Genghis Khan Cemetery is located in Aobao, southeast of Ateng Xilian Town, Ejinhoro Banner, Inner Mongolia. Looking from here, it is a magnificent scenery unique to the grassland, with green grass, birds and flowers, and picturesque scenery. The mausoleum is a yurt-style hall, elegant and magnificent.
The mausoleum of Genghis Khan is known as the "Eight White Rooms". As the name implies, Babaifang is composed of eight white buildings, which is magnificent and has a strong Mongolian national style. There are main buildings such as main hall, east hall, west hall and back hall, and the halls are connected by halls. The main hall is the center of sacrificial activities and the most spectacular. There are two flagpoles in front of the temple, and there is a tower-shaped incense burner in the middle of the flagpoles, with two bells hanging on it. The breeze is blowing, the bells are crisp and sweet, and the sound is lingering in all directions. The hall is located on a gorgeous granite pedestal, surrounded by finely carved jade railings. The top of the hall is a yurt vault, covered with blue and yellow glazed tiles, creating a rich and elegant pattern of Yungou Gallery, and five gold-lettered vertical plaques of "Genghis Khan Mausoleum" are hung under the octagonal cornice. In the hall, a huge portrait of Genghis Khan hangs in the center. His silver beard fluttered over his chest and his eyes were burning, which fully showed the heroic spirit of that year. On both sides of the portrait are silver, red and fringed spears, and in front is the altar of rosewood with the saber used by Genghis Khan. The walls of the hall are carved with scenery, grass and livestock, which is fascinating. The purple carpet on the ground makes the atmosphere in the hall very solemn.
Genghis Khan died in the army fighting in Lingzhou, Xixia, but why was the coffin placed on the Ordos grassland? There is a magical legend: More than 700 years ago, Genghis Khan led the Mongolian army westward. When passing by the Ordos grassland, he saw the endless green grass, white clouds of white sheep floating in the depths of the grassland, and birds singing and Luming Literature from time to time. Genghis Khan sat on horseback, intoxicated by the beautiful scenery, and could not help but admire: this is the place where Xia Xing declined, where Taiping Sheng Bang lived for a long time, where the plum blossom deer grew up, and where the white-haired old man rested. I think it's beautiful here, so bury me here after you die! Say that finish will be in the hands of a whip into the grass. After Genghis Khan's death, the coffin was transported to the legendary Yijinhuoluo Banner, which was praised by Genghis Khan, and was solemnly buried. After receiving the obituary, the royal princes immediately came from the occupied area of Eurasia to attend the funeral. During the funeral, a huge tent was set up in the cemetery. There is a wooden pedestal in the tent. Genghis Khan's body was placed on a wooden pedestal. In front of the wooden pedestal, there is a table with various sacrifices on it. The offerings are rich and unique, with fat whole sheep and sweet milk, and a mare and a stallion tied to the account. This memorial ceremony is the custom of Mongols.
In order to commemorate the great Khan who made outstanding contributions in the history of Mongolian reunification, the Mongolian people hold several grand sacrificial activities every year. One of the most grand is the Sulu Yuanbao held on March 17th of the lunar calendar every year. "Sulu ingot" means "spear" in Mongolian, which symbolizes Genghis Khan's outstanding military talent and superb martial arts. According to legend, Genghis Khan was once defeated in the battle of tuul river, when he knelt down and kowtowed to God for help. This is a big black Sulu ingot falling from the sky. He was so happy that he wanted to reach out and pick it up, but Sulu ingot stopped in mid-air. He quickly made a wish to the gods that he would use 1000 sheep as a memorial, and the Sulu ingot fell. Since then, the Mongolian people have maintained the custom of paying homage to Sulu ingot. Every year on the 17th day of the third lunar month, Mongolian people gather from all directions, and the memorial service begins with melodious Mongolian classical music. First of all, they made three rounds of toasts to the mausoleum of Genghis Khan and read aloud "Song of War" and "Sulu Ingot". Then the priest led everyone into the main hall, knelt on the carpet and held a memorial service for the portrait of Genghis Khan.
Ming Zhongdu Huangling
Zhongdu Mausoleum, the tomb of Zhu Yuanzhang's parents, is located in the southwest of Fengyang County, Anhui Province, the capital of Zhongming. The mausoleum is tall and majestic. It climbed to the top of the tomb and looked around. In the south, there are hills stretching for hundreds of miles. The Huaihe River in the north flows eastward, and the terrain in the east and west corners gradually becomes the insole. The imperial tomb leans on the mountain peak and climbs the Huaihe River, just like lying on a huge recliner.
