■ Confucius lost his father at the age of 3, and moved to the sparrow with his mother Yan Zhizhai and was taught by him. When Confucius was young, he was "a child's play, forbidding the army as a gift." . When I was a child, my family was poor. 15 years old was determined to study. The dragon, on the other hand, became a "Commissioner" for managing warehouses and a "farmer" for managing cattle and sheep. He is open-minded and eager to learn, and has no regular teacher. According to legend, he invited Li to learn the truth of being a man from Changhong and the piano from the teacher. At the age of 30, he has become a well-known local scholar, and started a private school under his tutelage. Its ideological core is "benevolence", and "benevolence" means "love". He regards "benevolence" as the norm and purpose of benevolence, so that "benevolence" and "courtesy" can be used mutually. It is advocated that rulers should govern the people with virtue and treat others with courtesy, so as to reproduce the prosperous time of the Western Zhou Dynasty when "rites and music were conquered from the emperor" and realize their ideal of "great harmony".
■ At the age of 35, Confucius left because of civil strife in Lu. In order to get close, he became a vassal of the nobles of Qi State. The following year, Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about political affairs. Confucius said, "A monarch should be like a monarch, a minister should be like a minister, a father should be like a father, and a son should be like a son." Gong Jing appreciated it very much and wanted to use Confucius, but Yan Ying and Qi Xiang stopped him and had to give up. I want to return to Shandong as soon as possible, continue to learn knowledge and train my disciples. 5 1 year-old, served as the governor in the capital of Lu (now a local official in Wenshang West). The result of good governance is "one year, all directions follow". At the age of 52, he was promoted from Zhongduzai to an ordinary scout in Lu. In 500 BC (the tenth year of Lu), Lu and Qi joined forces in Oracle bones, and Confucius put forward that "those who have military affairs must have weapons and those who have military affairs must have documents". Trying to intimidate Lu Jun into submission, Confucius reprimanded him with courtesy, which saved national dignity, so that Qi Huangong had to agree to form an alliance to make peace and return Lu 'an and the three places to Lu. When Confucius was 54 years old, he was entrusted by Ji to take pictures. In order to improve the authority of the monarch, he put forward the idea of "reducing the three capitals" and restraining the three Huan (Dr. Lu San), but the result was opposed by the three doctors and failed. At the age of 55, the monarch and minister of Lu accepted the beauty presented by Qi, and indulged in debauchery all day long. Disappointed, Confucius abandoned his official position and left Shandong, leading his disciples around the world to find another opportunity to display his talents. During this time, he worked for more than 70 emperors, but nothing happened. In 484 BC (eleven years), Ji Kangzi of Lu listened to the persuasion of Confucius disciples and sent someone to pick him up from Weiguo.
■ Confucius returned to Lu, although he was honored as an "old man in the country", but he was still not reused. Instead of seeking official positions, he continued to devote himself to education and document arrangement. He trained more than 3,000 disciples in his life, 72 of whom were proficient in six arts (etiquette, music, archery, imperial defense, calligraphy and mathematics). In teaching practice, a whole set of educational theories, such as teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, paying equal attention to learning and thinking, drawing inferences from others, inspiring and inducing, studying and teaching others tirelessly, and the learning attitude of "knowing what it is, not knowing what it is" and "not ashamed to ask questions", are praised by future generations. He deleted poems, wrote books, ordered rites and music, revised Chunqiu, and comprehensively sorted out China's ancient literature. Grow old together with Yi, and reach the realm of "Bian Wei's Three Musts".
■ At the age of 69, his only son Kong Li died. 7 1 year-old, Yan Hui, a favorite pupil, died of illness. Confucius was extremely sad and sighed: "Heaven has fallen! The sky is lost! " This year, someone caught a monster named Lin in Luxi and died soon. He thought that the appearance and death of Kirin, a symbol of kindness and good fortune, was an ominous sign of chaos in the world, so he stopped compiling the book Spring and Autumn Annals. At the age of 72, I was deeply saddened to learn that my son had died in a national disaster. The following year (479 BC), in February of the summer calendar, Confucius fell ill for 7 days and died.
■ The main words and deeds of Confucius' life were compiled into The Analects by his disciples and re-disciples, which became the classics of later Confucianism.
Confucius, three thousand disciples, seventy-two sages.
