Chen Xianzhang was very clever and spiritual in his childhood. He can read and write quickly, and he never forgets anything. In his early years, he was keen on imperial examinations. In the spring of his twenties, he was the top scholar in children's exams. In the autumn of the same year, I took the provincial examination and got the ninth place. 1448 (13th year of Ming dynasty) went to Beijing in April and was chosen to study in imperial academy. 145 1 year (the second year of Jingtai) and 1469 (the fifth year of Chenghua) took two exams, but both failed. In the second year, after Jingtai No.2 Middle School, he went to worship Wu Yubi, a philosopher in Zhu Cheng, Jiangxi Province, and studied the Book of Sages. Half a year later, he returned to Baisha village, built Yangchuntai into a study and concentrated on his studies. His thoughts gradually changed from Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism, which advocated poor reading, to Lu Jiuyuan's mind theory, which advocated seeking the root. At the end of autumn in the second year of Chenghua, Chen Xianzhang revisited imperial academy and wrote "There is no such poem with Yang Guishan". Xingrang toasted imperial academy and praised imperial academy as "the return of true Confucianism". Since then, his name has been greatly shaken in Beijing. However, three years later, he took the second exam in Sun Shan and still failed, so he decided to give up his career and go back to his hometown to study.
After Chen Xianzhang returned to Baisha, he devoted himself to giving lectures in his hometown and became more and more famous. In the autumn of the seventeenth year of Chenghua, academic officials such as Zhong Ying, the governor of Jiangxi and the deputy governor of the prefect's office, were hired to take charge of Bailudong Academy, but in the end they declined on the grounds that Neo-Confucianism and teaching methods were far from Zhu. In the eighteenth year of Chenghua, it was recommended by Shao Peng, the minister in charge of Guangdong and Guangxi, and Zhu Ying, the governor, and was requisitioned by Xianzong. Although Chen * * * went to Beijing, he made a strong speech on the grounds of supporting his mother. Xianzong then awarded him the title of imperial academy Review and allowed him to return to Baisha Village. Since then, he has been living in the countryside, calling his disciples to give lectures. At the same time, new changes have taken place in Chen's thought. He not only advocates * * * in the room, but also advocates the cultivation method of "taking nature as the Sect". What he said is "nature", that is, everything is simple, natural, without any burden and absolutely free. He asked people to be good at understanding "sincerity" freely in this "natural" state. He strongly advocated the world view of mind that "heaven and earth stand on their own feet, everything changes and the universe is in me". The appearance of Chen Xianzhang's theory of mind marked the end of the unification of Neo-Confucianism between Cheng and Zhu in the early Ming Dynasty, and it was also the beginning of the ideological trend of mind in the Ming Dynasty. Together with Wang Yangming's theory of mind, it constitutes the main content of Ming Dynasty's theory of mind. Academic circles have different views on whether Chen Xianzhang's philosophy is idealistic or materialistic, which needs further study.
Chen Xianzhang had a far-reaching influence on learning and education, and became a famous educational theorist in Ming Dynasty. For example, his "doubt" theory is very valuable in educational theory. He said: "The predecessors said that' learning is expensive and knowing doubts', small doubts are small, and big doubts are big. Skeptics have a chance to realize. Some enlightenment, some progress. " He advocates that reading should dare to ask questions, seek from the heart and think independently; Don't be superstitious about ancient classics and recite some chapters and sentences in vain. He said: "I heard: Six Classics, the book of masters; Scholars just recite their words and forget their taste. The six classics are useless, and it is still useless. " He warned his students that on the road of learning and seeking knowledge, "I am neither a son nor a son, and so am I", but if it was up to me, what would happen to the children? "He thinks that learning without a heart is not good for him. He devoted his life to educating students, and his disciples were all over the world. In recognition of his great academic contribution, in 1585 (13th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), Chen Cong was enshrined in the Confucius Temple and paid tribute to Wen Gong. His life writings were later compiled into The Complete Works of White Sands.