Zhu Yuanzhang's parents are from Fengyang, Anhui Province, and their families are extremely poor and have no land. Later, a plague spread in this area. In less than 20 days, Zhu Yuanzhang's parents died one after another. Because the family was poor and had no money to sell coffins, Zhu Yuanzhang and his brother carried their parents' bodies and buried them in the mountains. Legend has it that when they were approaching the foot of the mountain, suddenly there was lightning and thunder, and it rained cats and dogs, so they had to put down their bodies to hide from the rain. At dawn the next day, Zhu Yuanzhang and his younger brother looked at each other and saw the mound towering above their parents' bodies. Zhu Yuanzhang said that in the second year, the emperor built the imperial tomb on his parents' grave, which lasted ten years. The Mausoleum is magnificent in scale, and there are a lot of exquisite stone carvings in the park, which are as magnificent as the Ming Tombs and the Ming Tombs. Unfortunately, most of the buildings in the cemetery were destroyed at the end of the Ming Dynasty and wiped out by the peasant rebels.
The Shinto stone statues in front of the tomb cemetery are tall and beautifully carved, all of which are carefully carved with huge bluestones. Among them, the stone horse is a masterpiece among the group sculptures. The stone horse carries a brocade saddle, screams with its head held high, and its mane is swaying, making it lifelike. It is said that from a distance, horses traveling from the south to the north will always break free from the reins and run to Shima to jump happily, which is true. It can be seen that the carving skills are superb.
There are only two stone tablets left in the cemetery, namely "the imperial tomb tablet" and "the tablet without words", both of which are spectacular. The inscription on the tomb tablet was written by Zhu Yuanzhang himself, describing his family background, personal experience and the eventful autumn when he joined the rebel army, crossed the river eastward and established the Ming Dynasty. The writing is easy to understand, sincere and powerful. There is no word tablet, which shows that Zhu Yuanzhang's ancestors have boundless merits and it is difficult to express them in words. This monument is divided into three parts.
Zhongdu Mausoleum was the first mausoleum in Ming Dynasty. Its luxury regulation continued the tradition of Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, created the style of Ming and Qing Dynasties, and occupied an important position in the history of China ancient mausoleum system.
Ming Taizu Xiaoling Mausoleum
Xiaoling Mausoleum is the burial tomb of Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress of Ming Dynasty, located at the foot of Mount Everest in Dulong Mansion, Zijin Mountain, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. Purple Mountain is magnificent and beautiful. Since the Six Dynasties, the poem "middle plate, stone residence" has been circulated, so it is called "tiger living in dragon plate". Play under Mount Everest, the spring valley is deep, the purple air is transpiration, and the clouds and mountains change day and night. Shortly after Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne, he chose this place as the mausoleum site.
The scale of Xiaoling Mausoleum is huge, and the building highlights the dedication hall to show respect for imperial power and achieve the purpose of consolidating feudal rule.
The front of the cemetery is Xiamafang, and the inscription "All the officials dismount" is a symbol of the majesty of the mausoleum. Twelve pairs of stone statues are arranged on both sides of Shinto in front of the mausoleum, including two pairs of stone lions, two pairs of stone lions, two pairs of stone camels, two pairs of stone unicorns, two pairs of stone horses and two pairs of stone horses. The two stand opposite each other and have vivid shapes, which are more spectacular than the stone carvings in the tombs of the Tang and Song Dynasties. Among them, stone statues and camel are the highest, which are masterpieces of stone carving art in the early Ming Dynasty. There are four pairs of stone Weng Zhong in front of the tomb, waist high and short. Arranged in a kilometer with the stone beast, it symbolizes the ceremonial and bodyguard that Zhu Yuanzhang had before his death, and has the poem "Stone Wind Weng Zhongli, hesitating to call the class in the middle of the night".
The Shinto of Xiaoling starts from Shiwangzhu, turns to the north, is crescent-shaped, and half holds a hill, which is called "Sunlinggang". It's rare to see a divine turn in the mausoleum of Hadrian. The Shinto of the Ming Tombs spared Sun, because there is a mausoleum of Sun Quan, the Emperor of the Three Kingdoms. According to historical records, it was suggested that Sun Quan's tomb be removed when the mausoleum was repaired, but Zhu Yuanzhang refused, saying, "Sun Quan is also a good man, so stay as the door master." In this way, Shinto had to bypass it.
Xiaoling Mausoleum was destroyed when the Qing army entered the customs, leaving only the Taiwan tomb and the column tomb. It is really "the grass and trees are all soldiers, so the stone horse is buried in the tomb, and the bronze camel cries when there is no light on the moon."
