1865438+On May 5, 2008, Marx was born in Trier on the Rhine in Germany. His father Henrik Marx was an outstanding lawyer, which had a good influence on Marx's ideological growth in his youth. My mother, Hanlida Pressburg, is a smart woman, mainly doing housework.
Marx was studious and good at independent thinking since he was a child. 1830 entered teller middle school and graduated from 1835 in September. In middle school, influenced by the French Enlightenment, he had a lofty ideal of seeking happiness for mankind. When he graduated from high school, he wrote "Youth's Consideration in Choosing a Career", saying that a person can only become a real great man if he is determined to work for mankind. 1835 10, he went to Bonn university to study law, and a year later he transferred to the law department of Berlin university. In college, he studied not only law, but also history, philosophy and artistic theory. From 65438 to 0837, Marx began to seriously study Hegel's philosophy. 184 1 year, he finished his college life and got a doctorate in philosophy.
After finishing his doctoral thesis, Marx wanted to teach philosophy at Bonn University, but he had to give up this plan because the Prussian government stepped up the persecution of progressive knowledge and borders. So he turned to politics and began to oppose feudal autocracy and strive for democracy. At the beginning of 1842, he wrote his first political article "On the censorship of books and newspapers in Prussia", which exposed the reactionary nature of the whole Prussian state system through criticizing the censorship of books and newspapers. In May of the same year, he began to write for Rheinische Zeitung founded by the liberal opposition, and became the editor-in-chief of the newspaper in June+10, 5438. Under the influence of Marx, this newspaper is more and more inclined to revolutionary democracy. On April 1843, Rheinische Zeitung was seized by the reactionary authorities.
1843 in may, he came to Crocker He Na, a small town in Rhine province. Here, he married his childhood girlfriend Yan Ni von WestWarren. Since then, she has become Marx's like-minded, close companion and comrade-in-arms who share weal and woe.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/843, Marx moved to Paris and prepared to publish the German-French Yearbook. In France, rich in revolutionary tradition, he actively participated in the rally of French workers, learned about the struggle of the French working class, established close ties with the leaders of the French workers' movement and the leading members of the right-wing alliance, and met with revolutionaries from various countries in exile in France. The struggle life in Paris promoted his transformation to scientific communism.
During his stay in Paris, Marx conducted in-depth theoretical research. He immersed himself in bourgeois economists, especially the labor theory of value of Adam Smith and david ricardo, the utopian socialism theory of Saint-Simon, Bolel and Owen, and utopian communism thought.
1844 In August, Engels came to Paris from England to visit Marx. This is a historic meeting. From then on, they began an unprecedented great cooperation.
1845 1, Marx was deported by the French government and arrived in Brussels in February. He began to criticize the limitations of Feuerbach's materialism and wrote "Outline on Feuerbach", focusing on the role of practice in social life and human understanding, pointing out that practice is the standard to test the truth of human thinking. This outline is "the first document containing the budding genius of the new world outlook". Then, he and Engels co-wrote German Ideology. This book systematically expounds the historical materialism for the first time. The book scientifically demonstrates a series of basic principles, such as the production of material materials is the foundation of social existence and development, social existence determines social consciousness, and production relations must be suitable for the development of productive forces. Put forward the historical task that the proletariat must seize political power. Historical materialism is one of the two great discoveries that Marx was affirmed by Engels.
While Marx formulated a scientific world outlook for the proletariat, he also actively made ideological and organizational preparations for the establishment of proletarian political parties. At the beginning of 1846, he and Engels set up the Brussels Communist Communication Committee to spread the scientific socialist theory among workers. At the beginning of 1847, Marx and Engels were invited to join the right-wing alliance, a secret organization of German workers, and actively participated in the reorganization of the alliance. At the first congress held in June, the Rightist League was renamed the Communist League. Marx held the post of * * * in the Brussels regional department and the Youth League branch. In order to unite and educate the masses more widely, Marx and Engels proposed to establish the German Workers' Association. 1847, 1 1 In June, Marx personally attended the second congress of the Communist Youth League, and was entrusted by the congress to jointly draft the Program of the Communist Youth League with Engels. This is the * * * Declaration, the programmatic document of scientific communism officially published in February 1848.
The storm of bourgeois revolution swept across the European continent. At the beginning of March, Marx was deported by the Belgian authorities and went to Paris. He immediately set out to set up a new Central Committee of the Communist Youth League and was elected as its chairman. In early April, they returned to Germany and directly participated in the revolution. In June, he founded the New Rheinische Zeitung. This was the only newspaper that represented the proletarian viewpoint in the democratic movement at that time. Marx publicized the proletariat's program in the democratic revolution through newspapers, guided the German people to oppose feudal autocracy, exposed the compromise and betrayal of the liberal bourgeoisie, and established extensive contacts with Democrats in various countries through newspapers to support the revolutionary struggle of people in various countries. In order to develop the democratic United front, Marx participated in the work of the Cologne Democratic Association and established close ties with local Democrats. He also actively participated in the work of the Cologne Workers' Federation to fight against the wrong tendencies in the workers' organizations.
