Liu Gongquan (778-865) was a calligrapher of the Tang Dynasty in China. Sincere words. Jingzhao Huayuan (now Yaoxian County, Shaanxi Province) was born. once

He has served as a Bachelor of Calligraphy in the Imperial Academy, a Calligrapher in China, a Bachelor of Calligraphy in the Imperial Academy, a Prince of Taibao and a Duke of Hedong. Honest and frank temperament, dare to speak out. He was good at regular script, and widely studied the philosophers in Wei, Jin and early Tang Dynasties, which was greatly influenced by Yan Zhenqing. His book structure is tight, the brushwork is sharp, such as vigorous and powerful, and the book style is charming and vigorous, which can be compared with Yan Zhenqing's vigorous and graceful book style and is praised as Yan Gu by later generations. It has a great influence in the history of calligraphy. Liu Gongquan's ink handed down from ancient times includes "Send a Pear with an Inscription and Postscript", with inscriptions such as Diamond Sutra Monument, Mysterious Pagoda Monument, Shence Army Ji Shengde Monument, Pingxi County King Monument, Xiyang County King Yi Monument, Wei Gongxian Temple Monument, Plateau Jade Monument and Su Feng Monument. [ 1]

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The life of the character

Datang culture is brilliant, and famous artists come forth in large numbers. In the early Tang Dynasty, there were Europe, Henan, Chu and Xue. Zhang Xu, Yan Zhenqing and Huai Su were in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. There were Liu Gongquan and Shen Chuanshi in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Liu Gongquan took the banner of regular script from Yan Zhenqing and created his own "Liu Style", reaching another peak. Later generations called it "Yan Liu", which became a model of calligraphy in past dynasties.

Royal librarian occupation

In 778 AD, in the thirteenth year of Dali, Tang Daizong, Liu Gongquan was born in Jingzhao Huayuan (now Yaoxian County, Shaanxi Province). His ancestor Liu was Cao Congjun, a scholar in Taizhou, Tang Dynasty. His father was a Danzhou secretariat, and his brother Liu Gongzhuo was a famous minister in Tang Dynasty.

In the third year of Xian Zongyuan (808), Liu Gongquan, 3 1 year-old, was a Jinshi, and Hongci was admitted to the Jinshi that year. From then on, Liu Gongquan began a long career and even lived in seven dynasties: Xianzong, Mu Zong, Jing Zong, Wenzong, Wuzong, Xuanzong and Zong Yi.

During the reign of Xian Zong, Liu Gongquan was the secretary of the provincial school. "Li Tingzhen Zhou Xia has become a powerful secretary" (Old Tang Book). Li Ting and Liu have this friendship, so Liu also set up a monument for his book in his later years.

Mu Zong acceded to the throne, Liu Gongquan into the play. Mu Zongzhao Liu Gongquan said, "I saw your calligraphy in the Buddhist temple and thought deeply.

It has been a long time. "Today, thanks to the emperor's gleaning, supplemented by the Hanlin bachelor's history books, moved to the emperor to fill the vacancy and sealed Yuanwailang. Since then, he has been working in Mu Zong, Jing Zong and Wenzong Dynasty. The emperor's lucky and rich life did not bring joy to Liu Gongquan. However, there is an inescapable depression and faint shame in his heart. He loves the art of calligraphy, but he doesn't want to take it as his whole life; The enterprising spirit of making contributions is always beating in the chest. The status of the emperor's attendants is only equal to "work desire". So, his brother Liu Gongzhuo wrote a letter to Li Zongqin, the prime minister, saying, "My brother made painstaking remarks. He served the books first to see the use, and was quite grateful for his work. He was really ashamed and begged to change his rank. " So he changed the right doctor, and changed the seal of the Department, Jiro of the Ministry of War, and the Hong Wen Pavilion of Bachelor.

Tang Wenzong loved Liu Gongquan's calligraphy very much. He was also called to be a calligrapher, tried to persuade the doctor, and later turned to be a calligrapher in China, becoming a bachelor of calligraphy in Hanlin. Three years later, he was transferred to assistant minister of industry, and he transferred to bachelor's degree.

Wu Zongchao resigned from his post and authorized him to ride a regular waiter. Prime Minister Cui Xun regards it as a bachelor's degree and a court judge.

