He worked diligently for the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726) and was selected after having obtained the provincial examination in Peng Duanshu. In the eleventh year of Yongzheng (1733), his twin brother Peng was promoted to a scholar and was awarded an official position. After ten years of Qianlong (1745), he was promoted to the post of official department minister and transferred to the selected works department (responsible for personnel appointment and removal). In the 12th year of Qianlong (1747), he was the examiner of Shuntianfu (now Beijing). After twenty years of Qianlong (1755), he was appointed as the governor of Zhaoluo Daosi, Guangdong Province, where "Three Rivers are the most important and Five States are the most important".
Peng Duanshu is generous to the people, serving the officials and the people, and often encourages himself by "being cautious and independent". Every time I go out on patrol, I will reduce my clothes, "but only one or two people will accompany me", and it is clearly stipulated that all counties and cities I pass are forbidden to welcome guests, and offenders will be severely punished, which has won the reputation of "officials and people". Peng Duanshu made a clear and decisive decision, corrected all mistakes in civil litigation, and made the people live and work in peace and contentment. When he first arrived in eastern Guangdong, he encountered more than 3000 cases. He immediately mobilized the state and county files and was open to the staff. In a month's time, all the cases were closed, and all the officials and people were surprised. He also supervised the provincial capital academy, extended the monthly class of famous teachers, and taught in person, which made the wind of scholars just vibrate. Peng Duanshu found more than 3,000 Chen Ji's old cases in Zhao Luodao's counties within ten days, so he gained great prestige, and court officials "relied heavily on each other". Peng Duanshu was an official in Guangdong for about 67 years, which was the most prominent period in his life.
Peng Duanshu retired to give lectures. Although he was an official, he tried his best to make progress, determined to promote advantages and eliminate disadvantages, reported to the court and comforted the people. He didn't want to end his life. At that time, although the Qing Dynasty had entered the extremely prosperous Qianlong era, and its economy and culture also showed a scene of prosperity, class contradictions, ethnic contradictions and struggles within the ruling class became increasingly acute and complicated. In the process of serving as an official for many years, Peng Duanshu saw the social reality that people's livelihood was difficult under the surface prosperity of the Qing Dynasty, the intrigue in the officialdom, the ambition and success of the supreme ruler, and gradually bred a kind of resentment and melancholy, and the passive and reclusive thought gradually developed.
In the 26th year of Qianlong (176 1), Peng Duanshu was in charge of water transport in western Guangdong, and the ship sailed in the South China Sea. Although he was saved, he thought it was a sign of impending disaster. He lamented: "If people are not satisfied with their career, they should blame others, who will squeeze them! I won't be buried in the belly of a fish today, the sky is thicker than mine. What can I expect? " At this time, Peng Duanshu had a full understanding of the intrigue of officialdom and decided to retire. So on the pretext of this, he resigned and went back to Shu, hiding in Chengdu Baihetang, entering Jinjiang Academy (now Chengdu Shishi Middle School) and embarked on the road of educating people.
Jinjiang Academy is the highest institution of learning at the provincial level established by Liu, the provincial judge of Sichuan Province, on the former site of Wengshi Poetry in Chengdu in the 43rd year of Kangxi (1704). Students are selected from scholars and above in the province, and tuition and living expenses are provided by the school land allocated by the Qing government. There are about 200 students in the school. Peng Duanshu has been a lecturer and dean of this hospital for 20 years.
Literary Achievements Peng Duanshu's main achievement lies in his literature, and his poetry, prose and literary criticism theory all had great influence at that time. He, Li, and Three stood in the middle of Shu with their literary names, and were called the "Three Masters of Shu" in Qing Dynasty. In his early years, he was obsessed with creating righteousness (also known as creating art), and creating righteousness was also better than Shu. He is the only master who can "think about classics" after Han Zhuoan and Dong Xince. As soon as he entered Beijing, he became famous for the capital, and won the admiration of Cai Yindou, Hu Zhiwei, Shen Shifang and others. He was called "peerless wizard" and "salty talent". However, the formalistic tendency of "bosom friend" limited Peng Duanshu's development on the literary road to a great extent. It was not until the age of 50 that I broke free and my writing style changed greatly. Especially after his resignation, he took the initiative to get close to the people, fully understood the poor life of the broad masses of people, and with great anxiety and indignation, wrote a series of exquisite and well-known masterpieces.
Peng Duanshu's later works have a wide range of themes, or worry about the country and the people, such as "Several Drought and Nong Xin Suffering" ("July 16"); Or cynical, such as "... jathyapple crows in the mountains, and there is spring in heaven and earth. In ancient times, the world was like a pale dog, and the prince and ants were dying ... Why didn't Hu Weiwei cry for a few years? It seems lonely and angry! " (Du Fu Xing); Or caress time and feel things, such as "flesh and blood are difficult for no reason, and seven are left." "When we get together again, we can relieve our worries" (Yi Di).
