Qian Xuesen (19 1 1 ~ till now) is a famous physicist in China and a world-famous rocket expert. Hangzhou, Zhejiang, was born in Shanghai.

1934 graduated from department of mechanical engineering, China Jiaotong University, and 1934 studied at MIT and California Institute of Technology.

1935 went to the United States to study aviation engineering and aerodynamics, and 1938 received his doctorate from California Institute of Technology. Later, he stayed in the United States as a lecturer, associate professor, professor, director of supersonic laboratory and director of Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center.

After receiving his doctorate from 65438 to 0938, he stayed in school to teach and engage in rocket research.

1950 began to strive for the return to the motherland. At that time, a senior general of the US Navy said: "Qian Xuesen is worth five divisions wherever he goes, and he must never be allowed to leave the United States." Therefore, Qian Xuesen was persecuted by the American government and lost his freedom. 1955 It took five years to return to the motherland.

1955 10 After returning home from various obstacles in October, 1958 served as the technical director of rocket, missile and spacecraft development for a long time.

/kloc-0 joined China in 1959. He used to be the director of the Institute of Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the deputy director of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry and the deputy director of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense. He is currently the honorary chairman of China Association for Science and Technology.

Qian Xuesen put forward an extremely important implementation plan for the development of rocket and missile technology in China. From April 65438 to April 0956, he served as a technical leader in the development of rockets, missiles and spacecraft for a long time, making great contributions to the development of rockets, missiles and aerospace in China. Qian Xuesen used to be vice chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, member of the Department of Mathematics and Physics of China Academy of Sciences, honorary chairman of China Aerospace Society and chairman of China Association for Science and Technology.

all one's life

1。 one's early years

Qian Xuesen19 1 1 February11was born in Shanghai. He studied in the middle school attached to Beijing Normal University and Jiaotong University in his early years. 1934 Summer vacation, graduated from Jiaotong University and was admitted to Tsinghua University to study abroad at public expense.

1One day in August, 935, Qian Xuesen left the motherland from Shanghai on a ship of the American Postal Company. The muddy waves of Huangpu River rolled and looked at the gradually blurred Shanghai. Qian Xuesen silently said: "Goodbye, motherland. Now that you're in power, you're in a mess. I went to the United States to study technology and will come back one day to help you revive. "

Qian Xuesen went to the United States to enter the aviation department of MIT, and his academic performance has always been among the best. He had to practice in a factory to study engineering, but at that time, the American aviation factory discriminated against China people, so a year later he began to study aviation engineering theory, that is, applied mechanics. He transferred to California Institute of Technology.

Qian Xuesen came here with admiration. Because, located in the aviation department of California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, a suburb of Los Angeles, there is a famous aerodynamics professor von Carmen, who is Hungarian.

In the early 1930s, aviation science was still in its infancy. Von Carmen was a top figure in this field at that time, and was later known as "the father of supersonic flight". 1970, there was a crater on the moon named after him.

Von Carmen looked at the serious and short young man carefully. He asked several questions for Qian Xuesen to answer, and Qian Xuesen answered all his questions after a little thought. Von Carmen secretly praised: This China man is witty and full of wisdom. He accepted the student happily. At the beginning of 1945, Qian Xuesen became a member of the air force scientific advisory group headed by von Carmen. After Germany surrendered, he went to Europe with the investigation team of the regiment to inspect aviation and rocket technology. 1947 At the beginning of this year, 36-year-old Qian Xuesen became a full professor at MIT. During the monitoring period, apart from teaching, he still did not give up academic research. 1953 published "Take-off from Earth Satellite Orbit", which laid the foundation of small thrust flight mechanics. 1954 published "Engineering Cybernetics". 1955 when saying goodbye to von Carmen before returning to China, von Carmen said excitedly, "You have surpassed me academically now!"