Ming Tombs
The Ming Tombs, located at the southern foot of Tianshou Mountain, which is 10 km north of Changping County, Beijing, are the largest tombs in the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Tombs include the Changling Mausoleum of Judy, the Xianling Mausoleum of Renzong Zhu Gaochi, the Jingling Mausoleum of Xuanzong Zhu Zhan, the Yuling Mausoleum of Yingzong Zhu Qizhen, the Mausoleum of Xianzong Zhu Jianshen, the Tailing Mausoleum of Filial Piety Zhu Youtang, the Kangling Mausoleum of Wuzong Zhu Houzhao, the Yongling Mausoleum of Sejong Zhu Hougui, the Zhaoling Mausoleum of Mu Zong Zhu Zaihou and the Dingling Mausoleum of Shenzong Zhu Yijun. The mausoleum covers an area of more than 40 kilometers, and the mountains on the east, west and north sides stand like arches and screens. Mangshan Mountain and Huyu Mountain are in the south, and the majestic Grand Palace Gate is located between the two mountains, which is the gateway to the mausoleum area. The whole mausoleum area is unique and magnificent. From the time Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was selected as a mausoleum site to the end of the Ming Dynasty, after more than 200 years, the cemetery was continuously built and became a large-scale and well-built mausoleum complex.
Chang ling
Changling is the place where Emperor Judy and Empress Xu were buried together.
Judy is an emperor with great achievements. He once asked Jie Jin, a bachelor of imperial academy, to be responsible for gathering 3,000 scribes from all over the world, wrote the unique Yongle Grand Ceremony, and personally prefaced it. This unprecedented masterpiece has become a treasure house for the study of China's history, literature and art. He also directed Zheng He, the eunuch, to make six voyages to the Western Ocean, covering more than 30 countries in Asia and Africa, which promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the Ming Dynasty and these countries and regions.
Changling is large in scale, magnificent in momentum and reasonable in layout. It is a masterpiece in the history of ancient architecture in China. The cemetery runs through the north and south and consists of three courtyards. The first yard is from Shibeifang to Lingenmen. Located at the southernmost tip of Shinto in the Ming Tombs, Shibeifang is carved from white marble and crystal clear. Six pillars stand empty, with blue sky above and white clouds below. From a distance, they are like colorful clouds floating between heaven and earth, just like the mythical worse.
To the north of Shibeifang is Dahongmen, the gate of the cemetery. It sits facing south, with three holes, yellow tiles on the Dan wall and an eaves on the top of the mountain. It is solemn and majestic. The yellow glazed tile roof complements the scarlet door wall, and the colors are harmonious and attractive.
To the north of Dahongmen is the Changling Monument Pavilion. There is a stone tablet with a dragon head and a turtle falling, which describes the life experience of Ming Chengzu. It's all eulogies. Among the Ming Tombs, only the Changling Monument Pavilion has words to practice, and there are no other tombs. There is a Chinese watch at each corner of the pavilion, and the base and the body of the watch are embossed with dragon patterns and moire patterns, which are called "looking up to the sky" and "looking back to the king" It means that I hope the king will not be greedy for the palace, but will go out and understand the people's feelings. I also hope that the king will not linger outside and return to North Korea as soon as possible, so as to avoid national affairs being left unattended.
The second courtyard is the Temple of Ryan. This is the most magnificent building in the Ming Tombs, and it is a place where "clothes and sticks are hidden and artifacts are recommended for a living". The ceremony was all made of precious nanmu. After more than 500 years of wind and rain erosion, there was no inclined deformation, which showed the superb architectural skills of ancient Chinese craftsmen.
The third courtyard consists of an inner red gate and an open building. Neihongmen is the gatehouse between Lingen Temple and Baocheng. Because it is close to the Mausoleum of Zhu Di, the painted color of the inner red door is deep and solemn, which makes the officials in Jiaoling feel a sense of fear as soon as they enter the door.
The architecture of Changling is majestic, solemn and profound, which reflects one aspect of politics, economy and culture in the early Ming Dynasty with its unique architectural art.
Three Tombs in Early Qing Dynasty
Before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, Fuling in Nuerhachi, Zhaoling in Huang Taiji and Yongling in Qingyuan Zu were collectively called "Three Tombs in the Early Qing Dynasty". The mausoleum building before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs not only carried forward the tradition of ancient architecture in China, but also had a unique local style. Different from the East-West Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty, it combines the natural scenery of the Mausoleum with the feudal castle-like architectural layout, and the Mausoleum is full of simplicity, solemnity and mystery.