Confucius spent most of his life in the educational work of preaching, teaching and solving doubts. He created effective teaching methods; Summarized and advocated a set of correct learning principles; Formed a relatively complete teaching content system; Put forward a series of far-reaching educational thoughts; Set a good example of teachers' morality. Disciples: Zi Gong, Zeng, Gong Xihua, Zeng Shen, .........
2. Introduction of Mencius
Mencius (372-289 BC) was born in Zou, a native of Shandong in the middle of the Warring States Period. A disciple of Confucius' grandson Zisi, he traveled to Song, Teng, Wei, Qi and other countries to explain his political views and worked in Qi. In his later years, he retired to write books and handed down seven pieces of Mencius. He was a representative of Confucianism in the middle of the Warring States Period.
Mencius' thought originated from Confucius. Mencius developed Confucius' "benevolence" into the theory of "benevolent government". He believes that to implement "benevolent government", it is necessary to "control the people's permanent production" so that every farmer can have a hundred acres of land, five acres of houses and the minimum means of production; "Don't rob the farming season" to ensure that farmers have time to work; "save punishment and light taxes" to give people the lowest material living conditions; Strengthen moral education to make people understand the truth of "filial piety and faith". Mencius saw that the people were being exploited and oppressed by the feudal landlord class, and tried to take these measures to ease class contradictions and consolidate the rule of the landlord class, but it was still conducive to the development of production. In connection with the theory of "benevolent government", Mencius also put forward the view that "the people are more valuable than the monarch", saying: "the people are more valuable, the country is second, and the monarch is lighter" (Mencius). He believes that only with the support of the people can the monarch achieve and maintain his dominant position. Therefore, he advocated that the monarch should mainly implement "benevolent government" and "have fun with the people." China people can kill the monarch who destroys the people. Shang Zhouwang is a famous tyrant in history. The king of Wu attacked Zhou. He thought it was right to kill him. He said, "I have heard of killing husbands, but I have never heard of killing kings" (Mencius Hui Liang Wang Xia). Although Mencius sympathized with the people and condemned the tyrant, his political thought still maintained the feudal system, so he preached: "The industrious rule the people, and the industrious rule the people." Treat people eat people, treat people eat people, which makes sense in the world "("Mencius Teng Wengong "). This view has long been the theoretical basis for defending the exploitation system.
Mencius' student: Gong Sunchou
3. The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius are the four books designated by Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty.
The "Four Books" in Zhu Zhu's annotation have been designated as imperial examination books since the second year of Qing Dynasty in Yuan Renzong (A.D. 13 13).
It has a great influence, especially on South Korea and Japan.
Qufu is located in the middle of Shandong. 1 1 century BC was the capital of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It is also the hometown of Confucius, the founder of Confucianism and a famous thinker in the late Spring and Autumn Period. He once wrote books and gave lectures here.
Qufu's world-famous reputation is closely related to the name of Confucius. Confucius is one of the greatest philosophers in the world and the founder of China Confucian School. In the long history of more than 2,000 years, Confucian culture has gradually become the orthodox culture of China, and has influenced countries in East and Southeast Asia, becoming the cornerstone of the whole oriental culture. Confucius House, Confucius Temple and Qufu Confucius Forest are collectively called "Three Holes", which is a symbol of China's memory of Confucius and admiration for Confucianism. They are famous for their rich cultural accumulation, long history, huge scale, rich cultural relics collection and scientific and artistic value. Because of its prominent position in the history of China and the oriental culture of the world, it is honored as one of the three holy cities in the world.
Qufu's "three holes"-Confucius Temple, Confucius House and Confucius Forest are world-famous. Confucius Temple is a place for offering sacrifices to Confucius. It was founded in 478 BC. It was very small, just a temple in the former residence of Confucius. After the Western Han Dynasty, with the continuous sealing of Confucius by emperors, the scale of Confucius Temple also expanded. Confucius House is a huge courtyard, which is actually not the home of Confucius, but the residence of his descendants. Kong Lin is the graveyard of Confucius and his family, covering an area of 200 hectares.