Chen Xianzhang, a native of Guangdong Xinhui Metropolitan Village, is a widowed and filial mother. When she was a teenager, she moved to the foot of Lu Xiao Mountain in Baisha Township with her grandfather, and later generations addressed her as "Mr. Baisha". Chen Xianzhang was born in a wealthy family. My grandfather's name is Yongsheng and his name is Weichuan. "I don't know the world, so I can read old books." My father's name is Cong. He is good at poetry and songs and likes to live in seclusion. He died young at the age of 27. Mother Lin, who lost her husband at the age of 24, gave birth to a posthumous child, raised orphans all her life and kept a family. Xian Zhang was weak and sickly when he was young, claiming that "no one was sick, and he was breast-fed at the age of nine." The special family environment makes Chen Xianzhang especially filial to his mother. In the 19th year of Chenghua, he went to Beijing by imperial decree. Later, he received a letter from home saying that his mother was seriously ill and missed her son, so he went to the emperor to intercede, and when he was ill, he asked Chen for help. Emperor Chenghua was moved by Chen Xianzhang's filial piety, and approved him to reexamine in imperial academy and let him go home to serve his mother. "Mother's soft nature, I appoint ravines for a long time. I was born 56 years ago and my mother is 79 years old. I regard my decline as infancy. Although the love between mother and child in the world is the same, it is not as deep as the sorrow of the minister. " "I am worried about my mother. The more worried I am, the more uncomfortable I am. The more worried I am, the more difficult it is to manage for a long time. I am worried about my mother, because I am ill and dying. I have hope in my heart, but there is nothing I can do. Although I want to be effective, there is nothing I can do! " ("Begging for the End")
In his early years, he studied hard. Chen Xianzhang is young, alert, well-read and studious. /kloc-at the age of 0/9, he took the Guangdong Provincial Examination and got the ninth place. At the age of 265,438+0, he took the Libu exam and was admitted to imperial academy (the highest national institution of higher learning established in ancient China) to study. Later, although Chen Xianzhang failed to go to Beijing twice to catch the exam, he still persisted in seeking knowledge. At the age of 27, he heard that in Linchuan County, Fuzhou, there was a famous scholar, Mr. Kang Zhai (formerly known as Wu Yubi), with profound knowledge and accomplishments. He read Zhu's The Origins of Ilo Prefecture, and also studied the origins of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties, the way of sages in the Ming Dynasty, and the biography of Confucius and Mencius. In order to visit famous teachers, Chen Baisha was not afraid to travel long distances, crossing Gengling and Meiguan to reach Ganzhou (now Jiangxi Province). He first went back to Jiangxi, went to Qingjiang via Jishui, and came to Chongren County by land after landing. Finally, he found Mr. Wu Yubi who abandoned his official position and preferred to give lectures at home. Wu Yubi is very strict in his studies. He asked students to concentrate on their learning attitude, not to be distracted, to concentrate on their thoughts, to cultivate themselves in silence, to assess the situation dynamically, and to make their inner Zhan Ran ethereal and bright. Enlightened and benefited a lot, but Chen Baisha was not satisfied with Wu and Bi's analysis of the Book of Changes. The next year, he bid farewell to Mr. Wu and returned to Baisha Village in Jiangmen. At the southern foot of Lu Xiao Mountain, he built a large bookstore called "Balcony in Spring". From then on, Chen Baisha lived in seclusion, concentrated on reading and never left home. In order to reduce the disturbance to him, the family cut a hole in the wall, through which food and clothes were handed in.
Baisha Village faces Pengjiang River, with its back leaning on Lushan Mountain, green sunflower and green bamboo in front of the village and behind it, swaying with the wind and beautiful scenery. There is a Tiansha River outside the village, and there are many glittering white sands in the river, hence the name Baisha Village. Chen Xianzhang lived in seclusion on the balcony in spring, studying classic works and discussing the philosophy of his ancestors. Cold comes to summer, autumn goes to spring. Exactly: wild birds fly quietly in the window, and butterflies return in spring unknown; Cicada chirps in summer and the moon shadows in winter. Unconsciously, I passed ten years.