Yongling
Yongling is the graveyard of Nurhachi's distant ancestors, great-grandfathers, fathers, uncles and their wives. Nurhachi is in Xinbin County, Liaoning Province. It is backed by Yun Qi Mountain, facing the Perilla River and facing Chimney Mountain. Yongling cemetery is small, but the depth of field is wide and the scenery is beautiful, just like a red leaf dotted in the mountains.
The cemetery is surrounded by red walls, and there are four monuments in the south gate. There are many stone tablets and thousands of inscriptions, all of which are praise to ancestors. To the north of the exhibition hall is Yun Qi Hall. Yun Qi Hall is a place for ancestor worship and the main building of the cemetery. It has a yellow glazed tile roof, and the walls of the hall are inlaid with colored glazed dragons. There are warm pavilions, treasure beds and shrines in the temple, and there is a silk burning pavilion in front of the temple. To the north of Qiyun Temple is Baocheng, surrounded by tombs, all of which are sealed from the ground. Under the seal is the underground palace, which is mostly deboned and may have clothes. There is an old elm tree in Yongling cemetery. Emperor Qianlong traveled east to Yongling and wrote a poem "Ode to the Tree of God" for him. He also wrote a calligraphy in calligraphy and carved a stone tablet in the annex hall.
Yongling Mausoleum is the smallest of the three mausoleums in the early Qing Dynasty, because none of the tombs were emperors before their death, and they were not weighed. Only ancestors showed them to their sons.
Fu ling
Fuling is the mausoleum of Nurhachi and Empress Gao, also known as Dongling. Located in the hilly area in the eastern suburb of Shenyang, Liaoning Province, it faces Hunhe River in front and Tianzhu Mountain in the back. Song Wan is lush and green, and its main hall, Lingyun, mountains and hills are integrated with natural scenery, which has a unique style.
Fuling covers an area of190,000 square meters. On both sides of the cemetery, there are Xiama Monument, Stone Chamber, Huabiao and Stone Chamber. The door is full of pine trees. Entering Lingmen Pass, the terrain gradually rises, with more than 100 stone steps winding between pine forests and climbing the Panshan Mountain. There is a feeling of "steep mountain, winding trails, deep and towering, and unpredictable ghosts". Climb the steps, cross the stone bridge and face the monument. In the monument, there is a "Monument to the Holy Virtue of Ganling in Qing Dynasty" inscribed by Kangxi himself. Behind the monument is an ancient castle-like square city, which is a place of sacrifice and the main building of the cemetery.
Emperors in Qing Dynasty attached great importance to offering sacrifices to their ancestors, and offered sacrifices as many as 30 times a year. There are four kinds of sacrifices: big sacrifices, side sacrifices, small sacrifices and special sacrifices. The festival is held at the beginning of Tomb-Sweeping Day, Mid-Autumn Festival, winter solstice and spring every year. The side sacrifice was held on the anniversary of the death of Nurhachi and Empress Gao. Small sacrifices are held on the first and fifteenth day of the lunar calendar every month. Special offerings are temporary offerings of national gifts. Sacrificial objects have certain specifications and quantities. During the reign of Shunzhi, it was stipulated that a cow, a sheep and a pig should be used for the big sacrifice, and fruit wine, incense candles and silks should be served as congratulations and gifts. After the middle of Qing Dynasty, refugees rebelled constantly. In order to seek the help of the ancestors "heavenly spirits" and protect the stability of the Qing dynasty, the rulers of the Qing dynasty further expanded the scale of sacrifice. The sacrifice was increased to two cows and four sheep, with 800 Jin of flour and 400 Jin of oil. Every year, it costs 52 thousand silver to sacrifice Fuling alone.
Fuling River is surrounded by water, and the mountains are like arches, which are quiet and solemn. The cemetery buildings with red walls and yellow tiles are hidden in the lush pines, blue sky and white clouds, and the mountains and cemetery buildings are skillfully integrated into the mountains and rivers, which is extremely beautiful and harmonious. After liberation, Fuling has been renovated and taken on a new look, becoming a popular place for people to visit ancient times.
Zhao Ling
Zhaoling is the largest and best preserved mausoleum among the Three Mausoleums in the early Qing Dynasty, and it is also the mausoleum of Huang Taiji in the Qing Dynasty. Zhaoling Lingshan is artificially built, known as Long Ye, covering an area of180,000 square meters.
The whole mausoleum can be divided into two parts, from Ma Xia Monument to Dahongmen, which is one part. There is a Ma Xia tablet in front of the mausoleum, and the inscription reads "Officials below the Prince dismount here" in Manchu, Han, Mongolian, Tibetan and Hui languages to show the sacredness and solemnity of the mausoleum.
