The spacecraft consists of orbital module, return module, propulsion module and additional parts, with a total length of 8860 mm and a total weight of 7840 kg. The manual control function of the spacecraft and the subsystem of environmental control and life support provide a guarantee for the safety of astronauts.
The spacecraft was launched into the initial orbit by the Long March -2F carrier rocket, with a perigee of 200 km, an apogee of 350 km and an inclination of 42.4 degrees. After the orbit change, it entered a 343-kilometer circular orbit. The spacecraft circled the earth 14 times and landed in the predetermined area.
The manned space flight of the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft has realized the aspiration of the people of China to fly for a thousand years, which is a high condensation of the wisdom and spirit of the Chinese nation and a new milestone in China's space industry in the new century. Shenzhou v
Launch time: 20031October 15 at 9: 00.
Launch rocket: the new Long March II F-bound rocket, which is the 7th flight of Long March series launch vehicles and the 29th consecutive successful launch of China Aerospace since 1996 10.
Flight time required for the spacecraft to enter orbit: 9: 00/kloc-0: 00, the ship and the arrow are separated, and the "Shenzhou 5" manned spacecraft accurately enters the scheduled orbit.
Return time: 20031October 16 at 6: 28.
Launch site: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing place: Gulang Grassland, A Mu, Central Inner Mongolia.
Flight time/laps: 2 1 hour/14 laps.
Articles carried: In addition to Yang Liwei, the first man in manned space flight in China, the return capsule of Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft also carried a special flag of China, the flag of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, the United Nations flag, samples of major currencies of RMB, stamps commemorating China's first manned space flight, a souvenir cover of China's manned space flight project and crop seeds from Taiwan Province Province, the treasure island of the motherland.
Test items: Shenzhou 5 will reduce the number of in-cabin test items and instruments as much as possible to make more space for astronauts to carry out scientific observation tasks. It can be said that this task is mainly to examine the adaptability of astronauts in the space environment.
Application of new technology: automatic fault detection system and escape system are added for the first time. Among them, there are hundreds of failure modes, which will automatically alarm in case of danger. Even after the launch of the spacecraft for a period of time, you can get out of danger by avoiding the rocket.
Edit this passage of Shenzhou VI.
Shenzhou VI launch time: 9: 00 on June 10, 2005.
Launch rocket: Shen Jian-Long March II F carrier rocket.
Flight time required for spacecraft to enter orbit: 584 seconds.
Return time: 65438+1October 17 at 4: 32 am.
Launch site: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Landing place: autumn rhyme of Siziwang grassland
Flight time/laps: 1 15 hours, 32 minutes /77 laps.
Carry-on articles: 64 kinds of carry-on articles in 8 categories, including logos of well-known enterprises such as Goldlion and Cha Group in Hong Kong. Space breeding experiments were carried out by using biological strains, plant tissue culture seedlings and seeds of crops, plants and flowers. At the opening ceremony, six special "passengers" had the opportunity to make a wonderful appearance. They are the national flag of China, the flag of the International Olympic Committee, the flag of the Shanghai World Expo, the centennial special issue of Shenbao, the painting and calligraphy work Six Horses, and 65,438+00 space paintings by young pioneers. The articles carried by Shenzhou VI return capsule also include the composition of "I wrote a letter to Shenzhou VI astronauts", the special stamps of the Marshal of the Republic and the personalized stamps of Shenzhou VI, and the works of famous painters and painters.
Technical application: There are many kinds of spacecraft, but the most commonly used one is satellite manned spacecraft. This kind of spacecraft, like a satellite, flies in low-earth orbit hundreds of kilometers from the ground, with a flying height of about 300 kilometers. There are three types of spacecraft: single cabin, double cabin and three cabin. At present, the spaceships of mature spacefaring countries in the world are all three cabins. This Shenzhou VI is a three-cabin spacecraft, which shows that China's space technology has initially reached the international level.