After ten years' hard study, Chen Xianzhang has made great progress. * * * meditation, giving up complexity and taking appointments, has grasped the key to the harmony between mind and reason, knowledge and accomplishment. /kloc-in the spring of 0/465 (the first year of Ming Chenghua), Chen Xianzhang decided to set up a lecture hall on the pure balcony. As soon as the news spread, the nearest country, the distant neighboring city and students came, and the door was empty, and Baisha Village suddenly became lively.
Chen Xianzhang's teaching methods are different: first, study first, then study; Second, teach yourself more and instill less; Third, think hard and take its essence; Fourth, re-doubt and seek truth; Fifth, poetry leads to teaching, and philosophy enters poetry. After the start of school, the vast majority of students are diligent, but some of them are infected with bohemian, idle and lazy nature. I made up several poems, such as Song of Abstinence, Song of Abstinence, and Article of Abstinence, as my motto, and read them to the students. Disciples, listen to this teaching: when the moon is dying, you will not be lazy. Write an article from scratch with a pen and stick it on the right side of the seat as a warning.
Chen Baisha was a famous poet in Ming Dynasty, and his poems were based on the study of nature. His poems are lofty, simple and free and easy, with the profound style of Tao Yuanming, Xi and Cheng. Chen Baisha gave a metaphysical philosophical evaluation of poetry: "Influenced by heaven, carved by people, in harmony with life, obsessed with learning, seven emotions arose and became poetry. Although an ordinary man has a complete sutra in his chest, the origin of this elegance is also. " The greatest feature of Chen Baisha's poetics is that he is good at discussing Tao with poetry. Qu Dajun finally commented in "Guangdong Newspeak" that "Cantonese started with poetry in Qujiang (Jiuling) and started with pottery as poetry in Baisha". Chen Baisha's poems are full of philosophy, and later scholars explore Chen Baisha's Neo-Confucianism from the fragments of his poems.
1466, Chen Xianzhang received a letter from Qianpu, Shunde County, urging him to take advantage of the ceremony of the new emperor to teach well, rectify the outline of the dynasty, gain fame and serve the country. So I decided to go to Beijing again and go to Imperial College again. Chen Xianzhang was 38 years old. The official in charge of imperial academy is Xing Jean, who offered a glass of wine. Once participated in the expedition 1448 (Chen Wu) with Chen Xianzhang, and Chen Baisha got the vice list (equivalent to a preparatory student). Xing Rang was a scholar, worked as a Jishi Shu in the Imperial Academy, compiled a record of the emperor, and was just promoted to a drink offering in imperial academy. Xing Jean intends to test Chen Xianzhang's knowledge and ask him to write a poem "Heyang Guishan Rhyme". Yang Guishan is Shi Yang, a scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was born a scholar and got a bachelor's degree in Longtuge. He is knowledgeable and has written a series of poems called "I won't get it again today", which is famous far and near. Chen Xianzhang was lost in thought. After a while, he left with a brush. After the poem was written, a group of people with lofty ideals in the DPRK were amazed and rushed to tell it. Xingrang praised Chen Xianzhang's comeback as a true Confucian, and recommended Chen Xianzhang to Wei Ao, a senior official of the official department. Later, Chen Xianzhang did receive the official decree, but he was a junior clerk in the yamen of the official department, responsible for recording cases, copying and checking, and sealing delivery. Chen Xianzhang, an honest and frank man, was assassinated and framed by a powerful minister for disdaining to please the powerful people in North Korea. Honest officials have infinite sympathy and protection for Chen Baisha. Four years later, at the age of 42, Chen Xianzhang took the exam again. Because the treacherous court official failed in the exam, Chen Xianzhang decided to return to the south. 1483 (19th year of Ming Chenghua), Chen Xianzhang is 55 years old. Due to the recommendation of Zhu Ying, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Shao Peng, the left political envoy of Guangdong, should make a letter to Beijing to pay tribute to the court. After a half-year journey, I arrived in Beijing. At that time, Yin F, a powerful official who had been promoted to the position of official minister and had conflicts in the past, was still resentful and domineering. Chen Xianzhang had to admit his illness and ask for an extension. Finally, I wrote a copy of Begging for Endurance and Keeping Sparseness to Tang Xianzong, asking him to go home and serve his elderly and sick mother. The emperor was moved by the article Begging for Last Support. He thinks that Chen Xianzhang is not only good at learning, but also worthy of filial piety. He was allowed to return to his foster mother and was awarded the title of "imperial academy Review".
