Sweet Persimmon is a book published by China Agricultural Publishing House in 2006 by Yan Haiyun and Zhao Heqing.
Chinese Name: Sweet Persimmon: Botany: Angiosperms: Dicotyledonous Subclass: Clavate: persimmon industry survey, development prospect, large market space, high economic benefit, good varieties of sweet persimmon, Jintian persimmon, Yangfeng sweet persimmon, main pest control, ring rot, angular leaf spot, anthracnose, persimmon witches' broom and scab. Top dressing, foliar fertilizer, book catalogue, industry overview The vast majority of persimmon cultivated varieties in China are astringent persimmons, and the cultivated area of sweet persimmons is less than 2% of the whole persimmon area. Except for a certain scale of Luotian sweet persimmon cultivated in Dabie Mountain area of Luotian County, Hubei Province, other provinces and cities mainly cultivate it sporadically. Generally speaking, there are still some problems in China's sweet persimmon industry, such as less variety resources, poor quality, extensive management, low yield, serious phenomenon of "big and small years", obviously small quality of single fruit, poor commodity and so on, which are far from meeting the market demand. The main reasons for the lagging development of China's sweet persimmon industry are as follows: First, most persimmon trees in China are astringent, with few varieties of sweet persimmons, small planting scale and correspondingly less market supply, and consumers do not know enough about sweet persimmons. Second, fruit farmers pay more attention to yield than quality, and their management level is low, which restricts the sustainable development of sweet persimmon industry. At the end of 1990s and the beginning of this century, under the recommendation of some scholars and the hype of seedling vendors, a sweet persimmon planting boom was set off in southern China. However, most fruit farmers blindly pursue scale and speed, ignore quality and benefit, and have extensive planting management, which fails to realize the sustainable development of sweet persimmon industry. Thirdly, the backward fresh-keeping processing technology of sweet persimmon has become another bottleneck restricting the healthy development of sweet persimmon industry in China. Compared with astringent persimmons, sweet persimmons have higher fruit hardness, but their fresh-keeping period is only 7 ~ 10 days. Fresh persimmons are generally not resistant to storage and are not convenient for packaging and long-distance transportation. Fourth, there is no systematic industrial chain, and planting, processing and sales are out of touch with each other. Processing enterprises worry that there is no raw material, and fruit farmers worry that there is no market. Sales are mainly retail, and prices follow the market, which fluctuates greatly, and the interests of fruit farmers are sometimes not guaranteed. Development Prospect Market Space Sweet persimmon fresh fruit and meat contain soluble sugar, protein, fat, trace elements, nicotinic acid, vitamins and β-carotene. The nutritional value is very high. Sweet persimmon is deeply loved by consumers all over the world, especially in Hong Kong, Macao, East Asia and Southeast Asia. The market is in short supply, the export price is higher than that of traditional fruits, and the market space is broad. Especially, the maturity of sweet persimmon coincides with the National Day and Mid-Autumn Festival, which can greatly meet people's consumption demand for special fruits on holidays. Sweet persimmon has high economic benefit, low production cost and considerable cultivation benefit. Generally, it will be put into production in the second year, and it will enter the full fruit period in the fifth to sixth years. The yield per 667m2 in the full fruit period can reach more than 2000kg, and the highest can reach 4000kg. Sweet persimmon can naturally remove astringency when it matures, and its crispness is 2 ~ 3 times longer than that of astringent persimmon, and it has long shelf life, light pest damage and less pesticide consumption, which is beneficial to the production of pollution-free green fruits. Through the production of persimmon, persimmon slices, persimmon flowers, persimmon vinegar and other products, realize the value-added processing. The development of sweet persimmon in China is still in the primary stage. Because most areas, especially the southern provinces, are very suitable for the development of sweet persimmon, and the industrial development potential is great. Sweet persimmon has good benefits, simple management, barren resistance and drought resistance, and less