Since China's reform and opening up in 1980s, people's reading and research on Historical Records and its teaching in various schools have entered a brand-new era, which can be said to be unprecedented. In this new era, what are the most inspiring and admirable aspects in Historical Records? I mentioned four points in an essay entitled Sima Qian and Historical Records in the sixth volume of Chinese in senior high school: First, I showed a progressive national view that all ethnic groups in China are descendants of the Chinese people and should live in harmony and equality and oppose oppression and plunder; The second is his progressive economic thought. It believes that it is the economy that determines whether a country is strong or not. Oppose one-sided "emphasizing the foundation and restraining the end" and advocate "paying equal attention to industry, agriculture, commerce and danger" It attaches great importance to the important role of industrialists and businessmen in the national economy and people's livelihood and sets up a monument for them. Third, it is strongly democratic and critical. Criticize corruption and intrigue within the ruling clique and oppose the war of aggression for the purpose of expansion and plunder. It attaches importance to the lower class and praises the virtues existing in the lower class. Fourth, the heroic outlook on life, life and death and values embodied in Historical Records. It praises the heroes who have made contributions to the country and the people, and it praises the spirit of perseverance, generosity and humiliation in order to realize a beautiful ideal.
It is valuable for a person to have advanced and excellent ideas, and it is even more valuable for a person to express these ideas truthfully. Living in an era when absolutism was unprecedented and Confucianism was used and mystified, Sima Qian dared to expose and criticize the ruling clique headed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and dared to denounce Confucianism and Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty represented by Shu and Gong Wei. How brave it takes! Let's look at The Book of Levelling and The Book of Zen, and see the less great side of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Let's compare The Family of Confucius with The Scholars and Biography of Tianjin Houping, and see what is Confucius' vivid and humane thought and independent personality, and what are the "Confucian scholars" and "Confucian scholars" who were "deposed" by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty? Except, probably, this is an overall tendency of Sima Qian and Historical Records, and we must first grasp it.
Historical Records, a total of 130, is divided into five parts, but it is a close whole. Therefore, when talking about the idea of one of his individual articles, we must be linked with the whole Historical Records and pay attention to its unity. For example, "Chen She Family" describes the whole process of the first anti-Qin struggle, shows the brave spirit and the great strength of the peasant uprising army, and highly praises and enthusiastically praises the historical role in the process of eliminating Qin. This is the first historical document of the peasant war in China, including the reasons for the uprising, the anti-Qin momentum, the weaknesses of the early peasant war and the historical lessons of its failure. I think this understanding of the works is generally ok, but it needs further development. Born in the Han Dynasty, it was generally acknowledged that Chen She was the official view at that time, but it did not explain what was remarkable about Sima Qian. Sima Qian also said in the preface to Taishi Gong: "Jie lost his way, Zhou lost his way and became a spring and autumn period, and Qin lost his way." People compare Chen She to ancient "saints", such as Shang Tang, Zhou Wuwang and Confucius, and their evaluation of him is almost unprecedented. How did Sima Qian do this? This needs to contact Sima Qian and the whole ideological system of Historical Records. First, out of his progressive view of history, he sympathized with the lower classes and attached importance to their strength, and never believed in "divine right of monarchy"; Secondly, Sima Qian admired Chen She's brave choice in Death. When they were caught in the rain and plotted an uprising, they said, "If you die today, you will die. How can you die if you wait to die? " They killed the general, called his disciples, and said, "A strong man will not die, but he will be nominated when he dies. What kind of prince would you rather have? " Sima Qian admired this group of "good people". Although he failed and died a few months later, his death was worthwhile and its significance was more important than Mount Tai.
