Field: Eukaryotes.
Field: Animal Kingdom (Animal Kingdom)
Portal: Chordata (Chordata)
Class: Mammals
Objective: Carnivora.
Group: Xiong Ke (Xiong Ke)
Genus: Giant Panda
Species: Giant Panda
The giant panda is one of the most precious animals in the world. Mainly distributed in some mountainous areas of Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi provinces in China, the number is very rare. Belonging to the national first-class protected animals, it is called "national treasure". It is not only chosen as the emblem by the World Wildlife Federation, but also often undertakes the task of "peace ambassador". It travels across the sea with the friendship of the people of China and makes many friends, which is well received by people all over the world. Giant pandas are chubby, with round heads, thick necks, short ears, short tails and stout limbs. They are about 1.5m in length, 60-70cm in shoulder height and can weigh up to 100- 180kg. In particular, that pair of figure-eight dark circles, just like wearing a pair of sunglasses, is very attractive.
The ancestors of giant pandas are carnivores, but now they prefer vegetarianism, mainly eating arrow bamboo for a living. An adult giant panda eats about 20 kilograms of fresh bamboo every day. Sometimes, it also has "meat", catching bamboo rats in the bamboo forest of Arrow and having a good meal, and even swaggering into residents' houses to steal food. Giant pandas are withdrawn, like to live alone, stay up late during the day, go out at night, have no fixed abode, and often move with the changes of seasons. In spring, I usually stay in the alpine bamboo forest above 3000 meters above sea level, move to the shady slope with fresh bamboo branches in summer, and move to the warm sunny hillside about 2500 meters in autumn to prepare for the long winter. April and May are the breeding seasons of giant pandas every year, and male and female pandas rarely live together. But after May, they parted ways. When the female giant panda is about 4-5 months pregnant, she is eager to find a tree hole or a stone hole as a "delivery room" and give birth to 1-2 cubs each. The newborn baby weighs only about 150g, which is equivalent to 1‰ of the mother's weight. But after one month, the weight can reach 2 kilograms, and after three months, it can grow to five or six kilograms. Mother panda often holds the baby panda in her arms, caresses it gently, puts it in her mouth when she goes out, or carries it on her back, kissing and being inseparable. When the panda was five or six months old, his mother began to teach him the skills of climbing trees, swimming, bathing and peeling bamboo. Two years later, the little panda left her mother and began to live independently. The life span of giant pandas is generally 20-30 years.
The giant panda's family is very old. About/kloc-0.0 million years ago, they were all over China's Shaanxi, Shanxi and Peking provinces, as well as Yunnan, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Fujian and Taiwan Province provinces. Now, the remaining number is very small, and they have become precious "living fossils" for scientists to study biological evolution.
So far, there are no endangered giant pandas in more than 200 countries and regions around the world. They can only be found in the deep forests of China, Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu. At present, the total number of giant pandas in the world is only below 1000, and the number is still decreasing.
According to scientific statistics, 78% of female giant pandas are infertile, and 90% of male giant pandas are infertile, which brings many difficulties to the breeding of giant pandas.
In zoology, giant pandas belong to the order Carnivora. According to research, the ancient names of giant pandas are tapir, tapir, and panda. From the pre-resurrection period of more than 2 million years ago to the middle and late resurrection period of 6.5438+0 million years ago, giant pandas have been widely distributed in the southern half of China, forming a giant panda-saber-toothed elephant fauna; Nowadays, many species in this fauna have been extinct, but the giant panda has survived, so the giant panda is called a "living fossil".
develop
The ancestor of the giant panda is Ailuaractos lufengensis, which is the earliest panda evolved from a bear-like species and mainly eats meat. The main branch of the original panda continues to perform in central and southern China. One of them appeared in the Pleistocene about 3 million years ago and was smaller than the panda today. Inferred from the tooth-eating animal, it has evolved into an omnivore that feeds on bamboo. Since then, this main branch has spread to the subtropics, with a wide distribution, and fossils have been found in North China, Northwest China, Central China, Southwest China, South China and even Vietnam and northern Myanmar. In this process, the giant panda adapted to the subtropical bamboo forest life, gradually increased in size, and lived on bamboo. The giant panda reached its peak in the middle and late Pleistocene 500,000-700,000 years ago. Nowadays, the molars of giant pandas are well developed, and their claws have a "thumb" in addition to five toes. This "thumb" is actually specialized from a wrist bone, called "radial cage bone", which mainly plays the role of holding bamboo. Stephen jay gould, an American biologist, once wrote an essay on this topic, and later used panda's thumb as the title of his prose collection.
type
Giant pandas have gone from prosperity to extinction in millions of years. The reason is not only the deterioration of the external environment, but also the problem of its own fertility.
