Liang Qichao received traditional education at home since childhood. 1890 tried it in Beijing, but it didn't work. On the way back to Guangdong, I passed by Shanghai, and saw an Introduction to World Geography, A Brief Introduction to Ying Huan and the translation of western books by Shanghai Machinery Bureau, which was an eye-opener. In the same year, I met Kang Youwei and voted for him.
189 1 studied in wanmu thatched cottage, accepted Kang Youwei's thoughts and theories, and embarked on the road of improvement and reform. At that time, people were collectively called "Kangliang".
1in the spring of 895, he went to Beijing again to take the exam, assisted Kang Youwei, and launched a "bus petition" for candidates to jointly petition in Beijing. Liang Qichao was very active in the Reform Movement. In Beijing, he was in charge of World Bulletin (later renamed Chinese and Foreign Journals) and Shanghai Current Affairs, and went to Macau to organize Intimate Newspaper. Many of his political views have great influence on society.
1897, head teacher of Wu Shi school in Changsha, promoting Hunan's political reform thought.
1898 returned to Beijing to participate in the "Hundred Days Reform". In July, summoned by Emperor Guangxu, he was ordered to present the General Theory of Reform, awarded six titles, and was responsible for handling the affairs of Shi Jing University Hall Translation Company.
In September of the same year, when the coup took place, Liang Qichao fled to Japan and had contact with the revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen. During his stay in Japan, he successively founded Qingyi Newspaper and Xinmin Cong Newspaper, advocating reform and opposing revolution. At the same time, it also introduced a large number of western social and political theories, which had a great influence among intellectuals at that time.
After the Wuchang Uprising broke out, he tried to make revolutionaries compromise with the Qing government. In the early years of the Republic of China, he supported Yuan Shikai, inherited Yuan Yi's intention, merged the Democratic Party with the Republican Party and the United Party, rebuilt the Progressive Party, and competed with the Kuomintang led by Sun Yat-sen for political power.
19 13, the "talent cabinet" of the progressive party was established, and Liang Qichao became the chief justice. Yuan Shikai's ambition to be emperor is increasingly exposed. Liang Qichao opposed Yuan as emperor and planned to use force against Yuan with Cai E.
19 15 At the end of the year, a war to defend the country broke out in Yunnan. 19 16, Liang Qichao went to Guangdong and Guangxi to participate in the struggle against Yuan. After Yuan Shikai's death, Liang Qichao served as the chief financial officer of Beiyang government in Duan and was supervised by the General Administration of Salt Affairs. In September, Sun Yat-sen launched a battle to protect the law. 165438+ 10, Duan's cabinet was forced to step down, and Liang Qichao also took the blame and resigned from politics.
19 18 At the end of the year, Liang Qichao went to Europe and learned many problems and disadvantages of western society. After returning to China, he preached that western civilization had gone bankrupt and advocated developing traditional culture and "saving the world" with the "inherent civilization" of the East.
From 1922, he attended a part-time course in Tsinghua University, and from 1925, he applied for the position of tutor of China Research Institute in Ren Qinghua.
1927, leaving Tsinghua research institute. 1929 died of illness.
Liang Qichao worked hard all his life and wrote 14 million words. For nearly 36 years, political activities have taken up a lot of time. He writes an average of 390,000 words every year, which shows how amazing his diligence and talent are!
Academic achievements:
Liang Qichao participated extensively in academic research and made great achievements in philosophy, literature, history, Confucian classics, law, ethics, religion and other fields, especially in historical research.
From 190 1 to 1902, he wrote China's Historical Narrative and New History, criticized feudal history and launched a "historical revolution".
After my trip to Europe, I mainly engaged in cultural education and academic research activities, focusing on pre-Qin philosophers, Qing dynasty academics, history and Buddhism. From 1922, I worked part-time in Tsinghua University, and from 1925, I applied for the position of tutor of Ren Qinghua Sinology Research Institute. The scope of my instruction is: philosopher, history of Buddhism in China, academic history of Song Yuanming, academic history of Qing Dynasty, China literature, history of China philosophy, history of China, historical research methods, etc. During this period, there are Academic Introduction of Qing Dynasty, Case Study of Mozi, China Historical Research Law, Academic History of China in Recent 300 Years, Lover Du Fu, Qu Yuan Research, Political Thought History of Pre-Qin Dynasty, and China Cultural History.