Another example is The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru. Through three gripping stories, the work eulogizes Lin Xiangru's tit-for-tat and tenacious struggle to safeguard national interests and dignity in the face of powerful enemies, regardless of personal safety. On the other hand, in dealing with Lian Po's unreasonable provocation, he is patient everywhere and takes the overall situation into consideration. And praised Lian Po for correcting his mistakes and publicly admitting his mistakes. It is generally possible to understand the theme of the work to this point. However, Sima Qian said in this "Taishi Gong Gong Yue": "Knowing death is brave, it is difficult for the dead, and it is difficult for the dead. Fang Lin Xiangru led the wall column and scolded the king of Qin, who was too weak to be punished and too timid to be sent. Like a vigorous effort, the prestige of the enemy; Retreat and let go, the name is too heavy, and its wisdom and courage can be described as both! " The second half of the sentence is easy to understand, but what does the first half say "knowing death is brave, knowing death is difficult, knowing death is difficult"? How to deal with "death" and how to treat "death" suddenly returned to the question of how to make a choice in the fight to the death. Sima Qian said in his book "Bao Ren An": "A brave man doesn't have to die, fearing that his husband wants to do justice, why not"; In the Biography of Ji Bu and Luan Bu, he said: "A saint is sincere about his death, and a husband, wife and bitch who committed suicide with emotion must be brave, and his plan will never be heard again. Luan Bu wept for Peng Yue who longed for soup. He knew where he was and didn't respect his own death. Although you go to the ancient martyrs, why add it! " All this is in line with the saying in Chen She's family that "a strong man never dies, and then dies".
According to the biography of Wei Gongzi, Hou Ying suggested that you should steal the military emblem. When Wei Gongzi set out with a bugle, Hou Ying said unexpectedly, "I should follow, but I can't. Please count the days of your son's long journey and even the days of your humble army, and cut meat in the north to see him off. " Since ancient times, has anyone committed suicide as a farewell to friends? Why did Hou Ying commit suicide? It's not written in the book, but we must be clear that we can't let a hero die in obscurity. Some people say that it was Hou Ying's idea for Ji to steal the military emblem, and Wang Wei will surely find out in the future that Hou Ying might as well die early. What is the value of such a death? Does it conform to Sima Qian's view of life and death? In the Ming Dynasty, Xu Zhonghang explained: "Hou Sheng is a thief, and the plan will kill Jinbi. Why are you embarrassed? " There will always be people who can't bear to be upset, so thank you with death. Otherwise, if you report to your son, you will die. Why did you count your son to the Jinbi army and then commit suicide? So the death, the world said, and I thank for it; The death of Hou Sheng was reported to the world as a son, and I was called Xie. "Xu said makes sense, but it's no big deal. Hou Sheng's suicide strengthened the determination of Wei Gongzi to kill Jinbi and seize the relieving power. Childe is "kind", while Jinbi is "a loyal general" and innocent. At the beginning of Hou Sheng's speech, his son was crying, which was a sign of danger. If you soften your heart after meeting, the big event will go away. Therefore, Hou Sheng said in advance: "Please count the days of your son, even the day you joined the army, and you will die in the north!" "It means that I committed suicide at that time, so you can't be soft. Biography of the Assassin wrote that Tian Guang of Qin Dynasty recommended Jing Ke to assassinate Yan Taizi Dan. What he said was "and while one man guards it, every man is responsible", while Sima Qian specifically pointed out that Tian Guang committed suicide because he wanted to commit suicide to stimulate Jing Qing. Gai Houying's death, like Tian Guang's, is based on his own death to strengthen the faith and determination of Wei Gongzi, Jing Ke and other parties, which is also one of the indispensable factors of Zuo Cheng's historical feat of stealing symbols to save Zhao. Only in this way can the explanation conform to Sima Qian's view of life and death and highlight the positive significance of Hou Ying and Tian Guang's suicide. This is also a mutual understanding of the narrative in Historical Records. Yao Zhutian said: "In Hou Sheng's section, history has a total of 20 points of spirit and 20 points of pen power, which is rare in historical records. "
Third, don't blindly follow the punctuation and notes of the original Historical Records and later generations, be realistic and dare to ask questions.