According to the long-term study of anatomy, histology, physiology and endocrinology of giant pandas by relevant experts, the reproductive function of giant pandas is extremely low. Due to genetic and environmental reasons, the reproductive system of many giant pandas is seriously underdeveloped, and the reproductive endocrine function of adults is disordered, and they cannot ovulate or ovulate normally, or even become infertile for life.
Giant pandas like to live alone and only want to have contact with the opposite sex after estrus. Female giant pandas are in heat only once a year, so they are very selective. Unless they meet Prince Charming, they won't throw hydrangeas. In the wild, male animals often have to compete through cruel fighting, and the final winner can win the favor of female animals. If there are not enough excellent males in a small population, it will obviously greatly reduce the chances of normal mating between males and females and reduce the pregnancy rate after mating.
Most of the cubs of giant pandas are singletons, and even if they give birth to twins, they can only raise one. Giant panda cubs are very fragile, and they are easy to die due to nutritional deficiency, disease, bad weather or natural enemies.
Female giant pandas seldom eat during pregnancy and lactation, and are extremely tired and exhausted because of feeding their young alone, which has a great impact on their health and longevity. After breastfeeding, the mother will continue to raise her children and teach them various feeding and survival skills. In this case, the mother animal will instinctively "restrain" herself, stop estrus and suspend childbearing until her child grows up and flies away.
The wild habitat of giant pandas is severely isolated into small areas, but they must monopolize a large territory to ensure their survival, so the number of giant pandas that can be accommodated in small habitats is very limited. If the population is too small, it will inevitably lead to inbreeding, reduce genetic diversity and cause the overall degradation of genetic performance, fecundity and viability.
Artificial breeding of giant pandas can reduce the harm of natural enemies and diseases in the wild, ensure nutrient supply and eliminate the invasion of bad weather. In addition, it can greatly improve the reproductive ability of giant pandas: through reasonable pairing, inbreeding can be avoided intentionally and reproductive and genetic functions can be improved; Through artificial insemination, the chances of mating can be increased and the pregnancy rate can be improved; Through careful nursing and adequate nutrition supply to the mother, the survival rate of larvae, especially twins, can be improved, and their normal development can be promoted, which is also beneficial to the health of the mother, so that she can quickly recover her physical strength and prepare for the next delivery. Years of practice have proved that artificial breeding and ex situ conservation of giant pandas are one of the important strategies to save giant pandas.
prescribe a diet
Giant pandas mainly feed on bamboo, and it seems that they should be classified as "herbivores" in terms of feeding habits. But according to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of digestive tract and the viewpoint of species evolution, they are all carnivores. In scientific classification, giant pandas belong to mammals and carnivores. You see, such a lovely giant panda is a big family with tigers, leopards, jackals and other wild animals. The ancestor of the giant panda is a veritable carnivore: it has sharp and developed canine teeth, short intestines and digestive physiological characteristics of carnivores, and the giant panda still retains these characteristics of its ancestors during its evolution. Just because the living environment has changed a lot, they have to adapt to the environment to survive. Gradually, they retired to the depths of the bamboo forest, adapted to the bamboo with low nutrition and low digestibility, and lived a recluse life without competition. As a result, the modern giant panda has become a "carnivore" who eats grass. In fact, in the evolutionary history of carnivorous families, many people changed their eating habits with the change of environment. Have bears that are very close to giant pandas also become omnivores?
affect
100 for more than a year, the western world began with the discovery of the giant panda by French father David in China in 1869, and brought the giant panda "Surin" to Chicago Zoo in the 1930s by Mrs. harkness, and then to President Nixon's visit to China in 1972. China presented the giant panda as a national gift-the panda fever in the world became more and more serious. Won the love of people all over the world, a Soviet zoologist praised: "The giant panda is a unique real treasure in the wild animal world, and it is a very beautiful, unconventional and magical animal."
