Chinese name: Zhuang Changgong Nationality: China Nationality: birthplace of Han nationality: Quanzhou, Fujian Date of birth:1894 65438+February 25th Date of death:1962 February 65438+May Occupation: chemist's major achievements: representative work of China organic chemistry research pioneer: the structure of ergosterol, etc. , has made great achievements in scientific research and chemical research, speculated the structure of ergosterol, synthesized 2- methyl-cyclohexane-acetic acid-,separated two compounds, and synthesized compounds (6) and (7). His academic attitude, keen observation, keen sense of touch, diligent thinking, serious and rigorous, strict with self-discipline, and his resume mainly discusses. Licheng, Quanzhou, Fujian. 19 16 graduated from Quanzhou Middle School (now Quanzhou No.5 Middle School). Because of his excellent academic performance, he was sent to the Chemistry Department of Peking University on a local scholarship, and then transferred to the University of Chicago. 192 1 graduated from the university of Chicago, USA, and 1924 received his doctorate. 1948 was selected as an academician of academia sinica. 1949, he served as the director and researcher of the Institute of Organic Chemistry, China Academy of Sciences. The structure of ergostane was confirmed, the structure of ergosterol was deduced, and the synthesis method of keratin bicyclic α -ketone was designed. The oxidative cleavage of steroid side chains was studied. He was one of the few well-known chemists engaged in the study of steroid total synthesis at that time, and his work was introduced into famous textbooks. The structures of alkaloids such as tetrandrine and nortetrandrine were studied. He has made outstanding contributions to organic synthesis, especially the synthesis of steroid compounds and the structural study of natural organic compounds. He paid attention to and drew up the Chinese nomenclature of organic chemistry. At present, he initiated the nomenclature of heterocyclic compounds such as indole and pyrrole. 1955 was elected as a member of China Academy of Sciences. 1922 graduated and stayed in school for further study; 1925 doctor of chemistry. After returning to China, he served as a professor, dean of the Department of Chemistry of Northeastern University and a research lecture for members of the Sino-American Cultural Fund. 193 1 went to the university of g? ttingen, Munich, Germany to study organic chemistry and study the structure of ergosterol, with outstanding achievements. From 65438 to 0934, he returned to China and served as Dean of the School of Science of Central University (Nanjing University) and Director of the Institute of Chemistry of Academia Sinica. Soon, he was elected as an academician of Academia Sinica. During his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he worked in Shanghai Medical Research Institute, and then moved to Kunming, Yunnan to continue his research activities. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he went to the United States again to have academic exchanges with scientists in the field of organic chemistry. 1948 Taiwan Province regional leaders university. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he resolutely returned to the mainland through the tunnel and was appointed as the director of the Institute of Organic Economics of China Academy of Sciences. 1March, 1956, member of the State Council Science Planning Commission. In June of the same year 10 was elected as a member of the Department of Mathematical Physical Chemistry of China Academy of Sciences, and served as the standing committee member and deputy director of the Department of Chemistry. 1954- 1958 was elected as the deputy to the first and second national people's congresses. 1962 February 15, unfortunately died in Shanghai. Achievements Zhuang Changgong has been engaged in scientific research and higher education all his life, and has made great contributions to organic synthesis, especially the synthesis of steroid compounds and the study of natural organic structures. During this period, he published 1937- 194 1 and 18 important papers. During his stay at the University of G? ttingen, Germany, he conducted fruitful research on the structure of ergot, clarified its chemical structure, and effectively promoted the development of polycyclic compound chemistry. In order to synthesize polycyclic a- ketones from keratin, he designed an effective method with universal significance, which attracted the attention of the international organic chemistry community. When Zhuang Changgong was engaged in research work in Germany, he went to Vienna University to study the newly developed mechanical microanalysis technology. After returning to China, this new technology was first introduced and established in China. In addition, he and his collaborators