Peng Duanshu and his brothers Peng and Peng Zunsi were both famous for their literary talents at that time, and were called "Peng Sanjie". Among them, Peng Duanshu is the most famous and influential. His existing works include four volumes of Collected Works of Baihetang, two volumes of Poems on Snowy Nights, one volume of Collection of Grass in Western Guangdong, several volumes of Selected Poems of Eight Poems by Cao Zhi, two volumes of Poems on Famous Scholars in Central Sichuan, Poems on Later Years, Biography of Monuments, Chronicles of China, Small Pot Zhai Yu Di Series and Guangdong Tong.
Peng Duanshu's literary thought is complicated. He despised those works that were "full of feasts and answers", but highly praised Tao Qian (Tao Yuanming) who devoted himself to poetry and wine, and Du Fu (on Du Tao's Poems with Friends) who was patriotic and worried about the monarch. It is pointed out that Du Fu's works are inspiring after he entered Sichuan, which is related to his trip to Longshu after his relegation. "How old was Shaoling when he entered Shu, and the frequency shifted", "Bak Yan won it, and it can't be whimsical" ("On Du Gongbu's Poems after Entering Shu"), and further affirmed "Why can't you be broad-minded if you don't come to Shu?" There are public poems in Shu, and mountains and rivers add color "(titled Caotang). His point of view attaches importance to the effect of objective things and external environment on the author's thoughts and feelings, and points out that the actions of saints are not "poems with such initial intentions", but their thoughts and feelings are infected by objective environment and formed through the eruption of emotions. Therefore, it is concluded that "the ambition is for love, and the love is for words" (on Du Tao's Poems with Friends). This view has a correct understanding of the origin of literature and is valuable under the historical conditions at that time. However, Peng Duanshu was deeply influenced by the literary criticism theory of the previous generation, especially Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, and his ancestral legacy of "faithfulness and vanity" made him unable to get out of the quagmire of idealism in literary creation theory.
Peng Duanshu once said, "There are three ways to write a composition: learning, knowledge and talent", and "talent" is the author's literary talent. Peng Duanshu pointed out: "Only size can be granted to heaven without being imposed" and "only size can be granted to heaven" (literary theory). He believes that Sima Qian and Han Yu are able to "connect the past and the present" because "God endowed them with unique talents" (literary theory). These viewpoints unilaterally affirm the author's personal ability and ignore the author's subjective efforts, which are inextricably linked with Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism thought of "a gentleman must speak" (Cheng Yi's quotations) and show the limitations of his world outlook.
Peng Xia Duan Shu of Tao Litian paid attention to the cultivation of talents all his life and made many scholars. When you are an examiner, you should personally assess those who have both ability and political integrity, make great efforts to promote them and hire them according to their qualifications. Ji Yun was a famous minister in Qing Dynasty and the main usurper of Sikuquanshu. He was promoted by Peng Duanshu in Yuan Dynasty and later became an academic authority in Qing Dynasty.
After teaching in Jinjiang College, there are even more talented people, including Li, Zhang G(hè) and Zhong (Yê n). Peng Duanshu devoted the last twenty years of his life to the cause of culture and education in Sichuan. He clearly recorded in the poem "Cold Food in the 1898 Movement": "Jinjiang is twenty years late, and cold food is well known." This vividly describes the time and mood of his speech in the college.
In the forty-fourth year of Qianlong (1779), Peng Duanshu, who was 8 1 year old, died in Baihetang, a southern suburb of Chengdu. Today, there is still Peng Duanshu's grave in pengshan county, Meishan City, Sichuan Province.
Peng Duanshu is one of the most famous Peng brothers in Qing Dynasty, but his achievements are not based on innate talents, but mainly due to his diligent study. His famous essay "My Nephew, the Son of Xuexue" (hereinafter referred to as "Xueji") can be said to be his understanding of diligence. ("For Learning" is selected from "Baihetang Collection")
"For learning" means "showing a son and nephew for learning", saying that there are two monks in Sichuan, one is poor and the other is rich. The poor monk said to the rich monk, "I want to make a pilgrimage to the South China Sea." The rich monk asked, "Why did you go?" The poor monk replied, "I take a bottle and a bowl." The rich monk said, "I've wanted to rent a boat for several years, but it hasn't come true so far." Why do you go! " The next year, the poor monk came back from the South China Sea and told the rich monk. The rich monk was deeply ashamed. This story vividly and concisely discusses the difficulty of doing anything, the dialectical relationship between subjectivity and objectivity, and especially emphasizes that they can be transformed, and the condition for transformation is people's subjective spirit of hard work and tenacious struggle. It was from the ascetic that Peng Duanshu realized the universal truth. Therefore, the work is very hard. In this article, Peng Duanshu mentioned his views on the innate conditions of "intelligence and sensitivity" and "vagueness and mediocrity". He said, "How difficult is it in the world? For it, it is easy and difficult; If you don't do it, it's hard for easy people. Is it difficult for people to learn? Learned, difficult people will be easy; If you don't learn, it's easy and difficult. " This article is included in the Chinese textbook of grade one in junior high school, referred to as "for learning" for short.