He has created a wealth of works in his life, including several collections, among which Drinking Room Collection published in September 1936+0 1 day is relatively complete. Restaurant Collection has 148 volumes, and100000 words.
Liang Qichao introduced western culture and new literary concepts in literary theory, and initiated the innovation of various styles in modern times. There are also many achievements in literary creation: prose, poetry, novels, operas and translated literature all have works in the world, especially prose.
Liang Qichao's writing style is called "new style" internationally. This "new style" with "counselor literature" as its style became the most popular and imitated style before the May 4th Movement, and it is still worth studying and studying. Liang Qichao wrote The Influence of Russian Revolution in 1905. The article begins with short and urgent words, such as the rupture of rocks, like the gushing of magma: "The lights went out, the gas ran out, the wharf stopped, the iron ore was cut, the wires were smashed, the railway was dug, the military factory burned, the newspaper office closed, the dagger appeared, the bomb cracked and the monarch escaped." In the play, the only autocratic country in the world must be in the Great Revolution! Then, it analyzes the causes, motives and policies, prospects and influences of the revolution. No wonder Hu Shi said, "Mr. Liang's article ... makes readers have to follow him and think with him!" "
In the aspect of calligraphy art, Liang Qichao studied Ou Yangxun in his early years, and then studied Kang Youwei, an engraver of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties.
Works:
China's historical research methods
The Academic History of China in the Past 300 Years
Xinmin said
The owner of the igloo said
Cultural history of China
Complete works of igloo owners
Biography of Li Hongzhang
Zeng Guo Fan, Zeng Fankuo
Liang Qichao's Tax Thought
Liang Qichao was one of the advocates of the Reform Movement of 1898, and a famous propagandist of bourgeois reformists in China at the turn of 19 and the 20th century. He advocated that the collection of taxes should be based on the principle of convenience, and the policy of light taxes and flat taxes should be implemented. At the same time, he opposed the traditional view of "fixing taxes for the people". It is pointed out that "Westerners use things necessary for people's birthdays, all of which are tax-free for the convenience of the people." China, on the other hand, took advantage of the people's urgency to levy again, such as salt policy. There are also westerners who are good at the law and have good intentions to facilitate the people. China regarded it as a plan to help the Tang Dynasty, but those who did it harassed him. Now the postal service and the like are also the same. "He suggested that we should follow the example of Britain to implement a unified tax policy, so as to facilitate the people and benefit the people and seek prosperity again. This view, which put economic development first and based on fiscal revenue, was of positive significance to the development of capitalist industry and commerce in China at that time.
Liang Qichao believes that public debt is also a kind of tax, but the difference is that "tax is directly given to the present, and public debt is indirectly given to the future", "but we will analyze our obligations today, and some of them are reserved for our descendants Sun Yuner". However, he admits that public debt is of positive significance to economic construction, and that "taxes will be collected as soon as possible, and public debt will be used as much as possible", so he thinks that although public debt increases the burden on future generations, it is also beneficial to future generations.
Anecdote:
Liang Qichao was Kang Youwei's student, disciple and assistant, but they parted ways. Liang Qichao and Sun Yat-sen are both cooperative and antagonistic. He supported and opposed Yuan Shikai. In this regard, Liang Qichao said: "This is by no means a dispute of passion, nor a dispute of power and interests, but is determined by my central idea and consistent proposition. What is my central idea? Is patriotism. What is my consistent position? Is to save the country. " "Know me and blame me, and let future generations comment on me, Liang Qichao is such a person".
In order to leave a "faithful history" for future generations, China ancient historians did not hesitate to behead them: Liang Qichao resolutely refused to be bought by Yuan Shikai, and wrote "The Change of National Style" to expose thieves and restore feudal monarchy.