studied the structure of alkaloids, separated two kinds of crystalline alkaloids from tetrandrine, and explored their structures, one of which has been confirmed as tetrandrine; The other is called tetrandrine, which contains phenolic groups and has been proved to be demethyltetrandrine. Zhuang Changgong is rigorous in his studies and observes experimental phenomena very carefully. For example, in the process of studying the structure of ergosterol, he found that insoluble sodium salt was suspended between the ether layer and the water layer from the oxide of ergosterol, so he separated them and acidified them to get the key product-demethylcholic acid. Zhuang Changgong's scientific research works are rich and fruitful. The main thesis includes the structure of ergosterol, the synthesis of [1] methylcyclohexane acetic acid, [1] formic acid -[2] and related compounds, and the condensation reaction between oxalate and tripropyl carboxylate. His scientific achievements and deeds were recorded in China Keyuan Huayingzhi and China Dictionary of Scientists. Chemical research has made outstanding contributions to the synthesis of steroid compounds and the structure of natural organic compounds. 1933, when Zhuang Changgong was a visiting professor at the University of G? ttingen, he engaged in the study of ergosterol structure and made outstanding contributions. He separated isoergotic acid (C23H38O2) from the chromic acid oxidation product of ergostane with exquisite skill, and compared it with the known isoergotic acid, thus proving that the structure of ergostane is of great significance to infer the structure of ergosterol, which is manifested in its structural relationship with vitamin D. Therefore, Carrle's masterpiece "Organic Chemistry" was published in the1940s. From 1934 to 1938, Zhuang Changgong mainly engaged in the synthesis of steroid-related compounds, which effectively promoted the development of organic synthetic chemistry in China. First of all, he thinks that keratin exists between AB ring and CD ring of many steroid compounds, and how to synthesize polycyclic α -ketones and related compounds from keratin is the key to the total synthesis of steroid compounds. This is the focus of his early scientific research work. Starting from 2- methyl cyclohexanone formate -[2], he synthesized 2- methylcyclohexane acetic acid -[ 1]- formic acid -[2] (2) through three steps. Synthesis of 2- methyl-cyclohexane-acetic acid-compound (2) by molecular formula is a model test of CD ring in steroid total synthesis designed by him. In fact, Zhuang Changgong's method was partially adopted by Bachmann and others, and the first natural steroid product equilenin was synthesized in the following five years. Starting from 1- methyl -2- acetyl-cyclopentene -[ 1], he and his students synthesized 2,4-dioxo -8- methyl perhydroindane through Michael addition, and further oxidized it to cis and trans -2- methyl-1- carboxyl-. Zhuang Changgong also pointed out that the addition of 2,4-dioxo -8- methylperhydroindene with 1- methyl -2- acetyl-cyclohexene -[ 1] is expected to give compound (3) with steroid skeleton. Using the same method, compound (4) was obtained by Michael addition from 1- acetyl-cyclohexene [1], which was treated with ethanol-sodium hydroxide with different concentrations under different conditions to obtain trans or cis decalin 1, 3- dione. The former is oxidized to trans -o- carboxycyclohexane acetic acid, while the latter is oxidized to cis-acid. It is worth pointing out that Kon and Ruzicka have studied the above reactions, but no pure cis and trans diketones have been isolated. Zhuang Changgong separated two compounds with exquisite skills, which shows that his research work is rigorous and worthy of being a model. In order to synthesize bicyclic α -ketone from keratin, he designed a general method and obtained satisfactory results. The key of this method is to synthesize unsaturated acid (5) from methylcyclohydrocarbon, and then cyclize it into unsaturated α -ketone with keratin by Darzen reaction, and then catalyze hydrogenation to obtain the desired compound. According to this design, he and his students synthesized compounds (6) and (7) through the following series of reactions. Compounds (6) and (7) were synthesized. The structure of the above compound (6) was confirmed by the oxidation of (6) to (2). The structure of compound (7) was confirmed by the reduction of its precursor by Clemensen and the dehydrogenation of selenium at high temperature to obtain naphthalene. As far as the author knows, several tubes were sealed and fried during the dehydrogenation of selenium at high temperature, and raw materials were lost several times. So he had to synthesize it again, and finally, after many failures, he got naphthalene instead of methylnaphthalene, thus proving the structure of (7). This fully shows Zhuang Changgong's rigorous work style. His method of making α -ketodiketone from keratin was praised by Fischer as Zhuang method. After the publication of this work, it attracted the attention of the international organic chemistry community at that time, especially Robinson, Linstead, Cook and others in Britain, and also published their papers on the synthesis of polycyclic α -ketones from keratin. Because of the progress in the synthesis of polycyclic compounds from keratin, Zhuang Changgong and his students then devoted themselves to the synthesis of estrone, the steroid itself. This was also the research object of international organic chemistry at that time, such as Robinson in Britain and Bout Nan Di in Germany. Firstly, Zhuang Changgong synthesized γ-m-methoxyphenylbutyric acid by a simple method, which ensured the supply of starting materials. The derivative (8) of α -naphthylbutyric acid was synthesized from it through several steps, and the precursor of estrone (9)(x=CH3, n= 1) was expected to be obtained through the following steps. Molecular formula molecular formula scholars have a keen attitude. Zhuang Changgong's academic attitude is extremely rigorous, and his observation is also very keen. For example, in his work to determine the structure of ergosterol, he found that the insoluble sodium salt was suspended between the ether layer and the water layer from the oxidation product of ergosterol, and the key decarbonylisocholic acid was obtained after separation and acidification, and the amount was very small (only 20 mg decarbonylisocholic acid could be obtained from 7 g ergosterol), which was quite advanced at that time and was of decisive significance for inferring the structure of ergosterol. After Zhuang Changgong's work was published, a chemist in his laboratory in G? ttingen said he was lucky. Zhuang Changgong replied that scientific research does not depend on luck, but must have strong perseverance, rigorous attitude and keen observation to succeed. These words became his motto. Estrone is sensitive to touch. Zhuang Changgong is very sensitive to new scientific and technological progress. When he was studying in Germany, he went to Vienna University to personally study the organic micro-analysis technology, which was just developed at that time and was very important for studying trace components. After returning home, he and his students established this analytical technique for the first time in China, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of domestic research work in the future. Zhuang Changgong loves research and cares about the growth of cadres. When he leads his assistants to do research work, he gives them personal guidance. One year on New Year's Eve, several young people in the laboratory made an appointment to have dinner together in the evening, but Zhuang Changgong stayed in the laboratory to work until the bell rang for a long time. Although young people have been fidgeting for a long time, they were deeply moved by his tireless spirit of teaching and educating people. On another occasion, he went to Moganshan for a month's summer vacation according to the regulations, but in less than a week, he came back to participate in the investigation himself. When designing the research route, he has to consult a lot of literature and even stay up late. One morning, he came to the laboratory and told his assistant that he stayed up all night and considered a route to synthesize estrone, which was very promising. Later, experiments proved that his consideration was correct, and his spirit deeply infected his assistants and students. Diligent in thinking, he often encourages students to think more. When students occasionally have to discuss with him, he will patiently point out what is right and what is wrong. When he sees the students' correct design, he often draws two or three circles on the paper, which makes the students feel extremely excited. When Zhuang Changgong was teaching in a university, he prepared lessons very carefully and repeatedly thought about how to make students easy to understand, so when he gave lectures, the students listened with relish. For example, when he was talking about the theory of organic compounds, he began to introduce chromophores and chromophores, and then told his classmates not to be satisfied with only knowing where the sound of the piano came from, but also to think about why the strings can make sounds, so he introduced the theory that electronic vibration absorbs visible light waves of a certain wavelength to produce complementary colors. This not only makes the problem clear, but also inspires everyone to understand that nature must be deepened step by step, and there must be a spirit of breaking the casserole and asking the end. No matter what Zhuang Changgong does, his attitude