1709 started construction, and 1809 was basically completed, which lasted for a century. Since then, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng have been restored and expanded for more than 50 years. In the past, people called Yuanmingyuan, but it was actually Yuanming, Changchun and Hunchun (three rounds, with a total area of 347 hectares). Floor area ratio The Forbidden City covers an area of 10000 square meters and its perimeter is about 10 km.
The water area is equivalent to the Summer Palace. Three gardens are separated by walls; The former is Wanchun Garden, while the latter two parks are juxtaposed, with Yuanmingyuan on the left and Changchun Garden on the right. Yuanmingyuan is a water garden, accounting for more than half of the whole park. Some landscapes are named after water.
Surrounded by mountains and waters, there are more than 40 scenic spots 140, which combine the characteristics of several famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River at that time and the essence of ancient gardening art in China. With the artistic technique of gardens in gardens, poems and paintings are integrated into ever-changing scenes. Among them, more than 50 scenic spots directly imitate famous foreign gardens.
There is also a model of the city of Venice on the Heye River, where the emperor can enjoy the "water city scenery" thousands of miles away. Yuanmingyuan not only has exquisite furnishings and decorations, but also collects and displays China's rare treasures, cultural relics, celebrity calligraphy and painting, secret house classics, Zhong Ding treasures, gold and silver jewelry and rare cultural relics, which condenses the essence of ancient culture.
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1, site selection and gardening
/kloc-In the middle of 0/7th century, Manchu seized the Central Plains regime and established the Qing Dynasty. Because the Qing rulers lived a nomadic life in the northeast before entering the customs, the climate was cool. After entering the customs, it did not adapt to the dry and hot climate in Beijing, especially in the early years of Kangxi, when the Forbidden City caught fire, a high palace wall was built to prevent fire. As a result, the garden was built in the early years of Kangxi and lasted for more than 200 years.
2. Construction period
Yuanmingyuan was named after Emperor Kangxi. In the second year of Yongzheng, the expansion project of Yuanmingyuan was officially launched. In the first month of this year, Yong Zhengdi was sent to the tree by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and went to the Jehol paddock. Since then, most of the timber used to build Tainei, Xiyuan, Sanshan and Wuyuan Gardens has come from this paddock.
The expansion project of Yuanmingyuan in Yongzheng period generally includes extending the central axis to the south and building a palace area on the south side of the park. It strictly follows the axisymmetric form of the Forbidden City, including the newly opened Grand Palace gate, as well as the left and right outer rooms and cabinets. The value-added room at the entrance will become the main building of the Emperor Yuanmingyuan.
Expand the original garden to the north, east and west, build Qushui Island and increase exhibition halls. This part constitutes the main body of Emperor Qianlong's "Ten Scenes". The third part is the construction of Fuhai complex and its surrounding buildings. After the expansion, Yuanmingyuan covers an area of about 3000 mu.
In its heyday.
After Emperor Qianlong inherited it, he adjusted the garden landscape in Yuanmingyuan and added buildings. There are Changchun Garden and H Spring Garden in the east and southeast of Yuanmingyuan. These three gardens belong to the management minister of Yuanmingyuan and are called Yuanming Sanyuan.
In the middle of Qing dynasty, some additions and renovations were carried out in the park. The main landscape of the park is the famous "Four Scenes of Yuanmingyuan", as well as Zibi Villa, Algae Garden, Ruofan Pavilion and Wenyuan Pavilion. At that time, about 600 major garden buildings were hung with patches, which was the crown of royal gardens at all times and in all countries.
4. Burning Yuanmingyuan
1856 10, Britain and France jointly launched the second opium war with the support of Russia and the United States. At 7 pm, the French invaders captured the Yuanmingyuan. Wenfeng, Minister of Landscape Management, died in Fuhai. Chang Jin, who lives in the garden, was scared to death. From the next day, the officers and men began to rob and destroy crazily.
1860 10 10 On October 7th, after the British and French invaders entered the Yuanmingyuan, they were given the rarest things in France by the emperor and kept in the French Museum. On the second day after the invasion of Britain and France, the temptation of these items could no longer resist. The officers and men gathered together and looted the treasures of gold and silver and cultural and artistic treasures in the garden.
The British and French invaders stole the treasure of Yuanmingyuan. Because the furniture and accounts in the park were robbed, it can never be clarified. The following information or permissions can be used to manage leopards. According to the historical records of the Qing Dynasty, Yuanmingyuan only had 44 1 European clocks, which were only displayed and stored at that time. After the robbery, only one big clock survived.
Later, some lost objects taken away by bandits and invaders "abandoned the road" reached 1, 197, which was only one thousandth of the objects in the garden. In fact, most items stolen and destroyed by British and French invaders are very valuable.
Step 5 innovate
After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the China Municipal Government attached great importance to the protection of Yuanmingyuan site, and successively listed it as park land and key cultural relics protection units, requisitioned the dry land in the park and carried out large-scale tree planting and greening.
Baidu encyclopedia-Yuanmingyuan