Qian Xuesen became a graduate student of Guggenheim Aviation Laboratory led by Carmen. This laboratory later became the cradle of American rocket technology, and Qian Xuesen was one of the first three members to conduct rocket technology research here. 1929 to 1934 studied in department of mechanical engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University. After graduation, I applied to study in the United States in Tsinghua University. After entering the school, I worked as an intern at Hangzhou Jianqiao Airport. 1935 to 1939 studied in the department of aeronautical engineering of MIT and obtained a master's degree. 1936- 1939 studied in the department of aeronautics and mathematics of California Institute of Technology, USA, and obtained a doctorate. 1939- 1943, researcher, Department of Aeronautics, California Institute of Technology. 1943 to 1945 was an assistant professor in the department of aeronautics, California Institute of Technology (1940 to 1945 was a communication researcher in Chengdu Institute of Aeronautics, Sichuan). 1945- 1946, associate professor, Department of Aviation, California Institute of Technology. 1946- 1949, associate professor and professor of aerodynamics, Department of Aeronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1949- 1955, Director and Professor of Jet Propulsion Center of California Institute of Technology. Married Jiang Ying on 1947.

1955 returned to China. 1955 to 1964, director and researcher of the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and director of the Fifth Institute of the Ministry of National Defense. 1965 to 1970 served as deputy minister of the seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry. 1970 to 1982 served as deputy director of the science and technology Committee of the commission of science, technology and industry for national defense and vice chairman of the China association for science and technology. He has served as the first and second director of China Automation Society, honorary president of China Aerospace Society, China theoretical and applied mechanics Society and China Systems Engineering Society, executive director of the Presidium of China Academy of Sciences, and member of the Department of Mathematics and Physics. 1986 to 199 1 May, served as the chairman of the third National Committee of China Association for Science and Technology. 1991may was elected honorary chairman of China association for science and technology at the fourth national congress. 1April, 1992, was appointed honorary chairman of the Presidium of China Academy of Sciences. /kloc-0 was elected as an academician of China Academy of Engineering in June, 1994.

Qian Xuesen, alternate member of the 9th-12nd CPC Central Committee and vice chairman of the 6th, 7th and 8th CPPCC National Committee.

Qian Xuesen is a pioneer and outstanding representative of China's space science and technology. He is known as "the father of China's space flight", "the father of China's missiles" and "the king of rockets". During my study and research in the United States, I cooperated with others to complete the summary and preliminary analysis of long-range rockets, laying the theoretical foundation for surface-to-surface missiles and sounding rockets. The hypersonic flow theory put forward by others laid the foundation for the development of aerodynamics. At the beginning of 1956, the Opinions on Establishing China's National Defense Aviation Industry was reported to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council. In the same year, according to his suggestion, the State Council and the Central Military Commission established the Aviation Industry Committee, the leading body of missile and aviation research, and was appointed as a member. From 65438 to 0956, he was appointed to set up the first rocket and missile research institute in China, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, and served as the first president. He presided over the completion of the plan of "establishing jet and rocket technology", participated in the development of short-range missiles, medium-and short-range missiles and China's first artificial earth satellite, directly led the "two-bomb combination" test of medium-and short-range missiles carrying atomic bombs, participated in the formulation of the "two-bomb combination" test of short-range missiles carrying atomic bombs in China, participated in the formulation of the development plan of China's first interstellar aviation, and developed and established engineering cybernetics and systematics. He has made pioneering contributions in the fields of aerodynamics, aviation engineering, jet propulsion, engineering cybernetics, physical mechanics and other technical sciences. He is the founder and advocate of the theoretical and applied research of modern mechanics and system engineering in China.

In his early years, he did pioneering work in many fields of applied mechanics and rocket and missile technology. Many theories put forward by independent research and cooperation with von Carmen have laid the foundation for the development of applied mechanics, aviation engineering and rocket and missile technology. After returning to China, he served as the technical director of rocket, missile and satellite development for a long time, and made outstanding contributions to the establishment and development of China's missile and space industry. Creative research has been made in many theoretical fields, such as engineering cybernetics, systems engineering and systems science, thinking science and humanities, Marxist philosophy and so on, and great contributions have been made. 1956 won the first prize of Natural Science Award of China Academy of Sciences; 1985 won the national special prize for scientific and technological progress; 199 1 was awarded the honorary title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" and the first-class English Model Medal by the State Council and the Central Military Commission. Academician of China Academy of Sciences