labor consumption than other fruit trees. It is an excellent tree species for comprehensive development and utilization in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas and for farmers to get rid of poverty and become rich. Under the current policy of adjusting agricultural structure, helping the poor and developing, and returning farmland to forests, the development scale of sweet persimmon can be moderately expanded. The further development of sweet persimmon can not only increase the output of green fruits in China, enrich the characteristic fruit market and adjust people's food structure, but also have great significance for developing rural economy, improving ecological environment and beautifying living environment. Jintian persimmon, an excellent sweet persimmon variety, is a newly bred sweet persimmon variety with extra-early maturity and seedless big fruit, which has the following characteristics: extremely early maturity, self-ripening in August, and can seize the market; Completely sweet persimmons can be picked from trees completely naturally, and the rate of seedless fruit is high; Beautiful appearance, oblate fruit, orange-red hard persimmon, and fiery red after softening; The fruit is huge, with an average single fruit weight of 260 grams and a maximum of 420 grams, and the fruit size is uniform; Excellent quality, orange-red pulp, crisp and delicate, extremely sweet, juicy, good taste and fragrant; The sugar content is high, and the soluble matter content can reach 25%; Early fruiting, good high and stable yield, self-flowering, no need to pollinate trees, bearing fruit in the second year after planting, and high yield in the fourth year, with an yield of 2500 kg per mu; Strong disease resistance, strong adaptability, high resistance to anthracnose, round spot and angular spot, and can be planted in any place where sweet persimmon can be planted. Yangfeng sweet persimmon has moderate tree potential, stretched shape, high fruit setting rate, single fruit bearing and no need for pollination. Fruit can be hung in the second year after loading, and the yield per mu can reach more than 3000 Jin in the fourth year, with high yield. The fruit is oblate with an average weight of 240 grams and a maximum weight of 400 grams. When ripe, the fruit surface is orange-red, the top of the fruit is thick red, and the appearance is gorgeous. The pulp is orange-red, hard and crisp, sweet and refreshing, with high sugar content and good quality. It ripens in the middle and late September and can be preserved until Mid-Autumn Festival and National Day, with good quality and flavor. After natural storage for 20 days, it becomes soft, soft and sticky, and the sugar content is higher. Yangfeng sweet persimmon is one of the varieties with the best stability and quality at present. Main pests and diseases control rotation disease 1. Damage situation. At first, small yellowish brown spots appeared on the front of the leaves, and the edge color was lighter, which gradually expanded into round brown spots. Subsequently, the leaves quickly turned red and fell off. Persimmon stems grow late and have few lesions. The diseased fruit is small and tasteless, easy to soften and fall off early. The disease begins in August-September, and it is more serious in rainy or humid climate. 2. Prevention methods. Sweep the fallen leaves, remove the diseased side, focus on incineration, and reduce the primary source of infection; Strengthen water and fertilizer management to improve disease resistance; Spray medicine in time to prevent it. Generally, after persimmon trees fall down in the first half of June, the Bordeaux solution (such as 500g copper sulfate, 2500g quicklime and 300kg water) or 70% mancozeb wettable powder and 60% carbendazim wettable powder is sprayed 800~ 1000 times. 1. Damage. At the beginning of the disease, yellow-green spots appeared on the front of the leaves, then the color of the spots deepened to black, and the center of the spots was light brown, forming polygonal spots with thick outside and light inside, which caused the leaves to wither in severe cases. When harmful to fruit stalks, it mostly occurs around persimmon stalks, with no certain shape and dark brown. The onset is fast, and the lesions at the base of the main vein of the leaf are the most. Rainy days are serious, and August is the peak of the disease, and a large number of diseased spots appear, leading to falling leaves and fruits. 