Precious rare animals
After a long historical development, the giant panda can survive to this day, which shows its tenacious vitality. However, due to the adverse impact of historical development factors, it is now in an endangered state. Among all kinds of unfavorable factors, the internal reason is the high specialization of eating habits, reproductive ability and parenting behavior. The external reason is that the habitat is destroyed and isolated islands are formed, which leads to population division, inbreeding and species degradation. Coupled with the periodic flowering and death of staple bamboo, man-made killing, the harm of natural enemies and the problem of diseases. This poses a serious threat to the survival of giant pandas and puts them in an endangered situation.
Giant panda protection
China government has long been aware of the grim situation of giant pandas, so it has taken a series of measures to protect them.
1. A lot of work has been done to protect giant pandas through legislation, and various laws and regulations have been formulated to protect wild animals such as giant pandas. Article 9 of the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates that "the state protects precious animals and plants", and the Law on the Protection of Wild Animals lists the giant panda as a class of protected animals, and makes detailed provisions on the protection of wild animals. The Forest Law and the Environmental Protection Law also clearly stipulate that in order to effectively combat and punish the illegal acts of killing and smuggling giant pandas, the Supplementary Criminal Law passed by the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) 1987 further emphasizes that the illegal acts of killing and smuggling giant pandas should be severely punished. "Will be sentenced to 10 years in prison, with fines and confiscation of property. If the circumstances are serious, they may be sentenced to life imprisonment and death. The formulation of these laws and regulations provides a legal basis for the protection of rare animals such as giant pandas and plays an important role in the protection of giant pandas.
2. Establish a giant panda "nature reserve" for protection. Since 1963, the government of China has successively established 14 giant panda "nature reserves" in six mountain systems, including Qinling Mountain, Minshan Mountain, Daxiangling Mountain and Xiaoxiangling Mountain, with a total area of 6,000 square kilometers, effectively protecting areas and habitats with dense giant pandas. In nature reserves, it is necessary to patrol and inspect all the year round to help the sick and hungry giant pandas, and to stop and punish criminal acts that endanger giant pandas. At the same time, control mountains and water, restore vegetation, prevent various natural disasters, reduce the interference of human activities on the wild life of giant pandas, and provide a good ecological environment for the survival and reproduction of giant pandas.
Future prospects
Judging from the fossils that have been found, in the long historical development process, the development of giant pandas has experienced initial stage, growth stage and peak stage, and now it is beginning to enter a recession.
At present, people are deeply worried about its survival in an extremely rare number, and its future fate will also touch the hearts of hundreds of millions of people. Faced with this grim situation, the government and people of China, as well as relevant international organizations, scientific organizations and scientists, are actively engaged in the protection and scientific research of giant pandas, exploring scientific and effective methods, and opening up a new situation, so that giant pandas can get rid of the endangered situation, reproduce permanently and coexist with human beings.
After years of efforts, the protection of giant pandas has made gratifying achievements. The declining trend of giant panda population has been basically controlled, and the population of some protected areas has increased slightly. The research results of giant panda population ecology show that the reproductive rate of giant panda population is greater than 1, which means that the population will continue to develop slowly. This research result encourages scientists to make greater efforts to promote this benign process from all aspects. The implementation of the giant panda and its habitat protection project will play an important role in the continuation of the wild population of giant pandas. Great progress has also been made in the protection project of giant pandas in different places, and the survival rate of breeding giant pandas has been significantly improved, from the previous average survival rate of 3 1.8% to 67.74% after 1.998, which proves that the existing artificially raised giant panda population can be maintained and developed. The implementation of the giant panda protection project in different places can also effectively promote the growth of artificially raised populations.