Chen Xianzhang returned to Xinhui by reading and educating people, and presented articles with his mother, wife, children and brother to share the happiness of family. Since then, Chen Xianzhang has devoted himself to studying philosophy and revitalizing the teaching circle. At that time, Chen Xianzhang's reputation spread far and wide, and scholars from all over the world came to consult and attend school. Chen Xianzhang has been teaching for more than ten years, and many students have benefited from his teaching and become the pillars of the imperial court, thus forming Lingnan School.
Chen Xianzhang was poor all his life. Deng Tingyou, the capital, ordered Panyu County to send rice and stones every month, but he insisted that he "has two hectares of land, which is enough for farming". Another provincial judge spent a lot of money to buy him a garden mansion, and he also politely refused. Since then, Chen Xianzhang has been living in seclusion, serving his mother, continuing to give lectures and cultivating many talents. Later, Zhan Ruoshui, who was also an important official of the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of Government and the Ministry of War, and Liang Chu, a famous minister given to the Taishi by the university student Wen Huating, were all his disciples. Other disciples are: Lin Jixi, Zhang, Chen Maolie, Rong Yizhi, Luo Fuzhou, panhan, Xie You,.
Chen Xianzhang has a high academic accomplishment and tireless spirit of teaching and educating people, and adheres to the purpose of "teaching without discrimination". "Those who come to pay their respects to the wealthy businessmen, farmers and farmers' servants in Yu Tu know and do, so there are many reformed people in the world." There are thousands of scholars from all over the world. Teaching students classics, history and literature, striving for innovation, stressing practicality, being flashy and flashy, runs counter to the sluggish traditional official studies. After giving lectures, I practiced archery with students in the wilderness, lived in the countryside for decades, and lived a life of ignoring education. As I wrote in the poem "Singing Jiangmen City", "On February 8, Jiangmen City bought a hoe book, and the field can be read, and the farmer is half-Confucian." In the long-term educational practice, many original opinions were put forward, which had a positive impact on the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Chen Baisha attaches great importance to the role of education in society and emphasizes the necessity of talent training and rational use. He wrote many books about the knowledge of counties, repeatedly stressed the need to set up schools widely to educate the country, and advocated extensive learning and political ethics. It is put forward that "those who have a country since ancient times have never taken the promotion of learning and education as their service" and "governing the world with talents is the custom". If they don't study politics, it will be difficult for them to stand up, and their descendants will not get up or achieve anything, but what is the right trend? "How can talented people get it? "
Enjoy life 1500 years (13th year of Ming Hongzhi), Chen Xianzhang died of illness in his native land at the age of 72, and he was a "Wen Gong" in posthumous title. 1574 (the second year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), the court built a temple in Baisha Township and gave it couplets and commemorative statues. The forehead said "Chongzhengtang" and Lian said: "Taoism has been taught for three thousand years, spreading Confucius and Mencius and learning from Shao Cheng and Zhu Xi." 1585 (13th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty), the emperor ordered him to worship Confucius Temple. According to research, among the historical figures in Lingnan area, only Chen Baisha can worship Confucius Temple, so he has the reputation of "one person in Lingnan" and "learning Confucianism in Lingnan".
