1. On classification is essays, including philosophical essays, political essays, historical essays and literary essays. The books of pre-Qin philosophers can generally be regarded as a collection of essays (usually mainly political).
The single paper is based on Jia Yi's Qin Lun. In classification, either express their opinions and clarify a truth (theory); Or distinguish between right and wrong things and refute other people's remarks (discrimination).
For example, Huai Nan Zi is a theory and Lun Heng is a debate. Guo Qin's theory is a theory, while the theory of God's extinction is a debate. 2. Preface and postscript are the preface or postscript of a book (or an article).
Preface (preface) is the general preface, which is placed in front of the book; The postscript is placed at the back of the book, which is the preface. The ancient order was left behind.
Some people think that "Under Zhuangzi" is the preface of "Zhuangzi". As for A Brief Introduction to Huainan Zi, Lun Heng Ji Zi, Preface to Taishi Gong of Historical Records and Zhuan Xu of Hanshu, it is more obvious that they are all prefaces, and they are all at the back of the book.
The narrative of Shuo Wen Jie Zi is also behind. Later, like Xiao Tong's Selected Works, the preface was moved to the front.
3. Recitation refers to the letters sent by courtiers to the emperor, including the three categories mentioned in Wen Xin Diao Long: Zhang Biao and Recitation. In addition, there are thinning, writing and sealing.
The original intention of sparseness is to explain things one by one, and sealing is to prevent leakage, which is a secret commemoration. Countermeasures (strategies for short) are a subsidiary category of commemoration.
This is the title of the emperor, written on the bamboo slips, called the policy question; The applicant states his opinions according to the topic, which is called countermeasures. Chao Cuo and Dong Zhongshu were both famous strategists in Han Dynasty.
4. The category of book words includes books and words. Books refer to ordinary letters, mostly what tourists say to people in other countries.
5. Preface is a special style. The ancients had a so-called "gift".
It was not until the early Tang Dynasty that giving words became a style called "preface". Han Yu made the most gifts and was considered the best.
6. The imperial edict is a letter written by the emperor to his men. Letters and letters were originally letters, but because the supreme ruler in feudal times was considered different from ordinary people, the letter written by courtiers to the emperor was called letters, and the letter written by the emperor to courtiers was called letters.
The documents issued by the emperor include "system" and "patent". Xi is an accessory to the imperial edict.
It is used to preach or condemn evil. Ba, not necessarily from the emperor; Sometimes it may be that the enemy countries denounce each other, or it may be the so-called "thieves".
Because there are few just wars in feudal society, people who attack each other are often birds of a feather, and the so-called arrogance is often unreasonable or fabricating facts. 7. Biography is an article describing personal life stories, generally describing the deeds of the deceased.
Pass refers to pass, and form refers to line. Biography comes from Historical Records and Hanshu.
Take Historical Records for example, Biography of Xiang Yu, Family of Confucius, Biography of Hou Huaiyin and Biography of Wei Hou An should all belong to biographies. Legendary novels, such as Biography of Huo Xiaoyu, Biography of Li Wa and Biography of Yingying, etc. , can be classified as biography.
8. Epitaphs include epitaphs and epitaphs. The scope of the inscription is quite wide.
There are inscriptions on Zen Buddhism and Jigong, such as the inscription on Mount Tai by Qin Shihuang, the inscription on Yanshan by Ban Gu, and the inscription on Pinghuai West by Han Yu. There are inscriptions on temples, bridges and other buildings, such as Wang Jianqi's inscription on Toutuo Temple and Han Yu's inscription on Nanhai Temple.
In addition, there is a tombstone that records the deeds of the deceased before his death, and there is an inscription (rhyme) at the end of the text. In feudal times, the tombstones of big officials were all on the road in front of the tomb (Shinto), so they were called tombstones, and those with low levels were set up.
There is also a kind of tomb table, which can be set by whether the deceased is an official or not. The tomb table also stands on Shinto, so it is also called Shinto table.