1925 On the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, Xu Zhimo married Lu Xiaoman and invited Liang Qichao to attend the ceremony. Liang Qichao opposed their love affair and also advised Xu Zhimo. Due to the kindness of Xu Zhimo's father and Hu Shi, Liang Qichao agreed to attend the wedding. However, at the wedding, Liang Qichao sharply rebuked Xu Zhimo and Lu Xiaoman for their lack of feelings and gushed, which made the audience feel uproar. Xu zhimo had to beg: "sir, save some face for the students."
Liang Qichao's Sincerity and Tolerance1On March 8, 926, Liang Qichao was admitted to Union Medical College Hospital for hematuria. Through fluoroscopy, it was found that his right kidney was a little dark and was diagnosed as a tumor. After the operation, although there was a mass the size of a cherry in the right kidney, it was not a malignant tumor. However, Liang Qichao still urinated blood, unable to find the source of the disease, and was diagnosed as "bleeding for no reason". At that time, public opinion was in an uproar, pointing directly at the Union Medical College Hospital, mocking Western medicine for "treating patients as experiments or as specimens". This is a sensational case in which Liang Qichao was cut off by western medicine. Liang Qichao resolutely published the article My Disease and the Union Medical College Hospital in the Morning Post, publicly defending the Union Medical College Hospital, and stated: "I hope that the society will not use my illness as an excuse to give birth to a reactionary paradox, which will be an obstacle to the future progress of China medicine."
Liang Qichao is really interesting. Huang Miaozi wrote a new chapter about the world, including Preface to Liang Qichao, which said: "Mr. Jiang Baili is a famous strategist, but he also made great contributions to culture. After he came back from Germany, he wrote a 50,000-word history of the European Renaissance. Liang Qichao praised it after reading it, so Jiang asked Liang to preface the book. Unexpectedly, Liang Wei's preface is also 50 thousand words. I felt embarrassed, so I added a short sequence and changed the long sequence to the publication of books. Conversely, I asked Jiang Baili to make a preface. " (Excerpted from Applied Writing)
Cai Yuanpei (1868- 1940), born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, Han nationality, ancestral home in Zhuji, Zhejiang, is a democratic revolutionary and educator. He went to Germany and France for many times to study philosophy, literature, aesthetics, psychology and cultural history, which laid the ideological and theoretical foundation for his reform of feudal education. Former Chief Education Officer, President Peking University, President of Renmin University and President of Academia Sinica. He has made great contributions to the development of new culture education in China and the establishment of bourgeois democracy in China, and can be called "an academic master and a world model". He put forward the educational policy of "five educations" (military national education, materialism education, civic moral education, world outlook education and aesthetic education) and the educational proposition of "respecting nature" and "developing personality" for children. He tried to replace family education with preschool children's public education gradually through the experiment and promotion of poor children's homes, and finally realized preschool children's public education ideal. He is an advocate of modern aesthetic education in China. He advocates aesthetic education from three aspects: family education, school education and social education. He envisions aesthetic education for preschool children through three institutions: prenatal education as the starting point of aesthetic education; Let babies and their mothers live in an environment composed of natural beauty and artistic beauty; On the one hand, the aesthetic education in kindergartens is carried out through "aesthetic education topics" such as dancing, singing and handicrafts; On the other hand, we should make full use of aesthetic factors in other courses, such as "calculation and speech, and cater to their aesthetic feeling in arrangement and tone, and we should not be bored with algorithms and grammar." Its 74-year life course has experienced the Qing government era, the Nanjing provisional government era, the Beiyang government era and the Kuomintang government era. It has gone through hardships all the way, always adhered to the political concept of patriotism and democracy, devoted itself to abolishing the feudal education system, laid the foundation of China's new education system, and made pioneering contributions to the development of education, culture and science in China. Educational works include Selected Works of Cai Yuanpei's Education and Selected Works of Cai Yuanpei's Education.