There are many problems in the original text and punctuation of the general edition of Historical Records that we read today. I corrected more than 200 places in the process of making notes on Historical Records. Here are some examples. The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru tells three stories: "Returned from the Sea to Zhao", "Mianchi Club" and "Making Peace", and then writes about the battle with the famous Zhao She. The work said: "Qin conquered Korea and the army conquered it." Here, we must first find out who this "army" is. From the above article, it is natural that Qin Jun is "fighting for the army"; From the last part of this article, we can know that it was the North Korean army that surrounded Wei Xiao and Wei Xiao, not Wei Xiao. In this way, the first seven words should be "Qin cut the Korean army to the ground" and should not be ridiculed in the middle. This is one of them. Then further discussion, did Tan and Zhao belong to Korea or Zhao at that time? Is it Han Jun or Zhao Jun who is surrounded by Yu? "Historical Records of Qin Benji" said: "In the thirty-eighth year (Wang Zhao), Zhong Geng Dewll Hu attacked Zhao Wei and could not take it"; Magnolia quoted Historical Records 163 as "attacking Zhao Yu"; "The Warring States Policy Zhao Ce San" wrote that "the king of Qin ordered Wei Huyang to attack Zhao and attack the enemy"; Magnolia quotes Warring States Policy 292 as Qin Shiwei Zhao Kunhe; In the forty-five years of Wang, Tong Jian wrote that it was "Qin cut Zhao and surrounded it"; That is, in the Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, it is described that when Qin will analyze the situation that Zhao She just left the capital of Zhao with his army, he also said: "If the husband goes to the country for 30 miles, if the army can't, the base will be increased, and the land will not be Zhao." Thus, Wei Xiao and Zhao belong clearly, but Sima Qian's notes in different chapters of Historical Records are a bit confusing. Therefore, Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru can only use "Qin attacking Zhao" here.
"Biography of General Li" wrote that Li Guang was dismissed from office because of defeat, stayed at home for a period of time, and was invited to be the right Beiping magistrate. He said, "There is nothing to live in. The Huns killed the prefect of western Liaoning and defeated General Han, and then General Han moved to Beiping to the right. So the son of heaven met the right Beiping satrap. " That's what the general pass says. Han Anguo has just moved to Right Beiping, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty worshipped Li Guang as the prefect of Right Beiping. Doesn't this right Peiping have two catching heads at once? Obviously unreasonable. However, in Longchuan's textual research, the word "death" appeared in the case of "General Han moved to Beiping". Longchuan said, "The word' death' has been removed from the word' ping', and now it is based on Feng and three books of Hanshu." Press: Longchuan said yes. According to the biography of Han Chang Ru, "(Anguo) was cheated by the Huns again and lost many lives, which made him feel ashamed. Fortunately, I went home. I moved to the east, but I was suddenly unhappy. In a few months, I will bleed to death in Europe. " I know that there must be a word "death" under the "General Koryo moved to Beiping" here, and it is absolutely impossible without it.
Chronicle of the Great Emperor describes that the confrontation between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu in Xingyang has entered the third year, saying: "Chu and Han have been at loggerheads for a long time, and Ding Zhuang suffered from the army, and the old and weak stopped paying. Han Wang, Xiang Yu and Lin Guangwu. Xiang Yu wants to challenge Hanwang to be single. Hanwang counted Xiang Yu and said,' ... I killed the thief from the vassal with the righteous soldiers, and made the criminals kill Xiang Yu after the punishment. "Why challenge the public!" "General Tong Ben wrote this. Xiang Yu came to challenge Liu Bang. If Liu Bang answers Xiang Yu's "Why bother to challenge Gong", the word Gong is called Xiang Yu, and the challenger becomes Liu Bang, which is incompatible with each other. According to the logical relationship between questions and answers at that time and Liu's speaking habits, the word "Gong" here should be "Gong". "Biography of Xiang Yu" narrates that Xiang Yu challenged Liu Bang and said: "How old are people in the world, only my ears. I am willing to challenge Hanwang to showdown, not suffering from the world. " Liu Bang answered him, "I will send prisoners to clean you up. You don't deserve to call your father! " Naigong: "Your father" and "Your father" are exactly the swearing words used by Liu Bang. If you use "for the public", the question and answer are wrong, let alone express Liu Bang's psychological expression.