There is generally no inscription (rhyme) on the tomb table. Epitaph (epitaph) is also a record of the deeds of the deceased.
Generally, there are two square stones, one with a cover under it, the other with an inscription and a title (the epitaph of a certain official and someone). It was buried in the tomb when it was buried. It is said that it is to guard against the changes in the valley so that future generations can identify it, so it was later called burial inscription, inscription, inscription and so on. 9. Miscellaneous notes include all narratives except biographies and epitaphs.
There are carved stones; Some don't carve stones. Stone carvings, such as Liu Zongyuan's "Tang Xinji, Weizheng County, Yongzhou"; Not carved stone, such as Liu Zongyuan's landscape travel notes.
The characteristics of miscellaneous notes are narrative, but the miscellaneous notes of ancient writers in China in Tang and Song Dynasties are often narrative in the middle. Su Like Zhe's Kuaizai Pavilion and Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower have more discussions than notes. 10, admonitions and inscriptions are disciplinary articles, which are mostly used to warn themselves.
Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription belongs to this category. 1 1, praise class is used to praise articles, generally to praise and praise others.
Han Yu's Rural School Fu belongs to this category. 12, Ci and Fu are similar to long poems, which can express feelings and chant things.
Unit 12 of this book will be discussed in a special article. 13. Mourning includes mourning and eulogy.
Both of them are articles mourning the hanged, but they are eulogies. Baidu encyclopedia-ancient prose.
2. What are the styles of classical Chinese? Classical Chinese includes strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing and parallel prose.
Classical Chinese is relative to the vernacular Chinese after the New Culture Movement, and there was no such thing as classical Chinese in ancient times. Its characteristics are paying attention to allusions, parallelism and antithesis, and neat melody.
After the modification of literati in past dynasties, it became more and more flashy. Han Yu, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty, initiated the "ancient prose movement" and advocated returning to popular ancient prose. The classical Chinese in modern books are generally marked with punctuation marks in order to facilitate reading and understanding.
Extended data:
The characteristics of classical Chinese are: separation of speech and writing, concise writing. Compared with vernacular Chinese (including spoken and written language), the characteristics of classical Chinese are mainly manifested in grammar and vocabulary.
There are two kinds of sentence patterns in classical Chinese: fixed sentence patterns and special sentence patterns. Its special sentence patterns can be divided into four categories: inverted sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence and judgment sentence, and inverted sentence can be divided into four categories: prepositional object sentence, adverbial postposition sentence (prepositional phrase), attributive postposition sentence and subject-predicate inversion sentence (prepositional sentence).
1, the so-called judgment sentence is a sentence that uses a noun, pronoun or noun phrase as the predicate to judge the subject. 2. passive sentences in classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the receiver of the action, which is a passive sentence.
3. Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese are relative to the sentence order in modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide inversion sentences in classical Chinese into prepositional object, attributive postposition, adverbial postposition and verb inversion. 4. Elliptic sentences in classical Chinese are generally omitted. Grasping the ellipsis helps to fully understand the meaning of the sentence.
Baidu encyclopedia-classical Chinese.
3. What are the genres of China's ancient prose? They are divided into article genre and literary genre. Article genre: narrative, explanatory and argumentative. Literary genre: poetry, novel, drama, prose.
Article type
Open classification: literature, genre
It can be divided into narrative, expository, argumentative and practical writing.
Narrative includes prose, essays, novels, etc.
Explanatory articles include expository articles (introducing scientific research achievements, the truth of the matter, etc.). ) and explanatory text (introducing an object, thing, etc. ).
Argumentative essays are mainly articles that argue right and wrong and express opinions.
Fiction belongs to narrative literature genre, mainly portraying characters, and reflecting reality through complete stories and specific environmental descriptions!
Category: content (history, science fiction, love, satire, etc. )
Length (novels, short stories, etc. )
Practical writing refers to resumes, investigation reports, internship reports, ideological reports, work summaries, job-seeking speeches, contract samples, application forms, etc. Often used in daily life or work.