The second part of the mausoleum is from Dahongmen to Fangcheng. Dahongmen is inlaid with colorful glazed dragons. There are stone carvings, China watches and six pairs of stone beasts in the door. The sculpture is very exquisite and has high artistic value. Among them, the stone horses "Dabai" and "Xiaobai" are said to be carved from two horses that Huang Taiji loved before his death. They are full of heroic spirit and can be compared with the six horses in Zhaoling of Emperor Taizong.
The third part of the cemetery is the huge square city and the treasure city behind it, which is the main body of all the buildings in the cemetery. The Long 'en Hall in Fangcheng is a solemn place for offering sacred cards and sacrifices. There is a stone tablet of "Emperor Taizong's Mausoleum" on the upper floor of the Ming Dynasty. There are turrets in the four corners of Fangcheng, which integrates the castle-like architectural art in the early Qing Dynasty with the architectural style of traditional cemetery in China, bringing out the best in each other. There is a half-moon-shaped treasure dome in the middle of the treasure city, which is the underground palace where Huang Taiji and the queen are buried together, and Long Ye Mountain is in the north, which is very spectacular.
Royal Mausoleum in Eastern Qing Dynasty
Qing Dongling is located at the foot of Changrui Mountain in Zunhua County, Hebei Province. It is the largest mausoleum built after the Qing dynasty entered the customs. The whole mausoleum is divided into front circle and back dragon. The front circle is the cemetery building area, and the back dragon is the north corner of the mountain mausoleum building, which covers a wide range.
Dongling is backed by Changrui Mountain. According to historical records, this place was chosen by the emperor shunzhi himself. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the emperor shunzhi once went hunting and happened to come to the foot of Changrui Mountain. He stopped to look around and exclaimed, "This mountain is full of gorgeous kings who can let me live in the palace." After that, he took Pei a long way and said to his courtiers, "The place where he landed is a cave." This opened up the first mausoleum area after the Qing dynasty entered the customs. The layout of the mausoleum in the East of Qing Dynasty is centered on Xiaoling Mausoleum, with Emperor Kangxi's Jingling and Emperor Tongzhi's Hui Ling in the east, Emperor Qianlong's Yuling and Emperor Xianfeng's Dingling in the west. More than 150 people were buried in the cemetery, including five emperors and fifteen queens, and many imperial concubines, nobles, Chang Chang, Wuji, Gege and brothers.
Xiaoling
Xiaoling Mausoleum is the emperor shunzhi Mausoleum under the main peak of Changrui Mountain.
Xiaoling Mausoleum is the main building of Dongling in Qing Dynasty. In front of the cemetery stands a stone arch, all made of white marble. It is embossed with "Dragon Playing with Beads", "Double Lion Bowling" and various gold lacquer decorative patterns with large spirals. Exquisite knife work and magnificent momentum have become the most representative works of stone carving art in Qing Dynasty. Next to the stone archway is Dahongmen. Dahongmen is the gateway to Xiaoling Mausoleum and the whole Qing Dongling Mausoleum. The red wall is elegant and solemn. There is a stone tablet in front of the door, which reads "Officials are waiting to dismount here".
Go through Dahongmen, and you will see the monument building. There are two tall "Shengde Shen Gong Monuments" in the middle of the monument building, and the emperor shunzhi's life achievements are engraved in Manchu and Chinese respectively. It is a political and military aspect in the early Qing dynasty, which reflects the ruling policy and smooth management strategy of Manchu rulers after entering the customs from different angles.
Longfeng Gate is located in the middle of Shinto, with three floors, three doors and six columns, covered with colored glazed tiles and decorated with auspicious patterns of dragons and phoenixes. It shows the remoteness of Shinto and the beauty of the scenery. Crossing Longfengmen is a seven-hole bridge. It is the largest and most interesting stone bridge in Dongling. The bridge is full of white marble, and the materials are various. If you knock along the railing, you will hear the sound of five scales, which is called the "five-tone bridge".
At the northern end of Shinto is the majestic Long 'en Hall, which is the main place for holding sacrificial activities and the main building of the cemetery. In order to admire the imperial power, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty spared no expense to decorate the Long 'en Hall, surrounded by golden dragons.
Yuling
The situation of Dongling underground palace in Qing Dynasty is most representative of Qianlong Imperial Palace.