Confucius House: It is the place where descendants of Confucius' hereditary "Duke of Feast" lived for generations, and it is the largest mansion in China after the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Now, Confucius House covers an area of more than 240 mu, with 463 halls, halls, buildings, pavilions and other buildings, which are divided into three roads: Zhonghua Road, East Road and West Road. East Road is the temple, West Road is the academy, and Middle Road is the main building. The middle road is bounded by the inner house, which used to be a government office. There are three halls and six halls (lobby, hall 2, hall 3, Guan Gou Hall, Baihu Hall, Zhiyin Hall, Library Hall, Jing Hall and Yue Hall). Behind it is the inner hall, the front building, the front hall building, the back hall building and five back rooms. Finally, the feast duke and his family visited Confucius' garden.
Confucius Temple: The building is magnificent and resplendent, and it is the largest place to worship Confucius in China. The year after Confucius' death (478 BC), Lu Aigong converted his old house into a temple. Since then, successive emperors have continuously sealed Confucius and expanded temples. In the Qing dynasty, Yongzheng ordered an overhaul and expanded it to a modern scale. There are nine courtyards in the temple, which are divided into left, middle and right roads along the north-south axis, with a length of 630m and a width of 140m. There are more than 460 temples, halls, altars and pavilions, and 54 doors. 13 "Imperial Monument Pavilion". Shengji Temple, Ming Tombs Pavilion and Dacheng Hall display a large number of stone inscriptions. In particular, the Han stele preserved here is the largest in China, and there are also many treasures in previous dynasties. The number of steles is second only to Xi 'an stele forest, which is called the second stele forest in China.
Dacheng Hall is the main hall and core of Confucius Temple. In the Tang Dynasty, it was called Wang Wenxuan Hall, with five halls. During the overhaul in the fifth year of Song Tianxi (AD 102), it was moved to this site and expanded into seven rooms. In the third year of Song Chongning (A.D. 1 104), Zhao Ji, Huizong, took Mencius' meaning: "Confucius is a master", and the next imperial edict was renamed Dacheng Hall, which was rebuilt in the second year of Qing Yongzheng (A.D. 1724), with nine ridges and double eaves, covered with yellow tiles and carved. The temple is 24.8 meters high, 45.69 meters long and 24.85 meters wide. It is located on the foundation of the temple, with a height of 2. 1 m. It is the tallest building in the whole temple and one of the three ancient temples in China.
Xingtan is located in the middle of the aisle in front of Dacheng Hall, which is said to be the place where Confucius gave lectures. There is an old cypress beside the altar, which is called "the old teacher planted cypress". Zhu Lan around Xingtan is surrounded by mountains, crossed with ridges, two layers of yellow tile cornices and double half arches. There are well-carved algae wells and painted golden panlong in the pavilion, among which Qingganlong's "Xingtanzan" imperial tablet. Stone incense burner in front of the pavilion, about 1 m high, is a relic of the Jin Dynasty.
Kong Lin: Located in the north of Qufu, it is a special cemetery for Confucius and his family, and it is also the longest-lasting and largest clan cemetery in the world. Confucius died in April in the sixteenth year (479 BC) and was buried in Si, north of Lucheng. Their descendants were buried from the graves, forming today's Kong Lin. Since Zigong planted trees for Confucius Tomb, there have been more than 10,000 ancient trees in Confucius Forest. Since the Han Dynasty, rulers of past dynasties have rebuilt and added 13 times to Kong Lin, and even opened it to the present scale, with a total area of about 2 square kilometers, surrounded by 5.6 kilometers of forest walls, which are more than 3 meters high and 1 meter thick. Guo Moruo once said: "This is a good natural museum and a chronicle of the Confucius family." .
Qufu Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest and Confucius House (English name: Temple and Cement of Confidence, Qufu Confucius House) were selected into the World Heritage List (No.:200-065438+February). According to the selection criteria of World Cultural Heritage C(I)(IV)(VI),
Evaluation by World Heritage Committee: Confucius was a great philosopher, politician and educator in China during the Spring and Autumn Period from 6th century BC to 5th century BC. Confucius Temple, Cemetery and Mansion are located in Qufu City, Shandong Province. The Confucius Temple was built in 478 BC to commemorate Confucius. It has been destroyed and built for thousands of years, and now it has developed into a building complex with more than 100 halls. Confucius' mausoleum is not only located in Kong Lin, but also more than 654.38 million of his descendants are buried here. The small Confucius House has now expanded into a huge and prominent mansion, which includes 152 halls. The unique artistic and historical features of ancient buildings in Qufu can be attributed to the strong worship of Confucius by Emperor China for more than two thousand years.