When Xuanzong proclaimed himself emperor, Zuo granted the eldest son the post, changed the guest, moved Dr. Ziguanglu, went to Zhu State, and was the founding father of Hedong County. When he returned to Zuochang, Guo Zi offered wine and looked up the history of the Ministry of Industry.

During the Zong Yi period, in the early years of Xian Tong, Liu Gongquan was changed to Prince Shaofu and Shao Shi; He died in Xian Tong for six years (865) and was given to the Prince at the age of eighty-eight.

Liu Gongquan had a successful career, but at the age of eighty-two, his reaction was a little slow because of his age. When he was decorated, he accidentally made a mistake and was impeached by Yushi. As a result, he was fined a season's salary. Emperors of all dynasties loved his calligraphy and his poetic talent, and even accepted his suggestions. Liu's life, except for a little time when he was an official outside, was basically in the capital, in the palace and beside the emperor. Throughout his life, he has been writing for the royal family, ministers and relatives and friends. Liu Gongquan is like a canary in a forbidden cage. This kind of life makes him lack of magnanimity, broad vision and broad sources of life. Yan style has been changing from monument to monument, and Liu style has become less after maturity. Yan Zhenqing is like a roaring torrent, but Liu Gongquan is like a cave water flowing in the mountains and forests. These are two different perceptions of life.

Noble character cultivation

Liu Gongquan was taught about "morality" in Liu's family instructions since childhood, so he took morality as the root and "studied classics" all his life. He has a Confucian style in life and calligraphy, and Liu Gongquan's "Pen Jian" has become a "model" for later scholars.

Mu Zong is a reclusive politician. He asked what was the use of the pen, and the pen told him, "Use your pen in your heart, and your heart is always there." You can change your capacity and know the advice of your pen. (Old Tang Book)

Mu Zong was lazy in politics, and Liu Gongquan used books as a metaphor for politics and made clever suggestions. From then on, the theory of "mind is right and pen is right" was passed down to later generations. This can be seen from Liu Gongquan's daring to speak out or gently admonish when he banned books.

Liu Gongquan's performance of calligraphy in front of emperors and courtiers is the other side of his life of "serving books". His poetic talent and literary talent made the emperor "cherish it as gold".

Despite this, Liu Gongquan's mind is not biased towards this. External glory can't dispel inner anguish. He is proficient in Confucian classics, especially poems, books, Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, Mandarin and Zhuang Zhou. Every time he explains a meaning, he has to say hundreds of words (New Tang Book). It is worth noting here that he studied Zhuangzi as well as Confucianism, and it was very subtle. At the same time, Liu Gongquan absorbed the nourishment of the soul from Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, sought complementarity and balance, and sought some detachment. He is interested in Buddhism,

There are many contacts with Taoism and various calligraphy creations. He wrote the Diamond Sutra many times, but now he only sees Dunhuang rubbings, but many people in Liushu recorded the Diamond Sutra. In addition, there are preface to Yin Fu Jing, Book of Songs, Du Fu and so on. He wrote many inscriptions and pagodas of monks in the Tang Dynasty, the most famous of which is his Mysterious Pagodas in exorcist. There are also many books and historical sites in Liuyu-Buddhist Temple, among which the famous ones, such as "Hui Yuan Guanzhong Louming" and "Fortoringi Monument" are outstanding. Liu Gongquan has both Buddhism and Taoism to comfort his soul, so he is quite detached in the rolling world of mortals. He even disdains money. He writes monuments to people and earns a lot of money every year. Domestic slaves seagull and Long An often steal their money and things, and he takes them lightly.

In addition, Liu Gongquan is also "aware of temperament", but "difficult to play music", as the saying goes: "I am proud of listening to music." Liu Gongquan has a lot of knowledge and cultivation, so the calligraphy art nourished by his mind is also swaying. Its fortitude and integrity, as well as its extraordinary Buddhist and Taoist demeanor, are all cast in Liu Shu's character. Liutizhi road

In front of Liu Gongquan, there are many famous artists. How to surpass predecessors and create a new calligraphy style in the new historical time and space is a severe challenge for Liu Gongquan. He didn't flinch, but after decades of unremitting efforts, he finally created a "Liu style" with a brand-new theory, which took on a new look in the middle and late Tang Dynasty.