Generally speaking, the protection of giant pandas in situ and in other places in China is advancing in depth. As a systematic project to protect giant pandas, it is gradually forming its comprehensiveness, scientificity and continuity. People's awareness of protecting giant pandas and the ecological environment is also deepening and popularizing. All these are strengthening our confidence and determination to protect giant pandas and promoting the development of the cause of protecting giant pandas. Under the condition of artificial breeding, the reproductive ability of giant pandas is very low. Among the 260 pandas raised now, the sex ratio is roughly 1: 1. In 57 years, there were about 130 females, but only about 30% females were fertile. There are even fewer male pandas with mating ability, only about 19, accounting for 14% of the total number of male pandas. Only one offspring has mating ability, which is good in Beijing Zoo. Why can't the innate instinct of giant pandas give full play to when they are fed? Many experts believe that there are several reasons:
(1) In captivity, because they live alone or together several times, they can't participate in social interaction before estrus and sexual maturity, and the inherited congenital sexual behavior can't be actively induced, stimulated and learned, so it is difficult to realize or even terminate their development.
(2) Through the comparative analysis of the trace elements in the food eaten by wild giant pandas and captive giant pandas, it is considered that the shortage of fresh bamboo and the insufficient optimal selection of bamboo in different plants, different parts, different growth periods and different seasons under natural conditions are likely to lead to the lack of trace elements related to the growth, development and reproduction of captive giant pandas.
(3) Obesity is caused by high sugar intake and insufficient exercise. Because the penis of giant panda is short, it is difficult for the penis to enter the female genitalia after obesity, and it is difficult to complete mating.
(4) protein intake is too low. Because sex hormones are organic compounds, synthesized by protein, once protein is lacking, the level of sex hormones will be low, and giant pandas will not be in estrus. The first breeding record under artificial breeding was in September, 1963. Lily, a female animal, naturally mated with Sensen, a male animal in Beijing Zoo, and gave birth to Mingming, who lived in the zoo for 26 years. During the period of 1963-1977, breeding is mainly carried out through natural mating between captive giant pandas. 1978, Beijing Zoo successfully conducted artificial insemination and gave birth to cubs. 1980, artificial insemination of frozen semen in Chengdu Zoo was successful. Later, natural mating and artificial insemination were used to improve the success rate of artificial reproduction. From 1963 to 1993, there were 13 zoos and protected areas at home and abroad, which bred 100 cubs and gave birth to 148, and 42 survived so far. Under artificial breeding, all the female giant pandas that survive reproduction have reproductive ability. For example, the female animal "Xie Xie" in Beijing Zoo was born on September 1974, with Jiao Jiao as her mother and Sensen as her father. The combination of "Daidai" and male animal "Baobao" was "Wenwen" in Hiuke on August 30th, 1982, and was/Kloc-0 on June 30th, 1987, when a baby was born in Hiuke. So far, only one male panda has the ability to mate. But those who have no mating ability can still use their semen for artificial insemination and pregnancy. For example, Jiao Jiao, a female animal in Beijing Zoo, mated with Dudu to give birth to Zhi Zhi, and Dandan (Juanjuan and the baby's daughter), who was artificially inseminated with Zhi Zhi's semen, gave birth to Lele, a female animal, which is still alive today, indicating that the artificially propagated female or male reproductive organs are normal. Giant pandas that survive under artificial breeding don't live long. Up to now, 37 giant pandas that have survived for more than half a year have died 12, with an average life span of only 6.6 years. According to the survey, the average life span of wild giant pandas who have survived for more than half a year and survived the severe winter is 13.3 years, which has doubled. Relevant scholars analyzed the reasons as follows:
(1) Get married in the wild and fall in love freely. Husband and husband compete, and the strongest one attends the wedding, which is an excellent variety. However, under the condition of mating, the mating quality is different without the artificial insemination of panda's "consent to mating"
(2) During pregnancy in the wild, the food is first a large number of bamboo shoots, and then nutritious bamboo leaves. Artificial feeding nutrition is not so simulated.
(3) The field delivery room is in a dark and quiet mountain tree hole with a quiet and good microclimate environment. When sitting, block the hole with your back, which has good thermal insulation and ensures that the baby will not be crushed. After half a year, eating a lot of bamboo shoots and milk is good for mother. However, it is not easy to achieve very sufficient milk under feeding conditions, and most females only bring one litter. If a lot of rubbish is abandoned, it is easy to crush their rubbish.