Genre of ancient poetry:
(1) Ancient poems, including ancient poems (poems before the Tang Dynasty), songs of Chu and Yuefu poems. Pay attention to the styles of ancient poetry such as Song, Song Xing, Quotations, Qu and Ling, which also belong to ancient poetry. Classical poetry does not talk about antithesis and rhymes freely. The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Jian 'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati five-character poems → Tang Dynasty Ancient Style New Yuefu.
② Modern poetry, including metrical poems and quatrains.
③ Ci, also known as Yu Shi, long and short sentences, Qu Zi, Qu Zi, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number and the word has a fixed tone. According to different words, it can be divided into long tone (9 1 word or more), middle tone (59-90 words) and short tone (58 words or less). Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two paragraphs, in which the level and number of words are equal or roughly equal, and monosyllabic is only one paragraph. A paragraph of a word is called a que or an article, the first paragraph is called Qianque, Shangque and Shangpian, and the second paragraph is called Houque, Xiaque and Xiapian.
④ Qu, also known as Yuefu. Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu rose in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style was similar to that of Ci. Features: the number of words can be added with interlining, and more oral English is used. Sanqu includes poems and songs. The number of songs is a coherent set of songs, ranging from two to dozens. Each group number takes the song of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set of songs must be in the same palace tune. It has no guests, but only oratorios.
Smile. I wish I could help you. Have a nice day!
Y (_) y thank you,
O(∩_∩)o Welcome,
~(⊙_⊙; ) I wish you an early solution to the problem!
↖ (ω) ↗ Come on! `~
4. What are the styles of Chinese? Argumentative writing is a kind of style with argumentation as the main expression. By listing factual materials and using logical reasoning, it shows its views and attitudes to problems and expounds its understanding and knowledge of things. People from all walks of life need to read and write this style frequently in order to accept and express their ideas. The textbook has compiled 15 argumentative essays, including 10 modern essays and 5 classical essays. It should be able to divide the levels of important paragraphs and summarize the general idea of the levels; Should be able to identify the types of arguments used in the article; We should be able to identify all kinds of argumentation methods or refutation methods used in this paper; We should be able to identify the rhetorical devices used in this paper, such as metaphor, analogy (personification or imitation), parallelism, duality, rhetorical questions, irony and layering, and briefly explain the functions of these rhetorical devices. Explanatory writing is a common style, which has a wide range of applications, especially in the modern society with the rapid development of science and technology, and has become a means for people to spread and master scientific and cultural knowledge. Exchange important article genres that introduce work, study and daily life experiences and methods. Eight treatises were selected in the textbook. By reading these discourses, we can have a more comprehensive understanding of their styles. For these eight expositions, candidates should be able to summarize the center and main points expounded in the article. It should be able to divide the levels of important paragraphs and summarize the general idea of the levels; Should be able to understand the overall structure and interpretation order of the article; Should be able to briefly explain the various interpretation methods used in the article and their functions; We should be able to identify the rhetorical devices used in this paper, such as metaphor, analogy, parallelism, duality, rhetorical question, rhetorical question and so on, and briefly explain the functions of these rhetorical devices. Narrative is a style that records and narrates the origin of events and describes the situational state of things and people. News, communication, reportage, biography, travel notes, novels, fairy tales, fables and narrative essays. It should be able to divide the levels of important paragraphs and summarize the general idea of the levels; You should be able to recognize the narrative style of the article; You should be able to identify the description methods of the characters in the text and briefly explain the functions of these description methods; You should be able to recognize the types of environmental descriptions in the text and briefly explain the functions of these environmental descriptions; You should be able to understand the expressions and rhetorical devices used in this paper, such as comparison, bedding, side comparison, overall comparison, narrative discussion, semantic pun, symbol, suggestion, metaphor, comparison, parallelism, duality, rhetorical questions, and briefly explain the functions of these expressions and rhetorical devices.