Shenzhou VI spacecraft has the following characteristics: first, the starting point is very high, and the spacecraft has the ability to carry three astronauts;
Secondly, one boat can be used for many purposes. After the astronauts return, the orbital module can be used as a satellite for half a year unattended, and even rendezvous and docking experiments can be carried out in the future. Third, the return capsule has a large diameter, 2.2 meters in Russia and 2.5 meters in China. Finally, the return of the spacecraft is very safe, which has been fully tested. Generally speaking, the technological progress of Shenzhou VI spacecraft is enormous.
Technical progress is mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, in the field of new materials, it is reported that more than 2,000 kinds of progress in the field of new materials in China in recent years have come from the aerospace field; Secondly, in the field of telecommunications, both hardware and software have made progress. For example, coding technology can ensure voice quality and image clarity. The third is image technology, which can be used in both military and civilian fields. The fourth is special food, and the food development of astronauts is very complicated; The fifth is special textile materials, and spacesuit is the crystallization of a system and high technology; The sixth is the progress of electronic control system. Spacecraft is a complex system involving various complex subsystems, and all systems need to be controlled by electronic control system. Seventh, the progress of biomedical system. There are essential differences between manned space flight and unmanned space flight, and the complexity and reliability of the system are also very different. The success of Shenzhou VI shows that China has made great progress in related biomedicine.
Shenzhou VI spacecraft is still a three-room structure of propulsion module, return module and orbital module. The shape and structure of the whole ship are the same as the original, and the weight is basically maintained at about 8 tons. After the spacecraft entered the orbit, it first circled five times in an elliptical orbit with a perigee of 200 kilometers and an apogee of 350 kilometers, and then changed its orbit to a circular orbit with a distance of 343 kilometers from the ground. After flying around the earth for 90 minutes, the flight trajectory projected on the ground moved eastward in a sinusoidal curve. Orbit features are the same as those of Shenzhou 5.
Because there was no rendezvous and docking mission on this flight, Shenzhou VI cancelled the additional segment for this function. In addition, the spacecraft added more than 40 devices and 6 softwares, making the number of devices and 82 softwares more than 6.5438+million.
The improvement of Shenzhou VI can be roughly summarized into four aspects:
First, around the improvement of the multi-day task of two people. First of all, we have prepared enough or even excess astronaut consumables, including food, water and sleeping bags. The food cabinet was put in the orbital module, which was empty before. According to the water consumption of one and a half thermos bottles per person per day, the astronauts' water is prepared with water tanks and separate soft packages. Secondly, the environmental control ability of the cockpit is improved. A person exhales nearly a liter of water a day. Shenzhou VI improved the ability to condense water vapor, expanded the condensation water tank, and put water-absorbing materials on all exposed pipes to ensure that the humidity of the spacecraft was controlled below 80%. Oxygen, temperature and humidity in the cabin can be automatically sensed and adjusted.
Second, the improvement of the function and use of the orbital module. Astronauts have many necessities, such as food heating devices and tableware. There is a sleeping bag hanging in the orbital module for two astronauts to take turns to rest. In weightlessness, people can actually sleep in the air, but considering the habits of people on the ground, sleeping bags artificially create a feeling of "bed", otherwise astronauts may have the illusion of rolling in the deep when sleeping. There is also a special cleaning cabinet in the orbital module, and astronauts can clean it with items such as wet wipes. This is the first time to use the urine collector.
Third, improve the safety of astronauts. The astronaut seat of the return capsule is designed with landing buffer function, which is to ensure the safety of astronauts when the thrust rocket fails. In the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft, only the seat on which Yang Liwei was seated has the landing buffer function, and there is a small defect, that is, it is difficult for astronauts to see the situation outside the porthole before returning. Shenzhou VI redesigned the buffer and carried out repeated tests with the whole ship. The three tests dropped from the tower and the plane were successful every time. If the hatch between the return module and the orbital module is not tightly closed when returning, it will threaten the safety of astronauts. Three astronauts were killed in Russia. Shenzhou VI researchers have successfully developed a quick and automatic inspection device for cabin door seal, and developed a special rag for several months, which does not produce fiber, static electricity and odor, and is specially used for cleaning cabin doors.