(4) The females in the wild take care of their cubs for a long time, and the cubs leave their mothers at 1 year and a half. Before that, mothers taught their young to eat bamboo while breastfeeding. However, under the feeding conditions, in order to make the female animals estrus as soon as possible, they are often forced to wean early and take out their cubs.
(5) Due to the strong ultraviolet rays and cold climate in mountainous areas, the reproduction of various pathogenic bacteria is slow, especially the giant panda has good exercise in the wild and strong resistance. However, under breeding conditions, giant pandas live in a warm environment, with more bacteria, less activity, less exercise and poor disease resistance. So it is easy to get sick. Twins can be easily obtained by artificial insemination. 1963- 1993, Beijing, Chengdu, Fuzhou, Wolong, Chongqing, Mexico and Japan 13 places, with a total of 100, littering 148, and 42 surviving, among which There are two reasons for this phenomenon: first, females can ovulate more than two eggs during estrus, and each child will produce two offspring after being fertilized by two different eggs, while 1 fetus will produce three offspring, which is developed by fertilization of three eggs. The conception rate of artificial insemination is lower than that of natural mating, because giant pandas can instinctively choose or accept the best mating period during natural mating, so even if they mate only once or several times a day, they can generally conceive in the wild. Artificial insemination mainly judges the best mating period according to its behavioral, physiological and biochemical indexes. Because of technical conditions and misjudgment, it is difficult to accurately judge the best mating period, so it is empty after artificial insemination.
reproductive physiology
1. The sexual maturity age of giant pandas is related to nutritional level, environmental conditions and feeding management level. Insufficient nutrition hinders the normal development of the body and reproductive organs and delays the time of sexual maturity. Because the living standard of captive giant pandas is higher than that in the wild, their sexual maturity age is 2-3 years earlier than that in the wild. The specific data observed in different places are different. Liu Weixin (1986) thinks that the estrus age and weight of females are 4.5-7.5 years old and 85-105 kg respectively. Males are 5.5-7.5 years old and 95- 105 kg, and there is no significant difference in age between sexes. Hu believes that the sexual maturity age of male and female animals is 5.5-6.5 years old, and it is generally 6.6 and 7.5 years old in the wild. The giant pandas bred in Chengdu Zoo are 3.5-4.5 years old females and 5.5-7.5 years old males.
2. Giant pandas are in seasonal estrus during the breeding season. The estrus of females is usually from March to May, and some of them are advanced to the end of 65438+ 10 or postponed to the end of June. In addition to estrus in spring, some females also show estrus in autumn (August -65438+ 10), but the time is short and the performance is not obvious. Moore et al.' s research in 1974 showed that the male panda's testicles became bigger in spring, and it was easy to collect semen, and the semen quality was better, but in July and August, the testicles became obviously smaller. 1984, Ma Sui thought that sperm could be found in male urine all year round, but the number decreased gradually from summer to autumn and increased gradually in winter. From the perspective of sexual behavior, males gradually reach orgasm in spring. Therefore, the male estrus is also in spring.
3, estrus cycle Giant pandas generally estrus once a year, and it usually takes two years for young females to estrus once, but if they are forced to wean early, they will estrus once a year like males. A few pandas have two orgasms in one estrus. The estrus period of female animals is 15-25 days, and the peak of estrus is only 2-4 days, some of which are more than 30 days, and a few of which are only a few days, so the estrus performance is extremely inconspicuous. The estrus of giant pandas can generally be divided into pre-estrus (2-5 days), estrus (5-8 days), estrus peak (4-6 days) and estrus late (5- 10 days).