1957 won the first prize of natural science of China Academy of Sciences. 1979 won the outstanding alumni award of California Institute of Technology. 1985 won the national special prize for scientific and technological progress. 1989 was awarded "Rockwell Medal", "World-class Science and Technology and Engineering Celebrity" and honorary member of International Polytechnic. 199 1 year 10 was awarded the honorary title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" and the first-class hero model medal by the State Council and the Central Military Commission. 1995 65438+ 10 won the "1994 ho leung ho lee foundation Excellence Award" in October. 1999, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and the Central Military Commission decided to award him the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Medal". June 5438 +2006 10 won the "50 highest honor awards for China's space industry: two bombs and one satellite".

He is the author of Engineering Cybernetics, On System Engineering, Introduction to Interstellar Navigation, etc.

The study and research work are very tense. Qian Xuesen works more than ten hours a day, studies for half a day, discusses for half a day, and continues to struggle at night. Three years later, he got his doctorate with honors, stayed in school to teach, and became von Carmen's right-hand man. During this period, he not only mastered the basic knowledge of aerodynamics, but also stood at the forefront of this science. From 65438 to 0939, he studied the aviation structure and made a breakthrough in just one year.

In the second year of California Institute of Technology, Qian Xuesen met his classmate F.J. Marin, who studied rocket technology. Introduced by Marina, Qian Xuesen participated in the Marxism-Leninism study group of California Institute of Technology at that time, and met Weinbaum, secretary of the group and assistant researcher of chemical physics. In the group, Qian Xuesen studied Engels' anti-Turin theory with everyone; Current affairs are often discussed at the weekly meeting. 1938 In the winter, after the outbreak of World War II, this group was dissolved.

In view of the outstanding achievements of Qian Xuesen's research work and the needs of American wartime military scientific research, he was able to participate in the secret work. From 65438 to 0944, the U.S. military commissioned Professor von Carmen as the head and Marina as the deputy to study long-range rockets. Qian Xuesen was in charge of the theoretical group, and invited Lin Jiaqiao and Qian Weichang to conduct ballistic analysis, combustion chamber heat conduction and combustion theory research. At the same time, Qian Xuesen also served as the technical consultant of air jet Company. 1945 was also hired as a member of the scientific advisory panel by the US Air Force. During this period, he gained valuable experience in the scientific research of modern mechanics and jet propulsion and became an outstanding scientist with high reputation at that time.

At the end of World War II, the US Air Force highly praised Qian Xuesen's "great contribution" to the victory of the war. Milton Viorst, an American columnist, believes that Qian Xuesen has always been "a key figure in making a long-term plan to transform the US Air Force from a propeller plane into a jet plane and eventually into an unmanned spacecraft traveling in space" and "a brilliant star in the galaxy of scientists who helped the United States become a world-class military power".

1946 In the summer, Qian Xuesen left California Institute of Technology and went to MIT as an associate professor to teach graduate students majoring in aerodynamics. 1947 At the beginning of this year, 36-year-old Qian Xuesen became a tenured professor at MIT. In the summer of the same year, Qian Xuesen asked for leave to visit relatives in China. In September, he married Jiang Ying (now a professor at the Central Conservatory of Music). Jiang Ying, the third daughter of Jiang Baili, a famous military theorist in early China, was a soprano, and received a good music education in Vienna and Berlin.

From 1935 to 1955, Qian Xuesen lived in the United States for 20 years. During this period, he made brilliant academic achievements, enjoyed generous treatment in life and had convenient conditions at work. However, he is always attached to the motherland where he was born and raised. In his letter to his father, he lamented more than once, "When will the tourism career end?" .

2。 return to one's country

"I have always believed that I will be able to return to my motherland. Today, I finally came back! " This is the first time that Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist and rocket expert in China, set foot on the voyage of returning home under the care of Premier Zhou Enlai on September 1955.1October 1955 arrived in Hong Kong and1October 8+0955 arrived in Guangzhou. He returned to China with his wife and two young children.