Fourth, continuous improvement. China's manned spaceflight project was officially launched in 1992, and it has been 13 years. Some parts and raw materials originally used on the spacecraft are no longer produced, and some technologies are a bit outdated. Shenzhou VI made some daily continuous improvements. For example, the "black box" from Shenzhou I to Shenzhou 5 was developed in 1994, with a storage capacity of only 10 trillion. Nowadays, the storage capacity of the black box is not only 100 times larger than the original, but also the data reading and writing speed is increased by more than 10 times, but the volume is less than half of the original.
Edit this paragraph of Shenzhou VII.
Shenzhou VII was successfully launched at 2 1: 00 and 10: 04 on September 25th, 2008.
Shenzhou VII launched Shenzhou 5 and Shenzhou VI in the middle and late June of 10, and Shenzhou VII will be launched in advance at the end of September. According to experts, there are many suitable launch windows in September and 10. However, since Shenzhou VII will carry out the spacewalk mission, the angle of the sun when taking off at the end of September is more suitable for astronauts' extravehicular activities, which can make the spacecraft see the sun in the shortest time and ensure that the astronauts have sunshine when they leave the cabin.
The best meteorological conditions for launching manned space flight mainly include: no precipitation, ground wind speed less than 8 meters per second and horizontal visibility more than 20 kilometers; From 8 hours before launch to 1 hour after launch, there is no lightning activity within 30 km to 40 km of the site; The maximum wind speed in the airspace 3 km to 18 km from the launch site of the ship and arrow is less than 70 meters per second, and there should be no lightning for 9 hours before and after launch.
Huang Chunping said that whether it can be launched as scheduled depends mainly on the weather at the launch site at that time. Light rain and temperature generally do not affect the normal launch of the spacecraft, but strong wind may cause the spacecraft to delay the launch, because the wind speed exceeds the bearing capacity of the rocket and may change its flight direction.
Huang Chunping also revealed that the astronauts' spacewalk will be carried out after the spacecraft enters orbit and orbits the earth for more than five times.
Search and rescue after the landing of Shenzhou VII.
Zou Dewei, captain of the medical rescue team at the main landing site in Inner Mongolia and president of the 306th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, said that "Shenzhou VII" is different from "Shenzhou VI" and "Shenzhou V", and the search and rescue and medical security of the main landing site will rely on helicopters instead of using ground search and rescue.
During the "Shenzhou V" and "Shenzhou VI" periods, the 306 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army has been serving as the medical rescue mission for astronauts at the main landing site of China manned space flight. On August 29th, the expert medical team of 306 Hospital who carried out the "Shenzhou VII" mission went to Siziwangqi, Inner Mongolia. At present, this medical rescue team composed of 16 top experts is conducting medical rescue drills near the main landing site.
In addition, the biggest difference between the medical rescue of the main landing site of Shenzhou VII and Shenzhou V and Shenzhou VI is that the air search and rescue platform composed of helicopters will be used instead of the ground platform.
According to Dean Zou, the main landing site of Shenzhou VII is near Siziwangqi, Inner Mongolia, which is the latitude and longitude coordinate range centered on the theoretical landing site, with a length of 100 km and a width of more than 80 km. If ground vehicles are used for search and rescue, the speed will be slower, so the search and rescue mission of Shenzhou VII will be mainly completed by helicopters. This year, more than 10 helicopters carried out search and rescue and medical missions. In addition to the command aircraft, there are six helicopters for search and rescue, one helicopter for medical supervision and medical insurance 1 helicopter, and three helicopters will be used by medical rescue teams.