Four, talk about the "Historical Records" articles, where there are new archaeological excavations and unearthed cultural relics that can be cited as witnesses, they should be introduced as much as possible to confirm the text and deepen understanding.
In Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, it was written that the Qin generals defeated the Zhao army in vain, and they usually said, "Zhao Kuo went through the customs to fight, and Qin Jun shot Zhao Kuo. The army was defeated and hundreds of thousands of people surrendered to Qin, and Qin learned about it. " "Biography of Tian Lei Wang Jian" describes this incident, saying: "Including the failure of the army, 400,000 soldiers surrendered to Wu Anjun. Wu Anjun said, "Zhao Bing has repeatedly killed him for fear of chaos. "It was originally a scam to kill it, and the smallest one was returned to Zhao." "Notes on Water Classics" said: "There is a base in the west of Changping City, and Qinkeng is a pawn of Zhao. The head is closed and the platform is built in the base. It is still called "Bai Qitai". Lost Justice quoted Kuozhi as saying, "Fifty miles west of Gaoping County, Zezhou, there is a skeleton mountain man. "Are these old sayings credible or not? Many bone pits were found in Lu Yong Township, Gaoping County, Shaanxi Province. Jin and Xie Hongxi's "Tour of Changping Ancient Battlefield" thought that "the triangle centered on the foothills of Hanwang Mountain" was the place where Qin sent raiders to disperse the Zhao army, fight decisive battles with the two armies and slaughter prisoners of war on a large scale. Today's archaeological excavations and field exploration have given strong evidence.
Chronicle of Qin Shihuang describes Qin Shihuang's funeral, saying, "After three springs, I was buried in bronze and Gong Zhongqi." "Crossing the Three Springs" refers to the depth of the underground palace of Qin Shihuang, which means digging below the Three Springs. But how deep is the "triple spring"? I couldn't answer it in the past. In recent years, with the discovery of the drainage project of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, Yuan, director of the Museum of Qin Figurines, thinks that "the depth of the three springs is between 23 meters and 30 meters"; Zhu Sihong and Wang Zhiyou of the same museum believe that the depth of the drainage ditch on the east, south and west sides of the First Mausoleum is 39.4 meters. "The depth of the underground palace of the Qinling Mountains is less than the depth of the drainage ditch, that is, less than 39.4 meters."
The Biography of South Vietnam describes the descendants of Zhao Tuo, the king of South Vietnam, saying: "In the fourth year of Jianyuan, Sun Hu was the king of South Vietnam. ..... Hu Zan, Shi is king. 1988, the tomb of King Wen of Nanyue was discovered in Xianggangshan, Guangzhou. The owner of the tomb was dressed in silk and jade clothes and had eight seals on his body. The largest one is the golden seal of Niulong, and the seal script is engraved with the words "Wen Di Xing Xi", which is the largest golden seal of the Western Han Dynasty ever seen. Others are the echoes of "Zhao Heng" Fudu Niu, "Prince" Ghost Niu Jinyin, "Yin Di" Pan Long Niu and so on. According to the two seals "Wendi Seal" and "Zhao Qian" here, the owner of this tomb is Wendi of South Vietnam, named Zhao Qian. It is definitely wrong to call it "Hu" in history books.
Five, telling historical records should not only tell articles and stories, but also pay attention to its historical value and significance.