Xinhui has many relics of Chen Xianzhang, except Chu Yun Terrace, Spring Balcony, Lushan Academy and Jiahui Building. There are still Baisha Temple, Biyulou and Jie Zhen Monument Square, which are all buildings of the Ming Dynasty. Among them, chastity archway has also been designated as "key cultural relics protection unit in Guangdong Province". In addition, there are memorial buildings such as the former site of Diaoyutai and Baisha Park.
Calligraphy Achievement Chen Baisha is an outstanding calligrapher. His calligraphy was transplanted from Ou Yangxun, and later he learned Huai Su's cursive script. He joined forces with Rice and the Soviet Union to become a whole. He is best at cursive writing. In his early years, he wrote a book with a brush, and the famous calligraphy "On Big Head Shrimp" stood on its axis. One is to write with a brush. Later, it was not easy to buy a pen in my hometown. I just used local materials to create a writing brush with the shackles of the mountain. "Guifeng, where you live, all the rocks are white and vigorous, tied with Mao Xin as a pen, and the words are simple. Baisha should be called Mao Jun, also known as Mao Long." (Qu Dajun, Guangdong Xinyu). In his later years, he likes to write books with a brush, and his brushwork is quite vigorous and magnificent, sometimes called "brush writing". There is a poem in Chen Baisha that says, "Mao Jun is very down-to-earth, and he began to call himself a miracle worker". He also said, "Mao Longfei is out of the nest of the right army." According to "To the Star" written by Chen Baisha disciple Zhang Xu, "Everyone in the world gets a piece of paper to keep as a family heirloom", which is highly praised by people of that time. The son-in-law of his teacher, Mr. Wu Kangzhai, is poor and wants him to sell dozens of words. "Every painting is easy to get platinum." Because Chen Baisha's calligraphy is unique and ranks among the famous calligraphers in the Ming Dynasty.
Literary Achievements Chen Xianzhang is good at poetry, calligraphy and painting plum blossoms. He was a famous poet in the Ming Dynasty, and he kept 1977 poems of various genres. His poems are elegant, healthy and simple. He used them to educate his disciples and spread his academic thoughts. It can be seen from his poetry creation that Chen Xianzhang is a famous figure who is good at using "poetry teaching". His thoughts are all hidden in poetry, and those abstract truths are all expressed in poetry, thus taking poetry as teaching. His poems and prose works were compiled into The Complete Works of White Sands by his students and published from generation to generation. Chen Xianzhang's calligraphy is unique. He is used to writing with a homemade "Maolong" pen. Maolongbi is made of tough thatch growing in Guifeng Mountain, Xinhui. Its font is vigorous and powerful, and its style is unique.
Chen Xianzhang believes that "elegance and health should be the first priority in writing poetry", and vulgarity and cowardice should be avoided. While taking elegance and health as the first principle, it also advocates "simplicity", that is, no deliberate modification or carving, no confusion. "On February 28th, in Jiangmen market, we bought both hoes and poems. Hoes can be cultivated and poems can be read, and farmers are semi-Confucian. " This poem describes the scene of his daily life. This poem is widely circulated among Jiangmen people, and used to be used as a reading material for primary school students in class. Other examples are: painting orchids. I want to show students two poems. When I am ready, I will leave my friends and call for life. I will try to choose a pen on New Year's Day. Duan Xi's poem is a poem by Ruositang.
