. This is a very interesting children's story. The latter one is noteworthy, but it's about Zhang Shun, the character in Water Margin. This character was described in Cha An Hinayana, A Trip to Sri Lanka, and also mentioned in West Lake II, and is still telling the story that he and Zhang Gui saved Xiangyang from death. After writing the temple, praise it with poetry:

Zhang Shun, a loyal minister, saved Xiangyang and died in the temple.

This is a loyal minister, not a thief, let alone a water margin.

Different from ordinary Pinghua, there are many "paintings". Sometimes a formal story needs three or four words, unlike others, at most one or none. There are some good ones in Flowers, such as Mei Fei, Green Pearl, Fish Basket Guanyin and White Snail Girl. This "entry" is like the "opening" of a tanci. The difference is that the content in Pinghua must be related to the content described in this article, unlike the opening is absolutely irrelevant to the content of the book.