Some works in Historical Records are simple in words, vivid in stories and literary in color, so some people say that Historical Records is literature and fiction, but this is not appropriate. Let alone the words "Ji" and "Shi Jia" in Historical Records, most of which are not popular, and the stories are not very strong, and they are almost pure history; Even works with simple words and strong stories should pay attention to their historical value and significance. For example, the Battle of Maling is undoubtedly the most vivid description in Sun Tzu's The Art of War and the Biography of Wu Qi. The work first wrote that Sun Bin paralyzed Pang Juan by invading the army and chopping stoves, and then wrote: "Sun Tzu killed time in Maling. Maling Road is in Shaanxi, but there are many obstacles beside it, which can be ambushed. This is a white tree. The book says, "Pang Juan died under this tree." Therefore, the good archers of the Qi army are all crossbows, falling on the road and saying,' The fire starts at dusk'. Pang Juan's fruit went under the tree at night and saw the white book, which was a candle drill. Before he finished reading his book, the Qi army was submerged and Wei Jun was in chaos. Pang Juan knew that he was defeated by the enemy, but he gave up on himself, saying,' So it became the name of the upright man! Qi defeated his army and captured Wang Wei back. "The description here is completely novel style, and it is written about the scene of Pang Juan who was unwilling to give up before he died, unconvinced, but helpless. But this is only a partial artistic process, and the historical importance and profundity contained in it are completely beyond doubt. After Wei, Zhao and Korea were divided into Jin in the early Warring States, Wei became a superpower. Mencius has the so-called "Mo Qiang of Jin", which refers to Wei. But in the middle, because of its belligerence, it was first broken by Qi in Guiling and then by Qi in Maling twelve years later. From then on, Wei was destroyed, reduced to a second-class country and began to dominate the world. Moreover, the decline of Wei made way for the rise of Qin and its eastward advance. Wu Guoqing and Mu Zhongyue said in "The History of China War": "The Battle of Maling was the decisive battle for the Central Plains between Qi and Wei in the early Warring States Period. After this battle, Wei's national strength gradually declined, thus ending its heyday. Because the entire Sanjin power was weakened and could not be recovered, it lost the reliable power to stop Qin Jun from advancing eastward and shielding the Central Plains, and held a groundbreaking ceremony for Qin Jun's invasion of the Central Plains. " Wu's "General Military History of China" said: "The battle between Wei, Zhao and South Korea was defeated, which led to the opportunity for the Western Qin Dynasty to leave the Central Plains. "The average person only sees Sun Bin's good use of force, and both military histories point out that Wei is the way to clear the way for Qin Jun's eastward advancement, which is really superior.
The Biography of Huaiyin Hou wrote that Han Xin surrendered to Liu Bang on the eve of the Chu-Han War. At first, it was not reused by Liu Bang, but was highly recommended by Xiao He. Liu Bang began to worship Han Xin as a general. Han Xin analyzed the world situation for Liu Bang and established a strategic policy for Liu Bang, saying: "Wang Xiang is evil and arrogant, and thousands of people will abolish it; However, you can't be a wise general. It's a man's courage. When Xiang Wang saw that people were respectful and loving, they spoke with disgust and sobbed and ate. You should make meritorious service when you are knighted, and you should be knighted when you are knighted. You can't bear it. This is the so-called woman's benevolence. Although Wang Xiang dominated the world and became a vassal, he did not live in Guanzhong, but in Pengcheng. It is unfair to have the promise of betraying the righteous emperor, but to love the monarch and the minister. Everything that King Xiang did was ruined. There are many human grievances, and the people are not attached, so they are especially robbed by Wei Qianger. Although he is famous, he has lost the heart of the world. Therefore, being strong is also easy to be weak. " He suggested that Liu Bang "do the opposite". He also said: "The King of Three Qin is the general of the State of Qin, and the children of the State of Qin are several years old, so it is impossible to kill