1In August, 935, Qian Xuesen went to the United States to study and study aviation engineering and aerodynamics as a public student. Before returning to China, he was the director of the California Institute of Technology Supersonic Laboratory and the director of the Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center.

[Edit this paragraph] Scientific achievements

Qian Xuesen served as the technical director of China Rocket and Space Program for a long time, and made great pioneering contributions in space technology, system science and system engineering. Qian Xuesen has published 7 monographs and more than 300 papers. The main contributions are as follows:

① Applied mechanics

Qian Xuesen has done pioneering work in aerodynamics and solid mechanics of applied mechanics. The research on compressible boundary layer carried out in cooperation with von Carmen reveals some temperature changes in this field, and the Carmen-Qian Xuesen method is established. In cooperation with Guo Yonghuai, the concept of upper and lower critical Mach numbers is introduced into transonic flow for the first time.

② Jet propulsion and space technology

From the 1940s to the early 1960s, Qian Xuesen put forward some important concepts in the field of rockets and aerospace: in the 40s, he put forward and realized the rocket flying aid device (JATO), which shortened the runway distance; 1949, put forward the concept of rocket passenger plane and the idea of nuclear rocket; 1953 studied the possibility of interplanetary flight theory. In "Introduction to Interstellar Navigation" published by 1962, the concept of a round-trip transportation system between heaven and earth is put forward, in which a large aircraft equipped with a jet engine is the first-stage vehicle and an aircraft equipped with a rocket engine is the second-stage vehicle.

③ Engineering cybernetics

In the process of its formation, engineering cybernetics focuses on the engineering practice of designing stability and guidance systems. Qian Xuesen himself is the pioneer of this kind of research work.

④ Physical mechanics

Qian Xuesen's research on combining the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of rare gases in 1946 is a pioneering work. 1953, he formally put forward the concept of physical mechanics, and advocated to determine the macroscopic mechanical properties of matter from microscopic laws, which changed the previous method of measuring mechanical properties only by experiments, greatly saved manpower and material resources, and opened up a new field of high temperature and high pressure. 196 1 year, the Lecture Notes on Physical Mechanics edited by him was officially published. Now the leader of this subject is Professor Gou Qingquan. 1984, Qian Xuesen suggested to Gou Qingquan that physical mechanics should be extended to the engineering and technical field of atomic and molecular design.

⑤ System engineering

Qian Xuesen not only refined the practice of China's aerospace system engineering into the theory of aerospace system engineering, but also put forward the concept of the overall design department of national economic construction in the early 1980s. He also insisted on applying the concept of aerospace system engineering to the whole country and national economic construction, and discussed the social system from the perspective of social form and open complex giant system. The social form of any society has three aspects: economic social form, political social form and ideological social form. Qian Xuesen proposed to divide the social system into three parts: social economic system, social political system and social consciousness system. Corresponding to the three social forms, there should be three kinds of civilization construction, namely, material civilization construction (economic form), political civilization construction (political form) and spiritual civilization construction (ideology). The construction of socialist civilization should be the coordinated development of these three civilizations. From a practical point of view, it is social system engineering that ensures the coordinated development of these three civilizations. From the reality of reform and opening up, we need not only economic system engineering, but also social system engineering.

⑥ System science

Qian Xuesen's most important contribution to system science is that he developed systematics and methodology of opening complex giant systems.

⑦ Thinking science

Artificial intelligence has become a hot topic in the world, but academic thoughts are in a state of chaos. In this context, Qian Xuesen stood at the forefront of the development of science and technology, proposed the establishment of noeticscience Science and Technology Department, and scientifically summarized the ideas that had been discussed and debated in China's philosophical circles in the 1930s, but could not be clearly stated at that time. Outstanding contributions are as follows:

(1) In the early 1980s, Qian Xuesen proposed to establish the Department of Thinking Science and Technology. He believes that thinking science is a science dealing with consciousness and brain, spirit and matter, subjective and objective, and is a major department of modern science and technology. The need of computer technology revolution has promoted the scientific research of thinking.