4. Sexual behavior When the male animal is in estrus, it is characterized by excitement, increased activity, increased water consumption, frequent urination and reproductive organs. Female animals sometimes roll on the ground, paddle in the water, testicular swelling, and make bleating noises. When female animals are in estrus, they lose appetite or refuse to eat, are excited, have a large amount of activity, urinate less frequently, approach male animals on their own initiative, their labia are red and swollen, make baa calls, dock with foreign objects, and tilt their tails. The vulva changes of female giant pandas are very distinctive. In pre-estrus, the pale vulva of female animals is pink. During spermatogenesis, the vulva begins to swell gradually, and the vaginal mucosa is swollen, red and moist. At the peak of estrus, the vulva can continuously contract and expand, and the vulva can expand to the maximum. The eversion area is 4.0×3.8cm, which is rosy, and the vaginal mucosa is swollen and loose, pink, with secretions flowing out. During estrus, the estrogen level of vaginal epithelial keratinocytes increased gradually except for obvious behavior changes, and reached the peak at the climax of estrus and quickly dropped to the baseline. The body temperature was 65438 0-2℃ higher than usual.
5. Semen The semen of the giant panda is milky white, and it is thicker when the amount of semen collected is small, with a pH of PH6.6-7.4. The amount of semen collected by electrical stimulation is about 0.2-8 ml, the sperm motility rate is 50-85%, the deformity rate is 4.4-20%, and the count is 477 million/ml. The content of zinc in semen is 509.2ppm (dry sample), which is much lower than that of human beings. From the practice of livestock feeding, zinc deficiency will lead to infertility. Whether the low fertility of giant pandas is related to zinc deficiency needs further study. The giant panda's sperm is tadpole-shaped, with a total length of 50-60μm and a tail length of 45-55μ m. The speed of sperm movement in BWW diluent at 37℃ is 39.0 1.8μ m/s, and it can survive for 5 days at 15- 18℃. Both fresh semen and frozen semen can make giant pandas pregnant. According to Yue's determination in 1985, the acrosome of giant panda sperm head only wraps half of the nucleus (ultrathin section) or 1/3 (freeze etching), while the acrosome of human sperm can wrap about 2/3. This difference may increase the difficulty of fertilization, reduce the success rate and reduce the fertility of giant pandas.
6. Ovulation of egg giant panda may be when estrogen reaches its peak and begins to decline, that is, when behavior begins to accept mating. Generally, every time you ovulate 1-2 eggs, and occasionally ovulate 3 eggs, especially for females who are artificially inseminated, most of them ovulate 2 eggs, so that most of each fetus gives birth to 2 offspring. However, there are still a few female giant pandas in estrus who can ovulate normally and realize fertilization, pregnancy and farrowing. This is mainly because several to more than 30 mature growing follicles overlap with mature follicles, and the interaction between follicles is not easy to mature and excrete. Most mature eggs have degenerated before being discharged, and the follicles are filled with fluid, which makes the follicles enlarge and become follicular cysts. This situation affects the normal ovulation and pregnancy rate, which is one of the reasons for the low reproductive capacity of giant pandas. In order to improve the ovulation of giant pandas, exogenous gonadotropins can be properly used to activate ovarian function. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was used to stimulate the growth of follicles around oocytes, and then luteinizing hormone (LH) or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was used to promote ovulation. 1From April to May, 1989, Chengdu Zoo used this method to make giant pandas "disgusted" and successfully gave birth to their offspring "Stars" and kept them alive. In addition, Chen once analyzed the content of 17 steroid in the urine of male animals, and thought that the lack of androgen secretion in male giant pandas was the main reason for the low sexual desire of male giant pandas. Appropriately increasing foods containing more cholesterol and injecting a certain amount of androgen during estrus are beneficial to the reproduction of giant pandas.
Some scholars believe that the use of exogenous hormones can not only be conducive to the estrus and reproduction of giant pandas, but also make the mother's milk sufficient, which is conducive to the healthy growth of cubs. However, giant pandas that can normally estrus should not use exogenous hormones. Improper use will lead to multiple estrus peaks in one estrus cycle.
In the wild, the male and female animals of giant pandas usually live alone, and each individual's activity range is about 4-7 square kilometers, so its population is usually composed of scattered individuals. Each individual lives in the same environmental conditions, shares the food sources in the same area, is interdependent and constrained, and naturally combines into a unified whole.
The giant panda's face lacks expression. Generally, communication between populations is maintained through sight, smell and hearing, among which smell is the most important. There is a bare area on both sides of its anus, which is the location of perianal glands. This gland can secrete a substance that smells sour. Perianal gland secretions are often smeared on the base of tall tree trunks or other prominent objects such as stones and mounds, and feces and urine are also used as markers for mutual recognition, indicating their geographical location.
