? Wei-Jin calligraphy is the most brilliant page in the history of China calligraphy, among which it is the most famous, and as we all know, it is the bell, namely Zhong You and Wang.
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? Zhong You, a native of Yingchuan Changshe (now Changge, Henan Province), was born in the first year of Yuan Jia, the Huan Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty (15 1) and died in the fourth year of Taihe (230). ? Zhong You was born in a noble family in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and his ancestors were famous for their virtue. Great-grandfather Zhong Hao? "Gentle, prudent, knowledgeable, and knowledgeable, he has taught more than 1,000 students" (Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Biography of Sages quoted by Zhong You), and his grandfather Zhong You has never been an official because of the ignorance of the Party. His father died young and was brought up by his uncle Yu Zhong. Zhong You has not only made important achievements in politics and military affairs, but more importantly, his calligraphy achievements are often praised by people and occupy a very important position in the history of China's calligraphy.
According to Zhang Yanyuan's "A Book to Remember, a Person's Name Should Be Handwritten" in the Tang Dynasty, Cai Yong was influenced by the man of God, and passed on Cui Yuan, Moon Hee, Moon Hee, Zhong You, Zhong You, Mrs. Wei, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xizhi. It can be seen that Zhong You is the second generation of Cai Yong's calligraphy. In fact, Zhong You's calligraphy art has made great artistic achievements, and it is not limited to one school. In Song Dynasty, Chen Si's "Shu Yuan Jinghua, Qin and Han Dynasties, Wei brushwork" described the successful course of Zhong You's calligraphy, saying that he studied calligraphy with a man named Cao for three years when he was a teenager, and later learned the calligraphy of Cao and others. Therefore, Zhong You, like any accomplished scholar, is the result of hard study.
Calligraphy characteristics
Zhong You's thought that "the calligrapher's world is the same, so are the people who flow into beauty" has pushed the literary and artistic consciousness and people-oriented consciousness to the peak. He put forward the relationship between "boundary" and "human", that is, boundary is dead and human is alive, that is, the pen used for writing is dead, and the pen is alive only when it creates calligraphy through human consciousness. The "beauty seeker" is man himself, and the relationship between calligraphy and man plays a decisive role, or the art of calligraphy is to express man himself. He thought deeply about the relationship between calligraphy and people and the dynamic role of people. Zhong You's contribution in the history of calligraphy mainly includes two aspects: first, he created regular script, which laid the foundation for the development of running script; The second is to create a simple and natural calligraphy art model. Generally speaking, his calligraphy art features: simple style; Fine knot; Writing naturally; The artistic conception is deep.
Zhong You's Calligraphy Style and Representative Works
? Zhong You's calligraphy style is mainly regular script, official script and running script. Yang Xin, a native of Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, said: "The clock has three bodies, and the book of inscriptions is the best." Second, the articles of association, the secretary teaches primary schools; On the third day, I will write a book, and so will those who hear it. "The so-called inscription book refers to block letters, the articles of association refers to official script (eight-point book), and the quality book refers to running script. Zhong You's original calligraphy was lost in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Today, people see either a copy or a fake book. Generally speaking, there are "five tables", "six columns" and "three monuments"
"Five tables" refer to the declaration form, seasonal recommendation form, joint table (also called tolerance table), adjustment table and vitality table. This is the highest artistic work of Zhong You's calligraphy, but none of them are original works of Zhong You. Chu Suiliang, the right army of Jin Dynasty, said in Wang Xizhi's Bibliography that the declaration form was a copy of Wang Xizhi handed down from Tang Dynasty. Because Wang Xizhi is also a master of calligraphy, he copied Zhong You's original works very successfully, from which we can see the situation of Zhong You's calligraphy. According to Wang Sengqian, the great-grandson of Wang Xizhi, the original declaration form read:
A teacher's ink mark in the manifesto is the prime minister's love for Wang Dao, and he used it to show off his clothes when he was in a mess. After crossing the river, in the right army, the right army borrowed Wang Xiu to die, and its mother entered the coffin with her love for her son all her life, so it was not passed down. Missionaries are the right army.
