At that time, Wang Zhen, the eunuch in the ruling clique of the Ming Dynasty, was autocratic, with dark politics, rampant corruption, increasing land annexation and a large number of peasants in exile. Political corruption and economic depression led to the continuous weakening of the Ming Dynasty's military strength and the gradual southward movement of the northern defense line. First, seeing that the border defense of the Ming Dynasty was becoming increasingly empty, they sent troops to harass the south and gradually expanded their territory to the south.
In the 14th year of Ming Dynasty (1449), in February, Wala sent envoys to pay tribute to horses in Ming Dynasty, falsely reporting the amount of tribute in an attempt to get more rewards, so Wang Zhen ordered the price of horses to be reduced, and the two sides had a dispute. I have long wanted to send troops south, so I seized this opportunity. On the pretext of insulting tribute envoys and cutting horse prices in the Ming Dynasty, I assembled an army to attack Datong and divided my troops to launch a large-scale attack on Liaodong, Fu Xuan and Gansu. When the news reached the imperial court, Wang Zhen, regardless of the dissuasion of his ministers, strongly encouraged young Ming Yingzong to use personal expedition, with the intention of scaring off the Walla army in the name of the emperor's personal expedition, and also taking the opportunity to raise his reputation. Ming Yingzong, who had no opinion, decided to go to war under the hostage of Wang Zhen.
On August 14, the Ming army was surrounded by the Walla army in Tumubao (now Huailai East, Hebei Province). The next day, the Walla army pretended to retreat, and Wang Zhen ordered the camp to be moved into the water, and the battle was in chaos. Vala cavalry took the opportunity to attack, and the Ming army was moved by the wind, killing more than half. Yingzong was captured, and Wang Zhen died in the army. This is the famous "popular rebellion" in history. The news of the defeat of the civil fort and the capture of Yingzong reached Beijing, and the ministers cried and panicked. /kloc-on 0/7, the empress dowager and empress Qian received a secret letter from a British sect, asking for more gold and silk to save themselves. Empress Dowager Cixi hurriedly ordered people to search for treasures in the palace, loaded eight carts and sent them to Walla, but there was no reply. Empress Dowager Cixi, in desperation, ordered Wang Qiyu (the younger brother of Yingzong) to act as an agent in the state affairs, and called all the ministers to discuss the strategy of resistance.
During the discussion, Academician Li Xu said, "I observed the stars and saw that my destiny had passed. Only by moving south can we save the country. " As soon as Xu Li spoke, he was immediately opposed by some ministers. Yu Qian, assistant minister of the Ministry of War, stood up and sternly reprimanded: "Those who advocate moving south will be beheaded! Capital is the foundation of the world. If you move, you will lose everything. Have you forgotten the lesson of the Song Dynasty's southward crossing? Now we should immediately mobilize the soldiers who are loyal to the king and swear to defend the capital. " Yu Qian's opinion was supported by the empress dowager, the postal king and most courtiers. Therefore, the court appointed Yu Qian as the minister of war, responsible for the deployment and defense of Beijing.
At this time, there were less than 100,000 tired soldiers and horses in Beijing, and the political situation was turbulent, people were in panic and social order was chaotic. Yu Qian was ordered in the autumn of danger. In view of this situation, he decided to start with stabilizing the political situation.
One day, the director Wang and other ministers cried about the crime and asked the owner to appease the people. Zhu Qiyu hesitated to answer. Wang Zhen's confidant Ma Shun came forward to accuse him, aroused public anger and was killed on the spot by ministers. Also killed were eunuchs Mao Gui and Wang Chang. One man captured his nephew and made Wang Shan. At that time, the crowd was furious and the class was in chaos. The king was scared to back off. Yu Qian stepped forward, seized Wang, and persuaded him to publicly declare Ma Shun and others dead and the officials innocent. Only then did the chaotic situation stabilize. So the king ordered Wang Shan to be beheaded, and his party members and the whole family would be punished. North Korea's official party forces have been hit and people's hearts have gradually stabilized.
Internal troubles are eliminated, but the country can't be without a king for a day. Although Wang was a regent, he never dared to make a decision on important matters, which was very unfavorable to the defense of the Ming Dynasty. Yu Qian and other civil and military ministers repeatedly remonstrated, persuaded the empress dowager and the king to make the king emperor, unified the order of state affairs, and thus reversed the turbulent situation. At the same time, it also caused a political blow, which made his trick of "holding the emperor to make the princes" fail.