is serious. Not only do the year-end summary or quarterly summary seriously; Even if you make a list, or a list of letters sent and received in a year, you are meticulous and responsible. Once I checked the inventory and changed it seven times in a row before I made a list. He said that the country's foreign exchange must be saved, especially the person in charge should be more serious and responsible. Zhuang Changgong was strict with himself, lived frugally, loved his motherland and was upright. When he was the president of Taiwan Province Provincial University, he tried to dismiss a group of teachers who had nepotism with the powerful people at that time, but it backfired and was opposed by the authorities. He also resisted the reactionary military police several times to arrest people and protected the pursued students in his dormitory. Resume1894 65438+Born in Quanzhou, Fujian on February 25th. 1916—1918 Beijing Agricultural College. 1919-1921studied in the chemistry department of the university of Chicago, USA, and obtained a bachelor's degree. 1921-1924 studied in the Department of Chemistry of the University of Chicago, USA, and obtained a doctorate. 1924 ——1931Professor of Northeastern University and Head of the Department of Chemistry. 1926 ——1933 Scientific Lecture by the Board of Directors of China Education and Culture Fund. 1931-1932 was a visiting professor at the University of G? ttingen and the Star University in Germany. 1933 ——1934 Dean, School of Science, Central University. 1934 ——1945 researcher of the board of directors of Ren Zhonghua education and culture foundation. 1934- 1943 served as the director of the institute of chemistry of academia sinica and was elected as a member of the academic Committee of academia sinica. From 65438 to 0948, he served as the leader of Taiwan Province province and was elected as an academician of Academia Sinica. 1950 director, institute of organic chemistry, China academy of sciences. 1955 was elected as an academician of China Academy of Sciences and served as deputy director of the Department of Mathematics and Physics. 1962 died in Shanghai on February 25th. The main projects are 1 Zhuangchanggong and Ma Jiming. Preliminary report on chemical constituents of Scrophularia ningpoensis. Trans ... sci SOC。 China,1932,7:187—194, C.A.1932,26:. C.A.1932,26: 5699.3 Zhuang changgong, Zhang Weiping, Shen Haifeng. Preliminary report on chemical constituents of Alisma orientalis in China. Ibid., 1932, 7: 207-215; C. a. 1932, 26: 5699.4 Zhuang Changgong. Structure of ergosterol. . Ann， 1933，500:270-280； 1933,27: 2157.5 Zhuang changgong, Tian Yulin, Huang Yaoceng. Synthesis of 2- methylcyclohexane acetic acid -[ 1]- formic acid -[2] and its related compounds. Ber。 Deuteronomy chemistry. GES。 655. China Ma Jiming Zhuang Changgong 1935, 29: 508 1.6. Synthesis of cyclohexane diacetic acid mono [1, 2] and its related compounds. Ibid., 1935, 68b: 87 1-88. C.A. 1935, 29: 5085.7 Zhuang Changgong, Han Jinjian. Addition of butadiene to alkylbenzene quinone. Ibid., 1935, 68b: 876-882; C.A., 1935, 29: 5098.8 Zhuang Changgong Ma Jiming, the condensation reaction of oxalate with β-methyl-tricarboxylic acid ester. Ibid.,1935,68b: 882-886; Tian Yulin Maji Mingzhuang Changgong 1935, 29: 5083.9. 8- methyl perhydroindene derivatives and cis -2- methyl-1- carboxyl-cyclopentane-acetic acid -[2]. Ditto. China Tian Yulin Zhuang Changgong 1936, 30: 724. 10. Cis-trans-decalin dione -[ 1, 3]. Ibid.,1936,69b: 25-31. About1936,30; 2953. Ma Jiming Tian Yulin Zhuang Changgong 1 1. General synthetic method of α-ketone containing keratin ring. Ibid.,1936,69b:1494-1505; C.A. 1936, 30: 6000. 12 Zhuang changgong, Huang Yaoceng. Synthesis of γ-methoxyphenylbutyric acid. Ibid.,1936,69b:1505-1508: C. Huang Yaoceng. Study on synthesis of sterols and sex hormones. The synthesis of 10 hydroxy -3- oxo-hexahydro and its methyl ether is reported for the first time. Ibid. 1937, 70b: 858-863; C.A.1937,31:4674.14 Study on Zhuang Changgong, Xing, Gao Yisheng, Zhang Guoren and Tetrandrine. Ibid., 1939, 72b: 5 18. 1939, 33: 4257. 15 studies on the synthesis of sterols and sex hormones in Zhuang changgong, Huang Yaoceng and Ma Jiming. The second report is the synthesis of 3- oxo-hexahydro-atrazine. Ibid., 1939, 72B,: 7 15. 1939,33: 4982.16 Zhuang changgong, Ma Jiming, Tian Yulin, Huang Yaoceng. Study on synthesis of sterols and sex hormones. The third report, 7- hydroxy -3- oxo -3,4-dihydro-(cyclopentenyl -65438+. C.A.1939,33: 5862.17 Zhuang changgong, Zhu, Gao Yisheng. 2- methyl -4- phenyl-cyclohexylacetic acid and its related compounds. Ibid.,1940,73b:1347-65433. C.A.1941.35: 2865.18 Zhuang Changgong, Zhu and Gao Yisheng. Study on synthesis of sterols and sex hormones. The fourth report, the synthesis of 3- naphthyl -[2]- cyclopentanone derivatives. Ibid., 194 1. c . a 194 1，35:695 1。