Academician Qi Faren believes that human beings go to heaven not for tourism, but for the research, development and utilization of space environment. In the past, Yang Liwei was just the first step to give it a try. It will take many people and many days to finish this task. For example, to assemble a space station or repair a satellite, people must get out of the cabin, and it takes at least two people to get out of the cabin. In the future, I will go to the space station by means of transportation, dock with the space station, and pick up the people inside after opening the door. From abroad, they spent a lot of experiments to do this. Now, according to our plan, "Shenzhou VII" hopes that people can get out of the cabin, which is called spacewalk by ordinary people. "Out of the cabin, of course. How far is it from the cabin? It can also be closer or farther. " Academician Qi Faren said that the next step in China is to solve the rendezvous and docking, and there must be at least three people in the rendezvous and docking. Therefore, our spacecraft should have this ability: three people stay in the sky for seven days, and they can get 300 kilograms when they go up, and they can get 100 kilograms when they come back. If we succeed this time, we don't need two people to try for a few more days. Then we will leave the cabin next time. Academician Qi Faren believes that Shenzhou VII, who is about to leave the capsule, must solve two major problems on the basis of Shenzhou VI. Now astronauts have a sealed cabin in which they wear spacesuits. Without this cabin, there would be no air, so the spacesuit itself must be able to supply oxygen. The second is that when there is no temperature control, the spacesuit can guarantee its normal temperature, so this spacesuit is equivalent to a small sealed cabin, which is quite complicated. A more advanced spacesuit can also be equipped with an engine and leave a little fire, which is equivalent to a small spaceship. These conditions are needed to leave the cabin. Academician Qi Faren said that in the future, we should have airlock cabins on board. People should put on spacesuits and go in, close the door and open the outside door. If you open the door, the air will be exhausted, so there is an airlock. "I'm just talking about two main things. As astronauts, we have extravehicular spacesuits. As a spaceship, we must have an airlock cabin to ensure that there is an atmospheric pressure in the original cabin. "
Edit shenzhou spaceship's composition in this paragraph.
Orbital module: "multifunctional hall"
Shenzhou spaceship orbital module is a cylinder with a total length of 2.8m and a maximum diameter of 2.25m.. One end is connected with the return cabin, and the other end is connected with the space docking mechanism. Shenzhou VI's orbital module is called "multifunctional hall" because two astronauts are in the orbital module at other times except when taking off and returning. The orbital module integrates many functions such as working, eating, sleeping, washing and convenience.
Escape Tower: Make sure the spaceship is "safe"
Escape Tower: Located at the front of the spacecraft, it is 8 meters high. It is actually a small launch vehicle composed of a series of rocket engines. During the period from 900 seconds before launch to 160 seconds after launch, the running distance of the launch vehicle varies from 0 to 100 km. In case of emergency, this life-saving tower will be activated urgently, dragging the return module and orbital module of Shenzhou VI spacecraft away from the rocket, quickly escaping from the dangerous area and landing to safety through parachute.
Orbital module: the "home" of astronauts
Orbital module: also known as working module. Its shape is a cylinder with cone angles at both ends, which is the "space bedroom" and "workshop" for astronauts. It also has two functions: astronaut's living module and orbital experimental module, so it is also called orbital module. The orbital module is equipped with a variety of experimental equipment and instruments, which can be used for earth observation. On both sides, it is equipped with retractable large-scale solar cell panels, solar sensors, various antennas and various docking structures, which are used to convert solar energy into spacecraft energy and communicate with the ground. As an astronaut's "space bedroom", the environment of the orbital module is very comfortable, and the temperature in the module is generally between 17 and 25 degrees Celsius.
Return capsule: astronaut's "cab"
Return capsule: also known as cockpit, it is the "cab" of astronauts. It is a cabin for astronauts to travel to and from space. This is a closed structure with a hatch in front. After "Shenzhou VI" completed its mission around the earth, two astronauts will also return to Earth in the return capsule.
Propulsion cabin:
Also called instrument cabin. Usually, propulsion system, power supply, track brake are installed, and oxygen and water are provided for astronauts. There are also main solar cell sails with an area of more than 20 square meters on both sides of the propulsion cabin.
Release time:
Shenzhou VII spacecraft will be launched on September 25th, 2008.
Edit this part of the cabin introduction.
Orbital module
Size: 2.8 meters long and 2.2 meters in diameter.
Shenzhou spaceship's orbital module is cylindrical. In order to make the orbital module get power when flying alone, solar cell wings are installed on both sides of the orbital module, and the area of each solar cell wing is 2.0×3.4 meters except triangle. When the orbital module flies freely, it can provide more than 0.5 kW of power. There are four groups of small propulsion engines at the tail of the orbital module, four in each group, which provide the spacecraft with auxiliary thrust and the ability to maintain orbital motion after the orbital module is separated; There is a circular hatch on the side of the orbital module near the return module, which provides a passage for astronauts to enter and leave the orbital module. However, the maximum diameter of the hatch is only 65 cm, and only agile and specially trained people can enter and exit freely. There is an observation window of the orbital module above the hatch.