2. Prevention methods. During the dormancy period, completely cut off the remaining stems and undeveloped dead branches of persimmon trees, remove the dead leaves in the garden, and focus on burning: strengthen the cultivation management, adjust the tree structure, and improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions: spray wine1:5: 400-600 Bordeaux solution or 70% mancozeb wettable powder1000-60 from June to July. Anthrax 1. Harmful situation. The diseases of new shoots mostly occurred from late May to early June, which initially produced black spots, and then the black spots expanded into long ellipses and became dark brown, with slight depressions in the middle and longitudinal cracks. When the lesion on the branch is large, the branch above the lesion is easy to die. Fruit diseases mostly occur from late June to early July. At the beginning, dark brown to black spots appeared on the surface of the fruit, and then it expanded into a round or oval shape, slightly concave, with dense gray to black wheel-shaped spots in the center. The lesion often goes deep into the cortex to form a black lump, which causes the fruit to fall off; Leaf diseases, mostly occurring in petioles and veins, are yellowish brown to black strips or irregular roots. 2. Prevention methods. Strengthen the management of cultivation, water and fertilizer to prevent the generation of overgrown branches: remove the source of initial infection, prune and cut off diseased branches in winter, remove diseased branches, diseased fruits and fallen fruits in the growing period, and burn or bury them centrally; Selecting disease-free seedlings and varieties with strong disease resistance; Spraying 1 times 5 Baume sulfur mixture before germination, 1 times 1:5:400 bordeaux mixture in early and middle June, 1 times 1:3:300 bordeaux mixture or 709% mancozeb in middle July and early August. The diseased branches are clustered, erect, withered, germinated in late spring, grow slowly, and the veins turn black; The diseased trees bear few fruits, and the fruit surface has annular constriction marks, which often soften and fall off in advance; The seriously ill tree failed to bear fruit, even the whole tree died. The disease is mainly transmitted by grafting, and it also occurs when scions or rootstocks are used with diseases. It can also be spread by juice contact and sucking insects. 2. Prevention methods. Trunk perforation and perfusion or bark girdling and application of cyanine; Pay attention to the selection of disease-free rootstocks and scions, select disease-resistant varieties, cultivate disease-free seedlings, and pull out the diseased seedlings immediately when they are found; Strengthen orchard management, appropriately increase the application of alkaline fertilizers to improve disease resistance; Dig out the diseased plants, burn them centrally and eradicate the source of infection; Spray a broad-spectrum insecticide once when the leaves are unfolded, such as 90% trichlorfon 1000 times. Scab 1. Damage situation. In the early stage of the disease, small black spots appear on veins, and then expand into dark, nearly round or polygonal lesions. When the humidity is high, black mold layer appears on the back: when the branches are infected, light brown lesions appear in the early stage, and then expand into spindle, spindle or oval, slightly depressed, and in severe cases, fester or break; Fruit diseases mostly occur in pedicels, which are round or irregular spots, slightly sunken, slightly hardened and crusted, and the diseased fruits are easy to fall off. 2. Prevention methods. Combined with winter pruning, cut off diseased branches and persimmon stems, remove fallen leaves, dead branches and diseased fruits in the garden, and burn them centrally; Spraying 5 Baume sulfur mixture on the whole plant before germination: spraying 0.3-0.5 Baume sulfur mixture or 1:5:400 bordeaux mixture 1 1-2 times after leaf spreading. It can also be controlled with 800 times of 50% wettable powder, 800 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder and 600 times of 45% mancozeb aqueous solution. Fertilization method The basic fertilizers are mainly organic fertilizers such as decomposed organic fertilizer, chicken manure, compost and cake fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizers. Base fertilizer should be applied once a year 1 time, and it can also be applied at the same time as fruit picking fertilizer in topdressing. The main application methods of base fertilizer are: (1) ring fertilization. Dig an annular ditch with a depth of 30-40 cm and a width of 30-40 cm at the vertical projection edge of the crown width, mix the fertilizer with the topsoil, apply it evenly and bury it flat. This method is mostly used for young trees. (2) Radial fertilization. Taking the trunk as the center, dig 