Yuling underground palace is an arch structure, all made of carved or processed stones, covered with various Buddhist scriptures and pictures, just like an underground Buddhist art stone carving hall. Although the underground palace is illustrated, it is not messy. On the contrary, it gives people a feeling of mutual foil and integration, which fully embodies the high development of stone carving technology in Qing Dynasty.
Putuoyu Ding Dong Mausoleum
Ding Dong Mausoleum of Cixi is a group of empress mausoleums with luxurious specifications and relatively complete system in China.
Ding Dong Mausoleum has been built for ten years. However, Cixi was always dissatisfied and spared no expense to demolish and rebuild. The rebuilt Long 'en Hall is resplendent and magnificent, which makes people seem to have entered the golden world. There are sixty-four golden dragons and jade pillars in the temple, all made of extremely precious Huang Huali wood. The golden dragon is controlled by a spring, and the leading dragon must be able to sway with the wind and fly and soar in the air like a real dragon. There are colored stone dragons and phoenixes in front of the Long 'en Temple. Cixi used the technique of sudden carving to make the phoenix on top and the dragon on the bottom, which constituted a scene of golden phoenix playing dragons, which fully reflected the unique intention of this political careerist.
The underground palace of Ding Dong Mausoleum of Cixi is more luxurious than Qianlong. There are countless treasures in the underground palace. Among them, a night pearl contained in Cixi's mouth can be closed alone, showing a transparent and dull shape. When you close it, there is green cold light, and you can see your hair within a hundred steps at night. Until the night before the underground palace was closed, there were all kinds of rare treasures in it, which were extremely luxurious and shocking.
Qingxiling
Qing Xiling is located at the foot of Yongning Mountain in Yixian County, Hebei Province, more than 20 kilometers east of Beijing/kloc-0. It is another large cemetery area built after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, and it is also a relatively well-preserved royal cemetery. Yu Ling starts from Qifengling in the north, Dayan Bridge in the south, Lianggezhuang in the east and Zijingguan in the west, covering an area of 800 square kilometers in Fiona Fang.
There are four mausoleums in the mausoleum: Yong Zhengdi Tailing Mausoleum, Jiaqing Emperor Changling Mausoleum, Daoguang Emperor Muling Mausoleum and Guangxu Emperor chongling. There are also many tombs of Hou Ling, Ling Fei and Princess. The opening of the Qing Xiling Mausoleum began in Yong Zhengdi.
There is also an unfinished tomb in the late Qing Dynasty, which is the tomb of Fu Yi, the last emperor of China. After Fu Yi's death, her ashes were buried in Babaoshan Cemetery. 1994, Fu Yi's ashes were buried in Qing Xiling.
residue
According to the system of "the son was buried with his father, and the ancestors inherited it", Yongzheng should have been buried with his father, but Yongzheng opened a trillion-dollar domain and built Tailing in yi county, hundreds of miles away from Dongling. The reason is that it is said that he tampered with Kangxi's testament, and the throne was wrong. He felt guilty and didn't want to be buried next to his father.
It took eight years to build Tailing. Tailing Mausoleum is the largest mausoleum in Qing Dynasty and the core of Xiling. There are three tall and exquisite stone archways and a Shinto with a width of more than ten meters and a length of five kilometers, which runs through the north and south of the mausoleum. There are three pairs of stone beasts, a pair of civil servants and a pair of military attache on each side of Shinto. Tailing stone students use freehand brushwork to outline the images of people and animals with thick lines, and then use lines as thin as embroidery to express details and patterns. It embodies the unique carving techniques of stone carving art in Qing Dynasty.
Shinto extends to the north and is the tombstone pavilion of Tailing. There is a stone tablet of Yong Zhengdi posthumous title in the pavilion, which is engraved in Manchu, Chinese and Mongolian. To the north of the exhibition hall are two rooms, East and West, which are restaurants for making and storing vegetables, fruits and snacks. The main building of Tailing is Long 'en Hall, which faces north from east to west and crosses Long 'en Gate. Long 'en Hall consists of the East-West Accessory Hall and the Main Hall. The East Hall is the place where prayer flags are placed, and the West Hall is the place where lamas recite the scriptures. The main hall is towering in the middle of the platform. The bright pillars in the hall are wrapped in gold with colorful paintings on the top. The crossbeam square is decorated with gold thread and larger gold, resplendent and magnificent.
Muling
Muling is the tomb of Daoguang, the westernmost tomb of the Qing Dynasty, with a unique shape.
According to the regulations of the Qing dynasty, the name of the emperor's mausoleum was generally decided by the later emperors, but it is said that the name of Muling's mausoleum was drawn up by Daoguang himself. On his deathbed, he said, "I admire the Northeast, and I am so impressed that it is foggy. Ho ho! Its desire is also ",and then the decree is stored in the East Warm Pavilion of the main hall. After Daoguang's death, Xianfeng ascended the throne, reread the testamentary edict, and got the message that "he longs for it, longs for it", so he was named Muling.