Ancient Books Volume IV Notes on South Vietnam
Chen Xianzhang is a new member, and his word is Kung Fu. The orthodox township recommended nine, and the two went to Chunguan. After visiting Wu and Bi in Linzhou, I learned something. Country Garden is famous. When Qian Pu arrived in Shunde, he knew that he was a pure Confucian, elegant and heavy, and advised him to complete his career. When he joined the army, Xing Rangming made a toast with Yang Guishan's poem "I can't get it again today". After reading it, they were shocked and said, "The vigilance is unparalleled, and shine on you is better than blue." Pass it in the game. Back in the south, learning is becoming more and more popular. So the whole world knew about Chen Baisha. After repeated recommendations, I encouraged my mother to go to Beijing. I wrote her a letter, gave her a review, and got a home, taking learning from saints as my responsibility. He in Liaodong, Jiayu, Zhang Xu in Panyu, Zhan Ruoshui in Zengcheng and Dongguan are all in Jiangmen's mood. His poems were named after his family, and his calligraphy flourished in the Jin and Tang Dynasties. I am happy to write a book for the garden at night. The world is precious. "Tongzhi" Rufu Jingshe is located on the South Lu Xiao Mountain in Xinhui County, two miles away from Jiangmen, and it is named Jianbasha Village in Chen Xianzhang.
Biography of Ming history
The study of the chapters provided is mainly static. Its teacher is to sit quietly and cultivate clues in silence. Or persuade him to write, not to answer. Taste said to himself, "I began to learn from Wu at the age of 27. I have told all the books of ancient sages, but I don't know where to go." Compared with Baisha, I just want to use force, but I can't get it. So I made an appointment, and after a long time, I saw that my heart was hidden, and my daily entertainment was as I wished, like a horse. " His knowledge is unique. Critics say that he enjoys flying kites and jumping fish, while Jiang Lin of Lanxi thinks that "Mencius is alive".
There are seven spots on the right cheek. On the 24th of my mother's year, I kept a festival and offered the highest filial piety. When a mother has an idea, she will return to her heart. Hongzhi died in the 13th year at the age of 73. In the early years of Wanli, from the beginning of offering sacrifices to Confucius Temple, the pursuit of Wen Gong.
Yao shan Tang wai Ji
When Chen Baisha went to the next place, God saw a dream and said, "Mr. Chen is involved in some water." First of all, Zhang's dedication is optimistic, and science and Taoist groups come and go to seek benefits. Then someone was disintegrated and suspected of white sand, so it was particularly disgusting. He said, "What if he wears a scholar's headscarf, if he is moving and leaving home, and wants a way?" It was announced that Li Dongyang, the editor, was the same examiner, who was in charge of the "Book of Classics" room, and it was impossible to obtain the volume. He wanted to make textual research on illegally chapter and Jigen, but it was fruitless. At that time, it was widely rumored in the capital that "Huiyuan may not be like Liu Jian, but who seems to offer a chapter", and both the husband and the peddler lamented. (Hey, the word Jingyuan, Anfu people. B is not ranked second and behind. )
Chenghua Renyin, Chen Baisha should be the imperial capital, passing through Nan 'an, and Zhang Donghai, the satrap, wanted to cover the public story with the gift of Cao Can, so he stayed for a few months to be educated, and the white sand could not be strong, but the East China Sea could not be strong.
Xue Gang, the satrap, began to doubt Baisha. Seeing this, he wanted to learn from the government. There was a poem that said, "If you want to leave your career behind, you should not learn from the monarch." Scholar Jiang Lin, taking advantage of historical events, made Guizhou take a special route such as Baisha, met with a teacher's gift, and came to the capital to ask, "Live Mencius! Live Mencius! "
Fairy temple rises far and wide, mourning is wide, and Baisha cries.
In the early years of Baisha, when he was very poor, he tasted the taste of lending millet to the villagers. Deng Ting, an imperial envoy, Zen, one meter and one stone for one month, and two husbands for one year, but there is a poem saying: "The lonely mountain crane pecks at the lonely mountain and the moon, and it does not waste all the ministries." Zuo Fu, a pedestrian, sent a mission to a foreign country. He got 30 white gold stars with the teacher's intention, but he refused to accept them.