them. "He also cheated all the princes and went to Xin 'an. Xiang Wang swindled Qin to surrender more than 200,000 troops, and Han, Xin and Ming were all removed. Qin's father and brother complained about these three people, and the pain entered the bone marrow. Today, Chu Qiang is Wang Wei, and Qin Min doesn't love him. When Wang enters Wuguan, autumn is harmless. In addition to Qin's harsh laws, he wants the king in all three chapters. According to the agreement of the governors, the king is the king of Guanzhong, and the people of Guanzhong know it. Qin people all hated the king of Yue's dereliction of duty and his entry into Hanzhong. Today, Wang Dong has moved, and Sanqin can be passed on. " Yang Weizhen in Yuan Dynasty commented on this: "On the day Han Xin went to the altar, Chen Bi's paintings were sketched. As for the reason why Chu defeated Han De, the plan of Sanqin lies in Han Xin. Wang Shizhen in Ming Dynasty said, "At the beginning of Huaiyin, it was called Emperor Gao, at the beginning of Gaomi (Deng Yu), it was called Wu, and at the beginning of Wuxiang (Zhuge Liang), it was called Zhao Lie. You have to be responsible for hanging tickets, and you have to be responsible for closing tickets! Well, it can be said that it is already! "Press: Han Xin analyzed Xiang Yu's weaknesses in the case of disparity in strength between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, and pointed out that he was" strong and weak "; It also analyzes the advantages of Liu Bang and points out that Liu Bang will eventually win the world. His way of analyzing problems is exactly the same as Mao Zedong's way of demonstrating that "imperialism and all reactionaries are paper tigers" in the case of disparity between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party in 2000 1946. Mao Zedong is naturally a strategic genius, but who can say that Mao Zedong was not inspired by the analysis of The Biography of Huaiyin Hou?
In the Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, it is described that Lin Xiangru's performance in the two events of "Returning the Treasure to Zhao" and "Mianchi Meeting" is almost exaggerated to folk stories, but some actions of Lian Po have a deep sense of history. When Lin Xiangru accompanied the prince of Zhao to Mianchi to meet the king of Qin, "Lian Po sent him to the border and said to the king of Qin,' Wang Xing, in another 30 days, you can meet in the tunnel after the ceremony. If you don't pay back the money within 30 days, please make the prince king, so that you will never see the king of Qin again. "King, hence and Mianchi. Yao Zhutian commented on this: "Two things speak louder than words, and Lian Po, who belongs to the prince, was specifically discussed in Xiang Ru Zhuan, and the status of general Lian Po was added in Xiang Ru Zhuan. "Because of this prior arrangement, Qin's attempt to detain the prince of Zhao as a hostage was dashed. It was because of Lian Po's arrangement that Lin Xiangru was able to confront the king of Qin at Mianchi meeting without any worries. One thousand seven hundred years later, the "Civil Fort Rebellion" occurred in the Ming Dynasty, and Ming Yingzong was captured by the Mongols. At this time, thanks to Qian's decisive establishment of Jingtai Emperor, he fought resolutely with the Mongols to ensure the immortality of the Ming Dynasty. Before and after the verification, we also saw that Lian Po's arrangement was extraordinary.
6. Some works in Historical Records are extremely artistic and have a great influence on the development of novels and dramas in later generations. We should deeply understand the literary achievements of these works.
Historical Records is a colorful and vivid gallery of historical figures, among which 100 characters have certain personality characteristics, which can leave a deep impression on people. Historical figures in Historical Records all have a heroic spirit of being aggressive and brave in making contributions, and at the same time have a desolate and tragic atmosphere. This is closely related to the reality reflected in Historical Records and Sima Qian's personal painful experience. Although most of the characters in Historical Records are tragic, their influence on readers is heroic but not depressed, which is closely related to Sima Qian's view of life and death and values. We can cite historical figures, such as Wu Zixu, Wuqi, Shang Yang, King Wuling of Zhao, Qin Shihuang, Xiang Yu, Han Xin, Peng Yue and so on, to confirm and see if this is the case.