4-8 radial ditches with a depth of 20-40 cm, a width of 30 cm and a length of about 1 m, which are deep in the outside and shallow in the inside and evenly distributed. Mix the fertilizer with the topsoil, apply it evenly and bury it. This method is mostly used for mature trees. (3) furrow fertilization. When labor and fertilizer are insufficient, furrow can be opened row by row or alternately, and fertilization can be combined with deep tillage and soil improvement. This method can be used for young trees and mature trees. (4) all over the park. The root system of sweet persimmon tree has covered the whole garden in the full fruit period, so some fertilizers can be sprinkled in the tree tray to make the fertilizer and soil evenly combined, and the effect is better. This method can be combined with intertillage weeding. In the application of topdressing, the mode, location and depth of fertilization should be determined according to the types of fertilizers and the distribution range of plant roots, with more application for large trees and less application for small trees. The method is to project an annular shallow ditch along the crown, with a depth of 10 cm, and cover the soil in time after fertilization. Dry season combined with water, or mixed with water and fertilizer for direct irrigation. Attention should be paid to the application of topdressing, the method should be reasonable, the concentration and depth should be appropriate to prevent root burning. Loose fertile soil can be slightly deeper, and barren soil can be slightly shallower; Ammonia-fluorine fertilizer should be buried with the application to avoid the migration of volatile nitrogen fertilizer in the soil, and should be applied shallowly; The fluidity of potassium fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer is poor, so it is appropriate to apply it into the concentrated distribution layer of root system. Foliage fertilizer is a kind of fertilization method that the quick-acting fertilizer is prepared into a solution with a certain concentration and sprayed on the leaves of plants. The foliar fertilizer is mainly ammonia fertilizer in the early stage and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the later stage. The types and concentrations of common fertilizers are: nitrogen fertilizer and urea 0.3%-0.7%; 0.5% ~ 65,438+0% of phosphate fertilizer, phosphate leaching solution of superphosphate and potassium dichloride and 0.6% ~ 0.5% of ammonium phosphate; Potassium fertilizer, 3%- 10% of plant ash leaching solution, 0.5%- 1% of potassium chloride, potassium sulfate and potassium phosphate; Trace element fertilizer, the concentration is usually 0.2% ~ 0.3%. Foliage fertilizer can be used in combination with spraying pesticides. The preface of the first chapter of the book catalogue summarizes the concept of sweet persimmon in the first section. Cultivation history and distribution of sweet persimmon (Ⅱ). First, the cultivation history in the second quarter. Distribution status part 3. The value of sweet persimmon. Nutritional value in the second quarter. Health care value section 3. Economic value in the fourth quarter. Green value in the fourth quarter. The market prospect of sweet persimmon. The second part of the domestic market. Chapter 2 of the international market. Biological characteristics of sweet persimmon. Growth characteristics section 1. Roots, branches, buds, leaves, flowers and fruits. Flowering and fruiting habits 1. Flower bud differentiation 2. Flowering and fruiting habits 3. Flowering and fruiting habits. Fruit development v. physiological fruit drop III. Phenological phase four. Requirements for environmental conditions. Lighting three. Yusi. Soil v wind chapter iii. Main cultivated varieties of sweet persimmon i. China sweet persimmon II. Autumn flame ii. Seedless Sweet Persimmon IV, Qiuhongyuwu, Zhao Long Persimmon VI, Jinqiuqi, Honey Persimmon VIII, Luotian Junchijiu and Luotian Sweet Persimmon Excellent Individual Plants Section II Japanese Sweet Persimmon I, Nishimura Zaosheng II, Shangxi Zaosheng III, Izu IV, Zen Temple Maruko V, Yangfeng VI, Maekawa Jiro VII, Jiro VIII, Fu You IX, Hejun X, and Yat Ching Garden xi. The basic principles of planting and scion collection, propagation of grafted seedlings, grafting survival, main factors affecting grafting survival, scion collection and storage, main methods of grafting, management of grafted seedlings in mother garden Section IV: Seeding and transportation of grafted seedlings I, emergence stage II, seedling grading III, seedling pruning IV, seedling quarantine and disinfection V, seedling packaging and transportation.