Baisha can be used as the name of a family, and everyone in the world can get a piece of paper and hide it as a family treasure. Living on the mountain, the pen can't be improved, so it's a bunch of hair. Committed to his later years, he became a family of his own, known as the "calligraphy". There is a poem that says, "I was fascinated by the spirit and I felt my first bath." Sages have nothing, what is the reason? Tonality has existed since ancient times, which is both prosperous and Mu Mu. Shame is not a shame, the roots are bald. "
During Hongzhi's reign, Li was appointed as the envoy of Guangxian, and some people bowed down to the old envoy. Xu Ruo took him to Baisha and asked him to give him a present. Baisha studied less in Linchuan, so he hired Wu Jun to find out where he lived, and hired your husband and your old classmate Hou Guo. It is a unique cloud written on a piece of paper: "A chicken flies in the neighboring country. How big is the laurel tree today?" Always remember the old lights, where does the castle peak look? "Osmanthus fragrans was planted by Hu Ting when I went to Fengcheng yesterday. I have to say that it is necessary to cover it with a constitutional ambassador. I don't want to talk lightly. So, it's given like this.
Chen Baisha is good at painting plums, but people beg with paper, without embellishment. Baisha wrote a column saying: "Everyone comes to drink." Or, the purpose is to say, "I didn't hear the birds say' white painting, white painting'." The guests are simply overwhelmed.
Hongzhi Geng Shen in March, Baisha was seriously ill. A few days ago, the flea put on a robe and a crown, ordered his children to help him tuck in and burn incense, made five obeisances and three obeisances to the north, and said, "I will say goodbye to my king forever." Write another poem: "Tuoxian was finally slandered, and the Buddha was more rested." Boarding the boat and listening to the songs of Baiyulou. " Yue: "I am in troubled times." On the day of death, white gas came out from the top, vigorous, like steaming, but this day was a rest.
Character Evaluation Chen Baisha is a key figure in the history of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. He broke the dull and rigid pattern of Neo-Confucianism in Cheng and Zhu and started the study of mind in Ming Dynasty. Baisha's theory holds high the subjective self-value of "the universe is in me", highlighting the significance of individual existence in the universe, just like a fresh wind in the academic circles of Ming Dynasty, which has had a far-reaching impact on the orientation of literati spirit in the whole Ming Dynasty and promoted the prosperity of the academic circles in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. Miao Tianshou, a close friend, commented on the cloud: "At this moment when the air is filled with routines, Baisha is independent of everything, unprecedented, and there is no one after it."
Chen Baisha's academic thought had a far-reaching influence and positive effect on the development of China culture, especially Lingnan culture, and laid the position of Lingnan culture in the development of China culture. His theory is known as "opening the door alone, transcendent and extraordinary" and "Taoism has been taught for three thousand years, spreading Confucius and Mencius and learning from Shao Cheng and Zhu Xi". Therefore, Chen Baisha was honored as a "great scholar" and a "saint". After his death, he was posthumously named "Wen Gonggong" and became the only scholar in China who worshipped Confucius Temple in ancient Guangdong, so he was called "one person in Lingnan". At the same time, with his original "Maolong" calligraphy, he took the lead in establishing the position of Lingnan calligrapher in the history of calligraphy in China.
Huang Zongxi, a famous scholar at the end of Ming Dynasty, commented that Chen Baisha's Neo-Confucianism was "the study of learning from the past to the present, which began to be imperceptible in Baisha. Its tight work is all about self-restraint, and it does not move. It is as big as Yangming (Wang Shouren) and praises Baisha's learning as "independent and extraordinary"! Summing up Chen Baisha's Neo-Confucianism, he said: "The study of a gentleman is based on emptiness, with quietness as the door, from all directions, from ancient times to the present, making do with buttons. It is not true to use daily life as a function and don't forget not to help each other as an understanding principle without proper efforts. " (See Confucianism in Ming Dynasty for details).