(2) Qian Xuesen advocated that the development of thinking science should be combined with the work of artificial intelligence and intelligent computers. According to his personal experience in developing applied mechanics, he pointed out that the research of artificial intelligence and intelligent computer should take applied mechanics as a reference, take the road of integrating theory with practice, and actually need theoretical guidance. The theoretical basis of artificial intelligence is the basic scientific thinking in thinking science. The way to study thinking is to look for it from the achievements of philosophy, and thinking actually evolved from philosophy. He also believes that the establishment of image thinking is a breakthrough in the current scientific research of thinking, and it is also the core issue of artificial intelligence and intelligent computers.

(3) Qian Xuesen applied the systematic scientific method to the research of thinking science, and put forward the systematic view of thinking, that is, based on the thinking process of logical units, he gradually built a first-order thinking system with a single thinking type, that is, he built abstract thinking, image (intuitive) thinking, social thinking and unique thinking (inspirational thinking). The second is to solve the problem of second-order open thinking system; Finally, decision-making consultation is an open giant system with high-order thinking.

8 human science

Qian Xuesen is an advocate of human body science in China.

Qian Xuesen put forward the theory of "functional state of human body" to describe the open and complex giant system of human body and study the structure, function and behavior of the system. He believes that Qigong and specific function are a functional state, which puts the research of Qigong, specific function and TCM system theory in an advanced scientific framework and occupies an important position in the research of Qigong and specific function. Under the guidance of Qian Xuesen, researchers from Beijing Institute of Aerospace Medical Engineering began to study the functional state of human body at 1984. They use the method of multidimensional data analysis to integrate many physiological index variables measured by human body into change points that can represent the whole system of human body and its position in a multidimensional phase space composed of various variables, and move them to a relatively stable position, that is, the position of target and target ring. They found the respective targets and rings of human awakening, sleep, alertness and qigong functions. In this way, the theory of system science is embodied in the human body system, and the research of human body science has objective indicators and scientific theories.

Pet-name ruby science and technology system and Marxist philosophy

Qian Xuesen believes that Marxist philosophy is the highest generalization of human understanding of the objective world and modern science and technology (including scientific and social sciences). Qian Xuesen summarized the development of contemporary science and technology into ten closely related science and technology departments. The division method of these ten science and technology departments is another innovation of Qian Xuesen's scientific classification method by using Marxist philosophy, especially system theory.

Qian Xuesen, China Person of the Year in 2007.

I was moved by the acceptance speech given by China Organizing Committee to Qian Xuesen: In his mind, the country is the most important, the family is the most important, science is the most important, and fame and fortune are the least. I returned to China in 5 years, and made two bombs in 10. He was a pioneer in the space flight of the motherland, splitting thorns and forging wisdom into a ladder for later climbers. He is a treasure house of knowledge, a banner of science and a model of China intellectuals.

Yan Su, a member of the Central Election Committee, was deeply moved. He commented on Qian Xuesen: The universe is vast, and the sky is all in the heart of a child. Shocked the world, two bombs went straight into the sky, and a star cast the pride of China people to the fullest, and the frost did not fall on the temples. Looking back, I just smiled silently.

Du Yubo, a member of the China Selection Committee, was deeply moved when he recommended Qian Xuesen. He wrote: After Qian Xuesen returned to China, he showed the hardships of scientists in China; Mechanics, jet propulsion, aerospace technology, Qian Xuesen showed the strength of a scientist in his research; Dongfanghong Satellite, shenzhou spaceship, the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon and Qian Xuesen have given China Aerospace sufficient strength; Today, the cause initiated by the father of China's space flight is striding with great momentum!

When recommending Qian Xuesen, Chen, a member of the China Selection Committee, wrote: He not only made outstanding contributions to the progress of mankind in the space field with a rigorous and diligent scientific attitude, but also interpreted the essence of a scientist's personality with an indifferent attitude of fame and fortune and frankness.