In the tombs of the Qing Dynasty, the regulation of Muling is the simplest, and there are no Fangcheng, Minglou, Underground Palace, Shende Shen Gong Monument, Huabiao, Stone Statue Students, etc., but the engineering quality is firm and fine. The Long 'en Temple is made of nanmu, with no painting, and the pond is painted with wax, which is exquisite and unusual. On the whole ceiling, fragrant nanmu is carved into a faucet overlooking with high relief. Breathing clouds, it is lifelike, which makes people walk into the temple, as if they were in the artistic realm of "where dragons gather and Longkou smells incense".
The wall of Muling is not hung with ash, painted red, bricked and grouted. Yellow glazed tiles are also attached to the top of the wall, and gray and yellow reflect each other. With the ups and downs of the mountain, the halls and halls around the tomb walls are clear and solemn. In particular, two welcoming pines with lush foliage and unique shapes in front of the dragon and phoenix gate add poetry and painting to Mu Ling. The trunk of a tree is slightly tilted, the branches and leaves are rounded upwards, and the edges are rolled up, which looks like a colorful plate, just like a plate that a maid worships, while another tree bends down and nods politely, as if to greet visitors humbly.
Chongling.
Chongling was built after Guangxu's death, but it was not until the demise of the Qing Dynasty that construction began. After that, Minister Liang Dingfen donated money to the elderly in Xun Qing to continue the construction, which has been completed.
Although the renovation of chongling underground palace is not grand, the quality of materials and the consumption of silver are also considerable. There are four stone gates in the tomb, each of which consists of two carved flawless jade. There is a bodhisattva statue on it. Bodhisattva wears a crown of Buddha, a cassock and a lotus seat. He stood kindly on the stone gate, guarding the door and chanting.
The bed in the underground palace is a sumeru carved with blue stone, on which the coffins of Emperor Guangxu and Queen Yulong are parked side by side. There are Tibetan and Sanskrit mantras carved around the coffin. There is a beautiful stone carving line on the coffin cover of Emperor Yulong. The whole picture has a compact layout, vivid modeling, fine knife work and gold-plated lines.
The underground palace in chongling was stolen, and the remains left by the grave robbery are still there. The quadruple stone gate was opened, and the coffin of Emperor Guangxu was cut into a big hole with a knife and axe. The coffin lid of the Jade Dragon Queen was also pried open, the jewels in the mouth of the Jade Dragon Queen were taken away by thieves, and the funerary objects in the underground palace were looted. Thieves did not find the "golden well" under the coffin of Emperor Guangxu. Archaeologists in China have unearthed more than 200 precious cultural relics, such as pearls, jade articles, jade articles and iron balls.
After renovation and decoration, chongling Underground Palace has been officially opened to domestic and foreign tourists.
Sui Wendi Tailing
Emperor Wen of Sui, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, was born in Huayin (now Shaanxi). In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, he inherited his father's footsteps and became the Duke of Sui. His daughter is the queen of Emperor Xuandi in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Jingdi became prime minister when he was young, so he was in charge of state affairs and was named Sui King. Later, he abolished Jingdi and established the Sui Dynasty, with the title of Huang Kai. It took him nine years to unify China and end the division between North and South. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty has been in office for more than twenty years, and he has made great achievements in politics, which is called "the rule of opening the emperor" in history. He implemented the land equalization system, established the imperial examination system, and established a set of relatively complete centralization, which laid the foundation for the political and economic development of the Tang Dynasty. After his death, he was buried with the queen in Tailing, in the same grave and different caves.
Emperor Wendi's mausoleum is called Tailing, near Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province today. It is near a small village in the south and Yangling Railway Station in the east. So it will be more convenient if you want to visit the Tailing Mountain on the spot. Standing in front of Tailing Mountain, you can overlook the Weihe River and see the majestic Mount Zhongnan. Throughout the Tailing, we can find that after more than 1000 years of ups and downs, it looks more and more ancient and vicissitudes. Careful observation shows that the top of the tomb is a flat rectangle, and the bottom and surrounding areas of the tomb have been dug up a lot, presumably by tomb robbers in previous dynasties. The buildings in the cemetery have long been destroyed, and now the remains on the ground are hard to find. According to historical records, there should be a towering building here.