Liu Bang is the most profound and vivid person described in Historical Records. Liu Bang is not only far-sighted, brilliant and magnificent, but also has a spirit of ruffian like a boat. Liu Bang's greatest advantage is that he is good at adopting opinions and changing his own shortcomings. Its speed of action is almost like a conditioned reflex. "Stay at Houjia" wrote Shi Li to persuade Liu Bang to enfeoffment the vassal. Liu Bang began to feel reasonable and said, "Good. Interesting carving, sir, because of the line. " After Sean came in and gave Liu Bang a detailed analysis of the harm, Liu Bang "couldn't eat, but also vomited, cursing' several defeats, worship and do business!'" "Make sales interesting." According to the biography of Emperor Huaiyin, after Han Xin broke Qi and occupied Qi, he sent someone to ask Liu Bang to be named as a "fake king of Qi". "Hanwang was furious and scolded,' I'm trapped here. Those who come to help me hope to stand on my own feet!' Hearing this, Sean and Chen Ping were timid and whispered, "If China is unfavorable, why not ban Xinwang?" ? It's better to stand up, be good at it, and be self-sufficient. Otherwise, pervert. "Hanwang also realized, because he scolded again, so he said,' A gentleman sets a vassal and is the ear of a true gentleman. "Why did he pretend!" He appointed Li Xin as King of Qi and called soldiers to attack Chu. "The Chronicle of Emperor Gaozu wrote that Liu Bang was shot by Xiang Yu's archers when the two armies confronted each other. "Hanwang hurt his chest and said,' I'm in the middle of the road!' "Hanwang was ill in bed, so Zhang let Hanwang set out to be a soldier, so as not to let Chu defeat Han. Hanwang came out in March and was seriously ill because he rushed into the elevation. " In Song Dynasty, Liu Chenweng commented on this: "It is extremely difficult to correct if you hurt your chest and touch your feet hastily, so that Chu will not be superior to Han, and the language is extremely powerful." Yanzi Longchuan said: "Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty is not a strong man, but he is hasty and calm." All this shows that Liu Bang's success is by no means accidental.
Specific to the specific chapter, Sima Qian's organizational arrangements and layout ideas have their ingenuity. For example, Qu Yuan, because he couldn't find many useful biographical materials, mixed some legends into Qu Yuan's works and made Qu Yuan's Biography the most lyrical and touching chapter in Historical Records. "Qu Ping disease king, unfortunately, listen to it, but it is flattering, and evil songs are harmful to the public. Fang Zhengzhi can't allow it, so writing "Li Sao" is sad and thoughtful. " "Its article about, its words, its ambition, its base, its small and big meaning, such as you see far. Because of its ambition, it is called fragrant; It is cheap, so it is not allowed to die. From the sparse mud, cicadas slough in filth, except floating dust, they don't get the dirt of the world, and turbidity is not mine. Pushing this ambition is also the glory of the sun and the moon. " Yang Shen in the Ming Dynasty said: "Biography of Qu Yuan written by Tai Shigong is just like Li Sao, and its theory of elegance and sadness really wins the purpose of Sao." Another example is Biography of General Lee. Sima Qian said, "Living in the right Beiping, the Huns heard about it, and posthumous title' General Han Fei' avoided it for several years and dared not enter the right Beiping." According to this scene, Li Guang should be a victorious soldier. But the truth provided by the work is not the case. Li Guang is an unfortunate person. He has hardly won any battles in his life. Tie with others at the best time, and be caught by others at the worst time. But Sima Qian was able to write Li Guang's image brilliantly in a series of defeats. "With wei as the general, wild goose gate hit the huns. Xiongnu soldiers are many, the army is broken, and the army is wide. Khan heard of the light show and ordered:' If you get Li Guang, you will get it.' Hu Qiguang, injured, was lying in the middle of two horses, winding. After more than ten miles, I died in detail. There is a Hu Er riding a good horse next to him, and he boarded Hu Er's horse when he came. Because the pusher took the bow, he whipped the horse for dozens of miles and recovered the surplus army. He was banned because of the introduction. Xiongnu captors rode hundreds to chase them, widely took the Hu bow, shot it, chased it and eliminated it. "These lines alone, Li Guang is known as the" flying general ".
