1. Jiangnan manufacturing general bureau was established.
/kloc-0 was established in Shanghai on September 20th, 865. This organization was planned by Zeng Guofan and actually managed by Li Hongzhang. It is the largest westernization enterprise founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai. It has been expanding, with more than a dozen branches, employing 2,800 engineers, capable of manufacturing guns and ammunition, ships and machines, as well as cultural and educational institutions such as translation halls and Cantonese dialect halls. But there is still a strong habit of yamen in management.
Jiangnan manufacturing bureau was originally established by purchasing the machine workshop and wharf of the American company's seventh-grade iron works in the Shanghai concession. In the same year, the machinery and equipment that the former Suzhou Foreign Artillery Bureau and Rong Hong bought from the United States arrived and merged.
2. Evolution of Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration
In the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), the shipbuilding department of the Manufacturing Bureau became independent. Formerly known as Jiangnan Wharf, the Xinhai Revolution was renamed Jiangnan Shipyard. Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau itself was renamed Shanghai Arsenal on 19 17 and closed on 1937. After the Japanese army occupied Shanghai, it merged its site and machinery into Jiangnan Shipyard. Jiangnan Shipyard was renamed Jiangnan Shipyard in 1953, and moved to Gaochangmiao Town in 1967, where equipment was expanded and machinery factory, artillery building, steam furnace (boiler) factory, foundry and shipbuilding factory were built. Covers an area of more than 70 acres. In the 1980s, shell factories, mining factories, steel mills, chestnut fire factories and smokeless powder factories were built successively. 1996 was changed to Jiangnan Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., which belongs to China State Shipbuilding Corporation.
3. Management operation
Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau is an arsenal with the largest scale and the largest budget for self-improvement. In addition to the investment of about 252 thousand yuan in that year, the main funds in the early stage came from the military expenditure of Huai army. Later, in 1867, Zeng Guofan obtained permission to obtain the tariff of 10% from Shanghai Customs as the funds of the manufacturing bureau, and it was increased to 20% in 1869, equivalent to at least 402,000 yuan per year.
The highest supervisor of the Manufacturing Bureau is Zeng Guofan, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong. But in the late Qing Dynasty, Li Hongzhang served as the following supervisor. In the early days, Li Hongzhang elected Feng Shuguang and Shen Baojing as administrative supervisors and Shanghai Daotai (Ding Richang 1865) as supervisors. The actual mechanical management work is mostly undertaken by westerners.
Jiangnan manufacturing bureau employs a large number of Chinese workers, including Manchu and Han, to operate and learn machines. Because of their professional skills, the wages of workers at that time were 4-8 times that of ordinary city coolies. These workers became the earliest group of skilled workers in modern China.
The cost of each rifle is as high as 17.4 Liang, while the cost of foreign products is only about 10 Liang.
4. Military achievements
Jiangnan Machinery Manufacturing Bureau was the largest arsenal in East Asia during Tongzhi period, which promoted the military strength and heavy industry production of Qing Dynasty. For example, from 1865, under the auspices of Li Hongzhang and Zeng Guofan, Jiangnan Machinery Manufacturing Bureau began to imitate German weapons. 1867 copied the German Mao Se 1 1mm rifle, which was the first rifle produced by China. The gun uses black powder and lead warhead, which is amazing. At 65438+. In addition to bullets, the bureau also produced the first self-made steam ship (wooden hull) Huiji in China in 1868. 189 1 year, China made steel for the first time. But generally speaking, the quality of armament production of Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau in the late Qing Dynasty was not good, such as the low level and poor performance of rifles (it is said that even the Huai army led by Li Hongzhang refused to use them), and the production cost was higher than that of direct purchase. The situation of shipbuilding is similar. After the first production in 1868, several steamboats were built one after another, but the shipbuilding speed was not fast, and the overall production cost and fuel consumption were high. As a result, it is better to buy directly from foreign countries (you can buy about two from Britain for the money to build one).
The soaring cost of arms production in the Manufacturing Bureau can be attributed to several aspects: First, almost all raw materials for production are imported. Second, the salary of personnel is high. Third, excessive procurement of materials. Fourth, there are too many people: In addition to more and more foreign consultants, many China officials and staff members use their connections to get paid. As far as officials are concerned, there were only 401870s, and the number doubled in less than ten years.
By the end of 19, Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau can manufacture 90,000 bullets, 200 mines and 2,000 guns a year.
5. Navigation in the shipping industry
The development of Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau to shipbuilding is closely related to Xu Shou, a modern scientist. Xu Shou is known as the originator of modern shipbuilding in China. Zeng Guofan said Xu Shou: "He is knowledgeable" and spoke highly of it. 1862, Zeng Guofan recommended Xu Shou to Anqing Barracks Ordnance Institute to specialize in manufacturing matters. 1867, the year after the establishment of Jiangnan manufacturing bureau, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang sent Xu Shou to the door of the bureau and stayed in Gaochang Hall. As a result, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau initiated a new era of shipbuilding.
From 1868 to 1884, Xu Shou presided over the design and construction of more than 10 warships, from light to dark, from wooden shells to armor, from 600 tons to 2800 tons, which made great contributions to the people of China to build their own ships. Especially in 1868, the first wooden mobile warship "Tianji" (later renamed as "Huiji") in China made a sensation in Shanghai. Captain 185 feet, 27.2 feet wide, 392 horsepower and 600 tons load. The hull is made of wood, the boiler is made by itself, and the main engine is modified with old foreign machines. Because it changed the history that China warships could only be imported and could not be built by themselves, Zeng Guofan, a government official at that time, personally boarded the ship for trial, praised it as "hard and handy" and named it "celestial pole", meaning "the four seas are peaceful and the business is Anji". Since then, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau has built many warships such as Hai 'an and Yuyuan Garden. The boiler and main engine are self-made, and the ship can be equipped with 26 cannons and carry 500 sailors. 1876, China's first armored warship "Golden Gull" was born in Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau. During the six years from 1905 to 19 1 1, 136 ships were built. By 19 18, four 10,000-ton ships have been built for Americans, which is the largest ship ever built by China people and the largest shipbuilding contract never signed by China. These are exactly what Li Hongzhang said in his memorial: "You can learn from outsiders to become China, so that you won't be dwarfed and prepared" and "you can resist, but you can't prove".
Although in the 84 years before the liberation of 1949, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau was renamed several times and went through hardships, the word "Jiangnan" never changed. In addition to warships, China's first steel gun, the first rifle with a rear loading chamber, these modern defensive weapons beyond the traces of cold weapons, all came from Jiangnan. From the Limmington rifle to the new musket in Germany; From the forced loading of rifled guns to the afterloading of rifled Amstrom guns, Jiangnan quickly caught up with the advanced world level in imitation. However, it was in the period of "New Jiangnan" after the founding of New China that the ideal of "taking the monthly exam every day is ineffective at any time, but I hope it will be improved in the future" was truly realized.