After stabilizing the political situation, Yu Qian also selected talented generals from all over the country to form an anti-Japanese war command group, and began to adjust troops and raise salaries to prepare for the war. Yu Qian and others first transferred troops from Beijing and Henan, from Shandong and South Zhili coastal areas, from Jiangbei and Beijing, and sent people to Beijing, Gyeonggi, Shandong and Henan to recruit and deploy quickly. Tongzhou (now Tongxian County, Beijing) transports millions of stone grain and rice to Beijing every year, which strengthens its logistics strength. Later, Yu Qian organized soldiers and civilians to strengthen the city wall, evacuate the residents around the city and increase the depth of defense; He also ordered the Ministry of Industry to build weapons and chariots as soon as possible, and at the same time transported the military materials stored in Nanjing to Beijing as soon as possible. Also sent to the civil fort to collect armor weapons discarded by the Ming army to enrich the combat readiness. After the implementation of these measures, a 220,000-person Mazhuang garrison was organized in a short time, and the garrison strength of the Ming army increased rapidly. In October, he led the Walla army to attack Ming in three ways. Twenty thousand East Route Army, with Gubeikou (now northeast of Miyun, Beijing) as the containment force; Fifty thousand troops in the middle of the road attacked Juyongguan from the direction of Fu Xuan; You also led a hundred thousand troops on the West Road, holding Ming Yingzong hostage, and attacked Zijingguan (now Zijingling in Yixian County, Hebei Province) via Datong, in an attempt to attack from east, north and west, and seize Beijing in one fell swoop. First, the captured eunuch Ning, who was familiar with the defensive deployment of Zijingguan, led the army over mountains and mountains, and attacked from inside and outside, thus conquering Zijingguan. After that, he moved south, passed through Yizhou (now Yixian County, Hebei Province) and went north to Beijing.
Yu Qian immediately invited Jingdi Zhu Qiyu to send imperial clan troops from all over the country to Beijing to help Beijing defenders attack the Walla army after receiving the battle report of the invasion of Walla. Later, Yu Qian called the Anti-Japanese War Command Group to discuss the operational strategy.
In view of the enemy's coming, the soldiers and horses proposed to demolish the houses outside the city gate and clear the field for defense. Commander-in-Chief Wang Tong expressed his opinion and mobilized the army and civilians to dig deep ditches outside the city and build fortifications before that. Shi Heng, the company commander, advocated withdrawing all troops to the city, closing all nine gates and firmly guarding the city walls. Although the generals have different opinions, they all think that the Walla army is brave and should first avoid the enemy's edge and give priority to defense. Yu Qian disagreed with these opinions and thought that passive defense should not be taken. He stated his views to the generals: "Wala is now arrogant, and insisting on war means that we are afraid of them, which will further encourage the arrogance of the enemy. We can't show weakness and make them despise us. I think we should line up outside the city and meet them with charges. " Hearing this, everyone felt that it was more active to keep the enemy out of the city, and everyone agreed with Yu Qian's idea. Finally, Yu Qian consulted with the generals and worked out the operational deployment of taking the city as the camp, defending the war, dispatching reinforcements and cooperating.
Yu Qian immediately arranged the assembled 220,000 troops outside the nine gates according to the city. Tao Jin, Liu Ju and other generals were in the following array in Andingmen and Xizhimen. Yu Qian was the pioneer, Shi Heng was the lieutenant, Fan Guang and Xing Wu were the lieutenant, and they arranged outside Deshengmen to stop the way of the Walla army. At the same time, viceroy Wang Tong and deputy viceroy Yang Shan led the troops to defend the city.
After the arrangement, Yu Qian ordered the swearing-in behind closed doors and announced that even if he was defeated, he could not retreat into the city. It is also stipulated that generals who retreat first regardless of the army when they get cold feet will be beheaded; The sergeant did not listen to the general's command and retired first, and the rear team intercepted the front team. Yu Qian put on armor, took the lead, and his eyes were full of tears, calling on the three armies of guarding the city: "We should use our heads and blood to avenge the capture of the emperor!" 1October 1 1 day, the main force of the Walla army approached Beijing. He also ordered the army to line up in Xizhimen first, and placed Yingzong outside Deshengmen, trying to force the Ming court to surrender. Yu Qian was unmoved and decided to make the enemy first, so he ordered Koryo and Commander-in-Chief Mao Fushou to lead the army to attack, defeated the pioneers of the Vara army in the north of Zhangyimen (now more than ten miles west of Guang 'anmen), beheaded hundreds of people and recaptured more than a thousand prisoners. That night, Yu Qian sent Xue Bin to sneak into Valla Barracks, and the sneak attack was successful. These two setbacks dealt a great blow to the morale of Valla's army.