Sima Qian's language in describing characters and scenes is extremely accurate and vivid. Chen She Family wrote that Chen She accepted the advice of the fortune teller, "It was Dan Shubo who said' Chen', and he was put into the stomach of a fish. It's strange to buy fish for cooking and get a book in the belly of the fish. In the temple next to Wu, there is a bonfire in the evening, and what does the fox say is' Chu Xing, Chen'. All the soldiers are afraid at night. On the day of death, the stroke often spoke, all referring to Chen Sheng. " Please pay attention to the vivid effect of the word "finger" here. When Chen She was a servant, he once said to someone, "If you are rich, you will never forget each other." After Chen She became king after the uprising, "his old friend heard about it and said,' I want to meet you.' "The door to bind, move troops, but buy it, refused to pass. When Wang Chen came out, he was walking on the road, shouting. Please pay attention to the words "buckle the palace gate" and "block the road" here. How vividly Sima Qian showed a group of simple, simple and ignorant country people. In Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, Lin Xiangru saw Cai Mao passing around the king of Qin and the ladies-in-waiting, and assumed that "Cai Mao was flawed, so I instructed the king of Qin". The work goes on to say: "Wang Ciyu, holding the jade as before, stands, leans on the column and rushes to the crown with anger." "Please pay attention to the words' front wall, rear column'. Time is like "holding the wall before", is it "rushing to the crown with anger"? No, I'm laughing. Why should we "hold the wall" first and then "stand upright against the column" before "rushing to the crown"? Think about the martial arts movies in Hong Kong, and you will understand that two heroes are surrounded and must stand back to back. When a hero is surrounded, he must lean against a wall or a tree, so that he has no worries. Sima Qian is really careful.
Sima Qian paid great attention to designing personalized language for the characters in Historical Records, especially vividly letting the characters compose music on the spot. Biography of the Assassin wrote Yan Taizi Dan's farewell, saying, "Since the ancestors took the road, the high-minded ceremony struck the floor, Jing Ke chimed, and all the people wept for the voice of rebellion. He walked in front and sang:' the wind is rustling, the water is cold, and the strong man is gone forever!' Once again, the full-fledged scholars were dumbfounded and crowned. "Just imagine, if there is no Jing Ke's two elegies, the image of Jing Ke and the atmosphere at that time can come out? Xiang Yu's army was destroyed by Han Xin, and when Xiang Yu was trapped, The Biography of Xiang Yu said: "Xiang Wang started drinking in his tent at night. If you have a beauty, you will always be lucky; Good horses are famous and often ride. So Wang Xiang is lamenting, lamenting, and he wrote a poem:' When the mountain is pulled out, he will be angry with the world, and when it is unfavorable, he will not die. What can I do without dying? What can I do if I am worried? "Songs count, beauty and it. Xiang Wang cried several times, but both sides cried, afraid to look up. In Song Dynasty, Zhu commented on this poem and said, "Generosity and fierceness have a thousand-year feud." Wu Jiansi in Qing Dynasty said, "What can you do? What can be done? If it doesn't make sense, it is a cavity of anger, ten thousand kinds of low back, thick soil and high sky, nothing to rely on, and writing that the protagonist has lost his way and is extremely sad. " Qian Zhongshu quoted Zhou Lianggong as saying, "What time is it? When my concubine dies and my son leaves, my horse escapes and I am fascinated by Kamikozawa. Why do you have time to write songs and poems? Even if there are works, who will smell them and who will remember them? I call this number of words, with or without it, it should be made up by Tai Shigong's pen. "Well said, read Zhou Lianggong this sake just read a little taste. Sima Qian sympathized with its tragic hero and really didn't want it to fall so hastily. Sima Qian not only asked him to write poems, but also let him break through and let his 28 men fight among the 5000 people in Liu Bang's army to prove that his failure was "a crime of killing me, not a war". Isn't this the tenacious expression of the writer's subjective consciousness? It is precisely because of Sima Qian's affectionate description of blood and tears that Xiang Yu, a tragic hero who "pulled the mountain out of the world", has an appeal beyond historical time and space.
Historical Records is a mountain that stands forever in the cultural forest of China and the world. Historical Records is a sad song, echoing forever in the long history of China and the world.