To the south of the mausoleum is a stone tablet of the Qing Dynasty, about three meters high, which is clearly engraved with the five characters of "Emperor Wendi Tailing", written by Bi Ruan, governor of Shaanxi Province during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.
Going southeast of Tailing, not far from Jiaoling and Lingdong, there are also relics of the Temple of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty. Today, it is usually called the "altar". The walls of the original temple have long been destroyed, and now only the broken bricks and tiles can be seen. But we can easily imagine how magnificent this temple was. You can also see the remains of the building from here.
It is in these broken bricks and tiles that historians have discovered cultural ornaments and shapes with strong Buddhist colors. There are more square bricks in the shape of lotus. The center of the square brick is embossed with lotus patterns, the four corners are decorated with creeping weeds, and the beads are engraved around it, which is very beautiful and generous. In particular, a broken tile decorated with a bodhisattva statue was found here. It has a heart-shaped front with strings and beads on it, and a bodhisattva with folded hands sits in the middle. It is said that this kind of ceramic tile decorated with bodhisattva is very rare in China.
The Tailing Mausoleum of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty plays a connecting role in the history of China Mausoleum. It laid the foundation for the development of tombs in Tang and Song Dynasties. This is of great significance to the study of tailings.
Mausoleum of Emperor Yang Di.
Yang Diling is located in Beileitang Village, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province today. Tang Lei, also known as "Leipo", is said to have built the Diaoyutai here. In the Southern Dynasties, gardens, landscapes, pavilions and pavilions were the scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River. After the Song Dynasty, there was nothing left here, except a lonely tomb of Emperor Yang, which was called the "Mausoleum" by the people. Later generations wrote poems to satirize Yang Di and said:
The rise and fall of the imperial industry is heavy and romantic, especially self-evident.
But I beg to die to see Yangzhou moon, and I don't want to go back to Six Dragons.
Emperor Yang Guang of Yang Di was the son of Emperor Wen of Sui. At the age of thirteen, he was made king of Jin and worshipped as a Lord protector. When the Sui Dynasty crusaded against Chen, he was a marching marshal and was stationed in Yangzhou. Later, he killed his father and succeeded to the throne. After he acceded to the throne, he coveted extravagance and opened a canal to facilitate his own dragon boat ride. He visited Yangzhou three times and drank all day. His residence is resplendent and magnificent. He is also keen on building palaces, wasting people's money and leading to a deficit in national strength and people's livelihood. Later, Yu Wenhua and his army invaded Jiangdu Palace, and Emperor Yang Di hanged himself for fear of decapitation and dismemberment.
In the Qing Dynasty, the mausoleum of Emperor Yang was rebuilt. There is a monument erected by Ruan Yuan in front of the mausoleum, which reads "Yang Diling". Yang Di ruined mountains and rivers in the process of singing and dancing, wine and fine wine, which aroused the feelings of many literati in later generations.
Emperor Taizong Zhaoling
Li Shimin, the second son of Emperor Taizong, was made King of Qin. He made great contributions to the establishment of a unified and powerful Qin Dynasty. Later, he launched the "Xuanwumen Change" and forced Gaozu to abdicate by force and become emperor himself. In the second year, it was renamed "Zhenguan". Li Shimin was a relatively successful emperor. During his reign, the famous rule of Zhenguan appeared in history, which laid the foundation for the high development of economy and culture in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
After the death of Empress Grandson in the tenth year of Zhenguan, Taizong began to build Zhaoling. He strongly advocated thin burial, with the purpose of "sweeping away the thief's heart" and avoiding being stolen like tombs in the Han Dynasty. But in fact, the organizational system of Zhaoling is not frugal, but very luxurious. The entire cemetery in Fiona Fang is tens of kilometers long and magnificent, which is incomparable to the royal cemetery in the past. After his death, Emperor Taizong was buried in the Xuan Palace and slept with his eldest grandson, so that the queen could serve the tomb owner in the bedroom according to etiquette.
The interior of Zhaoling is gorgeous, and it is said that the calligraphy Preface to Lanting written by Wang Xizhi, a world-famous calligrapher, is among them. Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote poems describing the magnificent scenery of Gong Xuan Palace in Zhaoling.
There are 160 tombs in Zhaoling where heroes and nobles are buried. Among them are the tombs of famous historical figures such as Fang, Wen Yanbo, Jing Li and Weichi Gong. Zhaoling is condescending, with tombs on both sides, mostly in the mountains. There is a trapezoidal altar outside Xuanwu Gate in Zhaoling. Stone statues of fourteen chiefs of nationalities are displayed on the altar, and world-famous reliefs are displayed in the east and west halls of the altar? /ca & gt；