At first, I thought that the Ming army was vulnerable, but I didn't expect that the defenders in Beijing were so strong and fighting capacity was so strong, and I began to be a little scared. Thinking of fighting again, he was afraid that it would be bad for him, so he adopted the tactics of lowering Ning, sent envoys into the city, and asked the Ming court to send ministers to "welcome guests" and make peace, in an attempt to lure Yu Qian and others to detain them, so that the Ming army lost its command and collapsed without a fight. Yu Qian immediately realized that this was a conspiracy, but in order to expose the previous tricks and gain the initiative, he sent Zhao Rong and Wang Fu to negotiate. At the same time, Yu Qian ordered the soldiers guarding the city not to make peace.
Before the arrival of important generals such as Yu Qian and Shi Heng, he asked the Ming court to send Yu Qian, Shi Heng, Wang Zhi and others. At this time, the main peace factions in North Korea took the opportunity to advocate peace talks. Jingdi couldn't make up his mind at the moment, so he sent someone to ask for Yu Qian's advice. Yu Qian replied firmly: "Now I only know that there is a war, and I don't want to hear anything else." And advised Jingdi to say: "At present, we should put the country first and the monarch second." Yu Qian's words strengthened Jingdi's determination to resist Japan and shattered Xian Ye's plot.
13, he also tore off the disguise of peace talks and concentrated on attacking Deshengmen. Yu Qian ordered Shi Heng to set an ambush in the house outside the city, and sent a small group of elite riders to take the initiative to meet them. After the war, he pretended to retreat and lured the enemy into the ambush zone. I really fell for it first, leading ten thousand cavalry. Fan Guang took it by surprise, and commanded the "Ji Shen Camp" to suddenly launch an arrow, which made the Walla army dizzy. Shi Heng took the opportunity to lead the ambush into battle, and attacked from front to back, resulting in a large number of casualties of Walla Army. Bob, the brother of Marshal Iron Neck, and Zhang Mao, the child, were also shot and killed. Only then did I find that the main force of the Ming army was in Deshengmen, so I quickly withdrew my troops and concentrated on attacking Xizhimen.
Sun Tun, the commander in chief, led Xizhimen troops to meet the Vara army and defeated the vanguard of the Vara army. But first, he sent more troops, and Sun was bored and tired to retreat into the city. Take charge of the west gate of the army. It is forbidden to open the city gate and let the defenders of the city bombard the Walla army with muskets to cooperate with Sun's boring defenders. And make, Mao Fushou, led soldiers from Zhangyimen, Deshengmen to meet Sun, surrounded the Walla army on three sides. Unable to resist, the Walla army led by Ye Xian hastily retreated to the southwest.
/kloc-on 0/4, the military forces were reorganized, and Zhang Yimen was attacked again. Yu Qian sent Xing Wu and Wang Jing to battle. The front team of the Ming army bombarded with spears, and the back team followed with crossbows to repel the Vara army. At this time, the eunuch sent by Jingdi led hundreds of riders in an attempt to seize the glory of the past, making the battle of the Ming army messy, and Wu, the deputy general soldier, died. The Walla army took advantage of the situation to fight back and chased Tucheng (outside Deshengmen). At this critical moment, Tucheng residents climbed onto the roof and shouted loudly, throwing bricks and stones at the Walla army to cooperate with the Ming army in cracking down on the Walla army. Mao Fushou, the satrap of Xianwang and Wudu, led the reinforcements to arrive again, and beat back the attack of the Walla army again.
At this time, the 50,000 Walla troops who attacked Juyongguan were also stubbornly resisted by Guan Mingjun and forced to retreat. I also see that Beijing has a good defense, and it is unfavorable after repeated wars. In the hands of Yingzong, he lost the role of threat again. After getting the news that the Central Route Army was defeated by Juyongguan, he learned that regular troops from all over the country were about to arrive. He was afraid that the back road would be cut off and retreated secretly on the night of 15. When Yu Qian found himself retreating first, he immediately sent Shi Heng and other concentrated artillery bombardment, and urged the Ming army to pursue them. In addition, in Gu 'an (now Gu 'an, Hebei Province), Bazhou (now Baxian, Hebei Province) and other places, more than 10,000 Walla troops were annihilated, 48 generals were captured alive, and tens of thousands of captured population and livestock were recaptured. At this point, Beijing's defense war has achieved complete victory.
After Walla retreated, Yu Qian continued to strengthen the defense of the northern border towns. I also sent troops south several times first, but they were all repelled. In the case of invincible martial arts and unsuccessful peace, Wala was forced to unconditionally release the British clan to return to the DPRK in August of the first year of Jingtai (1450) and restore the relationship between the clan and the vassal in the Ming Dynasty. Since then, the internal contradictions in Vara have intensified, and its power has gradually declined, thus lifting the threat of northern Xinjiang in the Ming Dynasty.