Is it difficult to understand what is happening in the world? For it, it is easy and difficult; If you don't do it, it's hard for easy people. Is it difficult for people to learn? Learned, difficult people will be easy; If you don't learn, it will be difficult for easy people.
I am too faint to catch people, and I am too incompetent to catch people; Learn once and for a long time, but don't be lazy, you will achieve it, but you don't know its vagueness and mediocrity. I am smart, I am smart, I am smart, I am smart; Abandoning it is tantamount to fainting and mediocrity. The way of being a saint was handed down by Lu. However, it is both stupid and clever. How can it be common?
There are two monks in Shu: one is poor and the other is rich. The poor man said to the rich man, "What do I want in the South China Sea?" The rich man said, "Why should I go?" Yue: "I have a bottle and a bowl." The rich man said, "I have always wanted to buy a boat for many years, but I have never been able to buy it." Why go! "In the second year, the poor will come back from the South China Sea to tell the rich, and the rich will be ashamed.
I don't know how many miles it takes to go to the South China Sea in Xishu, but rich monks can't go and poor monks can't go. People's aspirations are not as good as humble monks. Therefore, cleverness and sensitivity can be relied on, but they cannot be relied on; He who thinks he is smart and agile, but not a scholar, has lost himself. Confusion and mediocrity can be limited but not limited; Those who are restless in lethargy and mediocrity and tireless in machinery are also self-reliant.
Is there a difference between hard and easy things in the world? As long as you are willing to do it, the difficult things will become easy; If you don't do it, the easy things will become difficult. Is there a difference between learning difficultly and learning easily? As long as you study, the difficult will become easy; If you don't study, it will be easy and difficult.
I am too stupid to catch up with others; I am mediocre and can't catch up with others. Keep studying every day and never slacken off for a long time. When I succeed, I don't know if I am really stupid or really mediocre. I am talented and superior to others; I am quick-thinking and superior to others. If I abandon it, it will be no different from a stupid and mediocre person. Confucius' knowledge was finally handed down by Zeng Shen, who was not very clever. In this case, does the function of stupidity, mediocrity, cleverness and agility exist forever?
There are two monks on the border of Sichuan, one is poor and the other is rich. The poor monk said to the rich monk, "I want to go to the South China Sea. What do you think? " The rich monk said, "Why do you go?" The poor monk said, "I just need a water bottle and a rice bowl." The rich monk said, "I have been trying to rent a boat down the river for many years, but I haven't succeeded yet." What makes you go! "The next year, the poor monk came back from the South China Sea and told the rich monk that he had been to the South China Sea. The rich monk showed his shame.
Sichuan is far from the South China Sea. I don't know how many miles it is. The rich monk can't reach it, but the poor monk has arrived. Isn't a person who is determined to study worse than that poor monk on the Sichuan border? Therefore, cleverness and agility can be relied on, but not relied on; Those who rely on their own cleverness and agility and don't study hard ruin themselves. Stupidity and mediocrity can be limited or not; Those who study tirelessly without being limited by their own stupidity and mediocrity learn by themselves.
The word "for learning"
1, endowment: talent, talent. One: auxiliary words.
2. Time people: the omission of "Time people".
3. Shielding: same as "rejection", removal and exclusion.
4. Saint: refers to Confucius. Pawn: Finally. Lu: Slow but not wise.
5. Hey: A remote place.
6. South China Sea: refers to Putuo Mountain, a Buddhist holy place.
7. Ho: the inverted sentence of "Ho". Shit, shit.
8. Bowl: A rice bowl for monks.
9. Buy a boat: charter a boat. The meaning of buying, renting and hiring.
10, Gu Bu: Worse. Gu, don't.
1 1, the self-destructive person also: a judgment sentence, indicating affirmation, learned by himself.
On the journey of poetry collection, the upper rock wants to rely on heaven, and the lower rock wants to pull out the ground. Zhongyan is particularly abrupt, spanning two cliffs.
The stream and spring are straight, and the rhyme is deep and quiet. Cangteng fights against old trees, and the near green will cover the sun.
Cough and vomit, apes are surprised, clap their hands and watch the fish play. The clock ticks and the smoke temple is intermittent.
Yamazaki is red and ancient, and the path is secluded and difficult to enter. I admire Su Chuan very much. I have seen thousands of years' legacy.
Chibi is a dragon snake, and the wind and rain will not change. Exploring the strange is not poor, and visiting the ancient times is a hobby.
Looking back, looking for the way home, Taniguchi is full of white clouds.
Baling Road is colorless for a long time, and Ma P is not arrogant. The autumn wind clears the Weihe River and decays the grass in Baling Bridge.
The road is cold and close, and the countryside dreams far. Can't bear to look back, white has rustled.
A monk came from Sichuan and sang to me barefoot and unkempt.
I want to carve a Buddhist temple in Wei Tuo town so that I can invite a skilled craftsman to Beijing.
A bottle and a bowl are kept with the fate, and Qian Shan and Qian Shan bear all the water.
If people with lofty ideals can be ascetic, nothing can be achieved on earth.