The orbital module is the place where astronauts work and live after the spacecraft enters orbit. In addition to food, drinking water, urinals and other living devices, there are instruments and equipment for space applications and scientific experiments.
After the return module returns, the orbital module is equivalent to an Earth observation satellite or a space laboratory, and it will stay in orbit for about half a year. The utilization of orbital module is a major feature of China spacecraft. After the orbital module and the return module of Russian and American spacecraft are separated, they are generally abandoned.
re-entry module
Size: 2.00 meters long and 2.40 meters in diameter (excluding thermal insulation).
Shenzhou spaceship's return capsule is bell-shaped, with doors communicating with the orbital module. Put it back in the command and control center of the spacecraft in the cabin, there are seats for three astronauts to recline, and astronauts can sit in the take-off, ascent and return stages. Below the front of the seat is the instrument panel, manual joystick and optical sight. , showing the mechanical equipment status of the last system on the spacecraft. Astronauts use these instruments to monitor and control the work of the mechanical equipment on the spacecraft when necessary. Both the orbital module and the return module are closed cabins, with environmental control and life support systems to ensure that the cabin is filled with mixed gas of oxygen and nitrogen at atmospheric pressure, and the temperature and humidity are adjusted to a suitable range for human body, so as to ensure the life safety of astronauts during the whole flight mission.
In addition, two parachutes, the main parachute and the standby parachute, are installed in the cabin for landing. There are two circular windows on the side wall of the shenzhou spaceship return capsule, one for astronauts to observe the scene outside the window, and the other for astronauts to operate the optical sight to observe the spacecraft driving on the ground. The base of the return capsule is a metal frame sealed structure, on which the instruments and equipment of the return capsule are installed. The base is light and strong, which protects the return capsule from being burned by the hot atmosphere when it returns to the ground and enters the atmosphere.
Propulsion module
Size: 3.05 meters long, 2.50 meters in diameter and 2.80 meters in diameter at the bottom.
Shenzhou's propulsion cabin, also known as the equipment cabin, is cylindrical and contains the engine and propellant of the propulsion system, which provides the spacecraft with the power needed for attitude and orbit adjustment, braking and deceleration, as well as some equipment of power supply, environmental control and communication system. There are a pair of solar wings on both sides, and the area of the solar wings is 2.0×7.5 meters except the triangular part. Together with the battery wing of the front orbital module, the power generated will be three times that of Soyuz, exceeding 1.5 kW on average, which is almost equivalent to the power provided by the power supply of Fukang AX New Wave Automobile. In addition to providing a lot of power, these battery wings can also rotate around the connection point, so that no matter how the spacecraft moves, it can always maintain the best direction to obtain the maximum power, eliminating a lot of maneuvers of "leaning toward the sun", so that the spacecraft can keep observing the earth while ensuring that the solar array faces the sun.
At the back of the equipment cabin is the propulsion system of the spacecraft. The main propulsion system consists of four large main engines, which are located at the bottom center of the propulsion cabin. Four pairs of small thrusters for attitude correction are arranged around the side skirts of the propulsion cabin, saying that they are smaller than the main thrusters and much larger than other auxiliary thrusters. In addition, there is a small auxiliary propeller outside the propulsion cabin skirt.
Additional segment
The additional segment, also known as the transition segment, is used to prepare for future rendezvous and docking with another spacecraft or space station. Before manned flight and rendezvous and docking, he can also install various instruments for space exploration.
At this stage, there is no official introduction to the equipment of the additional section, but some people in the industry have made bold speculations. For example, one of the half-ring devices should be used to install square instruments. While three mutually perpendicular and extendable probes of 0.4m are considered as a part of navigation system or docking system. Because the Apollo spacecraft in the United States also has a similar device for docking. Russian docking system may be installed at the front end of shenzhou spaceship orbital module. However, these devices may only be experimental, and will definitely be replaced by new docking systems when docking with the space station in the future.