Zhang Taiyan, a master of Chinese studies, said: "Confucianism in Ming Dynasty and Confucianism in Song Dynasty formed their own systems, which began in Chen Baisha.".
Professor Zhang Pei, a modern scholar, praised Chen Baisha in his book A Study of Chen Baisha's Philosophical Thought. He came into contact with a philosopher of China in the15th century, that is, in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. He was the first important person to put forward his own philosophical thought in Ming Dynasty. His thoughts inherited the influence of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, initiated the enlightenment of Confucianism, and played a connecting role in the history of China's philosophical thoughts. This paper makes a new exposition and evaluation of the structure and basic viewpoints of Chen Baisha's philosophical system, and summarizes the structure of Chen Baisha's philosophical system as "the theory of natural Tao-the theory of natural person-the theory of mind and nature-the theory of self-restraint-the world theory". Thus clearly delineates the main category system of Chen Baisha's philosophy, that is, the scientific series of "Tao-Man-Heart", shows the main basic aspects of Chen Baisha's simple materialistic philosophy theory, and points out that Chen Baisha's view of nature adopts the simple materialistic view of "Tao", giving "Tao" the same meaning as the whole material universe and giving it the entity status of the whole universe. He (Chen Baisha) revised the idealistic view of Tao of traditional neo-Confucianism, and also revised the transcendental view of Tao of traditional Taoism, giving play to the equal significance of Tao as the whole objective universe.
Research on Later Generations 1, Proceedings of the Symposium on Chen Baisha and Jiangmen School, Jiangmen Wuyi Yanhuang Culture Research Association, China Federation of Literary and Art Circles Press, 20011.
2. Baisha Xue Xin and Taoist Thought, Zhang Yunhua, Guangzhou Publishing House, June 5, 2004 to1October 38.
3. Chen Baisha, a great scholar in Ming Dynasty, Cao Taiyi, Guangdong People's Publishing House, June 5438+ 10.
4. Chen Baisha, Guangdong scholar, Chen Zhanbiao, Huacheng Publishing House, 1993 August.
5. Notes on Chen Baisha's Poems, Jiangmen CPPCC Academic Committee of Literature and History, 2003.
6. Picking Green in White Sands, Ou Hua, China Overseas Chinese Publishing House,1September 1997.
7. Selected Poems of Chen Baisha, Guan Buxun, Guangdong People's Publishing House,1March 994.
8. Master of Mind in Ming Dynasty, Huang, Guangdong People's Publishing House, July 2005.
9. Chen Baisha, a Lingnan scholar-Baisha Neo-Confucianism and Jiangmen School, Zhang Danian, Drinking Water Library, April 1998.
10, essays on Chen Baisha Studies, Zhang Jiguang, Liu Xingbang, Zhang Yunhua, Hunan University Press, 200 1 10.
1 1, Research on Chen Baisha's Philosophy, Zhang Pei, Guangdong People's Publishing House,1984 June.
12, Collection of Chen Baisha's Poems and Talks, Chen, Guangdong People's Publishing House,1May 998.
13, Chen Xianzhang Collection (up and down), Sun Tonghai, Zhonghua Book Company, 1987, 1.
14, The Story of Huang, Nanjing University Press, 1998.
15, A Study on the Value of Chen Baisha's Mind, Liu Xingbang, Hunan Normal University Press, 1999.
16, On Chen Baisha's Poetics, Zhang Jiguang, Yuelu Bookstore, 1999.
17, New Theories of Chen Baisha, Yang Shuxing and Wang Weixiong, Huacheng Publishing House, 1995.
Searching for the Soul: Philosopher and Poet Chen Baisha, Jiang, Singapore University Press.
19, Baisha Academic Journal, Volume 1-4, Baisha Cultural Education Foundation, 1963 ~ 1967.
20. Baisha Liu Xinxue Xingbang, Social Science Literature Publishing House, 20 12.