Yuan Tiao, Mo Lifeng and River Street are also very important for later generations, but their achievements are also very high. The most credible report of the recommended season was collected by the imperial palace during the Tang and Song Dynasties, surrounded by imperial seals such as Li Shimin Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong, Xuanhe of Evonne of Song Huizong, Shaoxing of Zhao Gou of Song Gaozong, and Zhenshang of Qingganlong Ganlong, indicating that the above emperors had visited. After many twists and turns, it was destroyed in the thirteenth year of the Republic of China (1924), and only its photocopy has been preserved so far.
In Yuan Dynasty, Lu Xingzhi praised this watch as "noble and simple, super charming, without the beauty of flower arrangement in Jin and Tang Dynasties", and it was "the supreme ancient calligraphy, the first miracle in the world".
"Six posts" refer to the military platform of the cemetery (hereinafter referred to as the post of the military society), the post of yesterday's show (hereinafter referred to as the post of show), the post of riding in white, the post of constant bitterness, the post of snow cold and the post of Changfeng (the latter part is also called the post of Ancuo). All the "six posts" are temporary, and "Bing Xie Tie" and "Huan" are excellent works with high achievements and close to the clock body. As for the four kinds of "white riding posts", they have been copied by many people, but they are far from the clock body.
The "Three Monuments" are the historical monument of Han Yiying Libaishi (hereinafter referred to as "Yiying Monument"), the Shang Wei Zun Hao Monument and the Zen Monument, all of which are block-printed, and it is impossible to verify whether it was written by Zhong You. There is a cloud inscribed by Zhang, a poet in the Song Dynasty: "A letter from Zhong Taiwei in the later Han Dynasty", but this monument was erected in the first year of Yongxing in the Eastern Han Dynasty (153), when Zhong You was only 3 years old, which was obviously misinformed.
Posterity evaluation
? Zhong You's calligraphy is simple and elegant, with alternating font sizes, rigorous and meticulous overall layout, and has made great achievements in past dynasties' comments. Liang Wudi wrote Twelve Strategies for Viewing Zhong You's Calligraphy, praising Zhong You's calligraphy as "exquisite and exquisite, almost the same as the machine". Geng Shouwu listed Zhong You's calligraphy as "above the top grade" and said, "The clock is natural first, the time is second, and the Xuchang monument is wonderful and extremely poor." Zhang Huaiguan even listed Zhong Shu as a "miracle product". In addition, Cen Zongdan in Ming Dynasty and Liu Xizai in Qing Dynasty all spoke highly of it.
? Liu Xizai's "A Brief Introduction to Art and Literature" says: "Zhong You's calligraphy says:' The word is also a world, and beauty is also a person. "The Calligraphy of Jinghua, Qin, Han and Wei in the Bookstore also recorded Zhong You's similar words:" It is unusual to use the author's heaven and beautiful land. "The theory of calligraphy art based on heaven and earth and heaven and man refers to the natural spirit existing in calligraphy art. Applying the understanding of natural mysteries to calligraphy creation can achieve a superb realm and endow the natural spirit with a pen. It is precisely because this creation is associated with the natural Zhong Ling and Yu Xiu that it is called "extraordinary and unknown". In fact, this view mainly refers to the natural flow of books, plain and pure, and there are many people in the sky. Pursuing natural beauty in calligraphy art is an important aesthetic category in the history of calligraphy in China.
Wei Heng's "Four-body Books and Official Feelings" contains a passage from Zhong You: "The change of bird tracks is only left-handed, which is beneficial to Shu, so it is simple from now on. If the stars shine, the city is gray and the clouds shine. " This phrase is found in beginner's books, mainly about the evolution of official script and its brushwork.
Zhang Yanyuan's "Introduction to Calligraphy" contains Liang Wudi and Xiao Yan's "Twelve Ideas about Zhong You's Calligraphy". The so-called twelve ideas are flat, straight, even, dense, energetic, light, definite, complementary, missing, skillful and balanced. Mainly refers to the pen method, shelf structure and so on.