After the failure of the revolution, Marx went into exile in London and settled here for a long time. In London, Marx rebuilt the Communist Covenant, local organizations and the Central Committee.
The 1950s was the most difficult period in Marx's life. Poor life crushed him, all kinds of enemies attacked him and slandered him, and almost all newspapers closed their doors to him. But he didn't flinch and kept fighting. He spent several years studying political and economic literature in the British Museum, concentrating on economic research and forging theoretical weapons for the proletariat. Engels made the greatest self-sacrifice in order to support Marx economically and enable his comrades to complete the creation of the new economic theory. He returned to Manchester and engaged in business activities he hated again. While burying his head in economic research, Marx also managed to use bourgeois progressive newspapers to publish various political articles. From August 185 1 to March 1862, he and Engels wrote more than 500 articles for Tribune Daily. In these articles, they commented on the major international political events at that time, criticized the internal and external policies of reactionary governments in various countries, and supported the revolutionary movements of people in various countries, especially the national liberation movements of people in eastern colonies and dependent countries. They wrote many articles about China, exposed the British colonial policy towards China, condemned the Russian occupation of China territory and supported the revolutionary struggle of the China people.
Marx's greatest achievement in the 1950s and 1960s was to complete the theoretical system of Marxist economics. From 1857 to May 1858, he wrote the first economic manuscript. 1857- 1858 economics manuscript, commonly known as the critical outline of political economy. This is the first draft of Das Kapital. In this manuscript, a series of important principles of Marxist economics are expounded, and the basic viewpoints of surplus value theory are expounded. 1859, Marx wrote a book Critique of Political Economy with the relevant chapters of this manuscript. This book "systematically expounds Marx's axiology, including monetary theory, for the first time". Later, he wrote a new manuscript: 186 1- 1863 economic manuscript. This is the second draft of Das Kapital. This manuscript expounds the main contents of the first volume of Das Kapital, and also talks about some contents belonging to the second and third volumes. A large part of it is a criticism of the history of surplus value theory, which was later compiled into surplus value theory. From August 1863 to the end of 1865, he wrote the third manuscript, the third draft of Das Kapital. 1In September, 867, he published the first volume of Das Kapital. The second and third volumes were compiled after Engels' death and published in 1885 and 1894 respectively. Das Kapital is an immortal work with epoch-making significance and a revolution in political economy. It discusses the laws of capitalist social and economic movement, exposes the inherent contradictions of capitalism, reveals that the secret of capitalist exploitation of workers lies in possessing the surplus value of workers, and scientifically demonstrates that capitalism is bound to perish and socialism is bound to win, thus making his socialist theory based on a solid scientific foundation. It has become the sharpest theoretical weapon of the proletariat against capitalism.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the national democratic movement and the workers' movement in Europe reached a new climax. Marx once again devoted himself to practical struggle. On September 28th, 1864, the First International International Working Men’s Association was founded. He was elected as a member of the General Committee of major international organizations and served as the German Communication Secretary. He drafted many important documents for the international community, such as the Declaration on the Founding of the People's Republic of China and the Provisional Constitution, and formulated the struggle program, strategy and organizational principles for the international community. In the whole period of international existence, he has always been the international leader and soul. As Engels said, "Narrating Marx's international activities is equivalent to writing the history of this association itself".
1871March18, the Paris proletariat revolted, overthrew the bourgeois traitorous government and established the first proletarian regime in human history. Although Marx did not approve of this action before the uprising, once the uprising broke out, he gave enthusiastic support and help. He paid attention to collecting materials about the commune, carefully studied various measures of the commune, kept in touch with the commune through various channels, made suggestions for the commune, and personally wrote hundreds of letters to publicize the significance of the commune and called for support for its cause. After the failure of the commune, Marx helped the commune exiles who fled France from material life and political thought.
In 1970s, Marx wrote Critique of the Gotha Program, which severely criticized the political viewpoint, economic viewpoint and strategic thought of Lasism and profoundly expounded the basic principles of scientific socialism. It is pointed out for the first time that communism is divided into two stages of development, the basic characteristics and distribution principles of these two stages are discussed, and the theory of the transition period from capitalism to communism is put forward. This work is of great theoretical and practical significance to proletarian political parties.
The persecution of reactionary government, poor material life, heavy theoretical work and fierce fighting have seriously damaged Marx's health. He was often tortured by illness in his later years. On March 1883, a great heart of Marx stopped beating. He was buried with his wife Yan Ni at Highgate Cemetery in London.
Excerpted from:/news center/June 2004/10/content _1531960.htm.
Marx's life is a great life. The Marxist theory jointly founded by him and segars is a theoretical weapon and a guide to action to guide the working people all over the world to struggle for the great ideals of socialism and communism. Marx's name will go down in history forever and his theory will shine forever.