The pupil of giant panda's eyes looks like a domestic cat, which shows that it has the characteristics of Nocturnal Animals. The sounds made by giant pandas are complex, so experts have adopted the method of sound spectrum analysis of their distinguishable calls, referring to their behaviors, so as to analyze their biological significance such as instinctive behavior, courtship behavior, emotional state and so on. The results show that the adult cries of giant pandas consist of 65,438+02 distinct cries and wheezing sounds, and the significance of their sound signals can be expressed as occupying territory, looking for a spouse, raising young, being threatened, etc., including barking, low barking, barking, growling, screaming and screaming, as well as exhaling, bulging nose and smacking. The newborn cubs of giant pandas have monotonous cries, including "squeak", "wow" and "goo goo", indicating physiological phenomena such as hunger, physical discomfort or the need for defecation. At the age of 9 months, they will moan, stick out their noses and bark like Niu Jiao and dogs, which is close to adulthood. With the increase of age and weight, their calls become more and more complicated.
Most of the giant panda's caves are located at the base of hollow trees or in the hollow of tree holes in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests. Tree holes are formed by human beings cutting several shafts at the base of the tree or rotting and perforating for other reasons and communicating with the outside world. There are generally 20-40 cm thick rotten sawdust, sundries and rotten blocks in the cave. The hole in the tree is surrounded by roots. These caves or nests are dominated by tall fir trees, with relatively hidden environment, rich food resources nearby and good hidden conditions. The structure of the built bird's nest is relatively simple and rough. The padding inside is usually in the form of a shallow disc, which consists of dozens of dry branches or fresh branches with tender leaves, cold arrow bamboo, rattan, wood blocks, moss and so on. Branches or bamboo branches are generally 0.5-2 cm in diameter and 10-200 cm in length. Tree species are fir, birch, wild cherry, azalea, flower pull and so on. There are many traces around the nest, such as bedding, hair, feces, lying holes, paw prints, tooth prints, leftover food and so on. The ground in front of some caves is steep, so it is inconvenient to get in and out. It uses fresh or dried branches of Abies, Rhododendron, Betula platyphylla and Hua Qian with a diameter of 2-7 cm and a length of 40- 190 cm to pile up into bedding with a thickness of several tens of centimeters. In and out of the cave, you walk on bedding, and it takes a long time to walk smoothly.
Ancient name of giant panda
The giant panda is a kind of rare animal in China, which has been recorded for more than 3000 years. With the deepening of time series and people's understanding of it, its name is constantly evolving.
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White fox "two ya"
Tapir (hù) (youngest son) "Er Ya".
Zhi Yi Kong Zhu Jing, Lu Ji (Wu) Zhu, Er Ya, Guo Pu Zhu and Er Ya Yi.
Book of rites
Bai Yi (pí) Lu Ji's Shi Mao Eta Ursae Majoris.
Comment on Zhuangzi.
Mount Emei in Pitching.
In the corner is Hongya county annals.
Ganjiang (referring to the name of a male animal) is dimensional and elegant.
Raccoon (refers to the name of the female animal), the second dimension, and the second meaning.
Erya, Compendium of Materia Medica, Ping Zan by Bai Juyi, Biography of Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Shuowen, Nan Zhongzhi, Old Tang Book, Sima Xiangru Shanglin Fu, Leibo County Annals, Youyang Zhi Zhi (n
New Theory, Zoological Classics, Guangya, Zhili Lizhou, Houhan, Zhongshan Classics, Guangzhi in Shu, Youyang Magazine, and Badong County Annals (referring to Zigui)
Xuanzang's Wang Huipian.
Bai Bao Luji's Shi Mao Eta Ursae Majoris and Erya.
Meng Bao's Zhong Shuguang Ji.
Meng's beast Zhong Shuguang Ji.
Bite the iron nerve.
Guang Ji of Iron-eating Animals in Shu, Fu in Jin and Shu, Beichuan County Records, Youyang Zhili General Records, etc.
Jelly Lin's Er Ya.
Giant panda and red panda
The modern name of the giant panda (the popular Chinese name in China) was originally given by the author.