Tong Dizhou (1902- 1979), biologist.

1902 was born in Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province (now Yinzhou District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province) on May 28th. Due to poor family circumstances,/kloc-entered school at the age of 0/7. 1927 graduated from biology department of Fudan university. 1930 received the doctor of science degree from Belgium's Bijing University. After returning to China, he successively served as a professor at Shandong University, Central University School of Medicine, Tongji University and Fudan University, a researcher at China Institute of Psychophysiology, and a researcher at Cambridge University in Britain and Yale University in the United States. 1948 was elected as an academician of academia sinica, and 1955 was elected as an academician of China academy of sciences. Later, he was a researcher at the Institute of Developmental Biology of China Academy of Sciences, director of the Department of Biology of China Academy of Sciences, and vice president of China Academy of Sciences. He used to be a professor and vice-president of Shandong University, a member of the third and fourth the NPC Standing Committee, and a vice-chairman of China People's Political Consultative Conference. The founder of experimental embryology in China. The polarity or axis of ascidian mosaic development was proved by mitotic ball staining in vivo, and the polarity of embryo was discussed with cilia movement as the experimental object and polarity index. During the development of amphioxus, the relationship between mitochondria, the relationship between germ layers and the study of induction have made embryologists have a new understanding of the individual development of amphioxus. It has played an enlightening role in understanding the system development; In his later years, he studied the relationship between nucleus and cytoplasm in development, and proved that nucleus and cytoplasm are not independent of each other, but have a very close relationship in individual development. 1979 In March, when he was giving a report for the Zhejiang Science Conference, unfortunately, his cerebral blood vessel ruptured and he fainted on the platform. Since then, he has been ill and died on March 30 at the age of 77. He has been teaching for many years and trained a large number of students, many of whom have become well-known scholars at home and abroad.

Biographical notes

*1902 was born in Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province on May 28th.

*1923 ——1927 graduated from Fudan university.

*1928 ——1930 served as the teaching assistant of Central University.

*1930 ——1934 studied at the Free University of Brussels, Belgium, and obtained a doctorate.

*1934 ——1937 Professor of Shandong University.

*1938 ——1941year as a professor in the medical college of central university.

*1941-1943 Professor, School of Medicine, Tongji University.

*1944 ——1946 Professor of Fudan University.

*1946 ——1948 was a professor at Shandong university.

*1948 ——1949 was a visiting researcher at Yale university.

* 1949— 1955 professor and vice president of Shandong university, researcher and deputy director of institute of experimental biology of China academy of sciences, director of Qingdao marine biology research office of institute of aquatic biology of Chinese academy of sciences, and director of Qingdao marine biology research office of China academy of sciences.

*1955 ——1976 deputy director of biogeography department of China academy of sciences, researcher and director of Qingdao institute of marine biology, director of institute of oceanography, director of biology department of China academy of sciences, and researcher of institute of zoology.

*1977 ——1979 vice president of China academy of sciences.

* 1979 passed away in Beijing on March 30th.

experience

*1902 was born in a peasant family in Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province on May 28th. He lost his father at an early age, came from a poor family and was raised by his brother. 19 18 joined Ningbo normal university, studied hard and got excellent grades, and was admitted to the third grade of Xiaoshi middle school in Ningbo as a transfer student.

* 1922 graduated from middle school and was admitted to Fudan university, majoring in psychology.

* 1927 After graduation, Cai Bao, director of the Department of Biology of Central University, recommended him to be the teaching assistant of the Department of Biology of Central University.

* 1930 sponsored by relatives and friends to study in Belgium, and 1934 received his doctorate.

After * 193 1 September 18, the Japanese invaders began to attack northeast China on a large scale. At that time, Tong Dizhou was studying in Belgium. Out of the passion of loving the motherland and consciously resisting Japan, he took the lead in protesting at the Japanese Embassy in Brussels and was threatened by the Belgian police.

At the end of * 1933, regardless of the danger that the Japanese aggressor army would launch a large-scale war of aggression against China, he resolutely gave up the conditions of working and living peacefully abroad, and returned to China at the end of 1934 as a professor in the biology department of Shandong University. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Tong Dizhou moved to Wanxian, Sichuan with his school.

* Shandong University was dissolved 1938, and taught in Central University School of Medicine, Tongji University and Fudan University successively.

* 1946 Shandong university resumed school in Qingdao, and Tong Dizhou returned to Qingdao to attend the resumption of school, and served as a professor and head of the biology department. During 1947, a demonstration against the National Government's "anti-hunger and anti-persecution" broke out in Qingdao. As the head of the Professor's Association of Shandong University and the head of the Department of Zoology, Tong Dizhou actively supported the student movement, and at the risk of covering others to take photos of the student parade, helped to spread the English version of People's Speech, which published reports on the student parade and the military and police suppressing students, so as to expand the influence of the student movement.

* 1948, Tong Dizhou was elected as an academician of academia sinica. In the same year, he was invited by Rockefeller Foundation of Rockwell Foundation of the United States to be a visiting researcher at Yale University in the United States.

*1949 In June, he gave up his excellent research and living conditions in the United States and resolutely returned to Shandong University. After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), Tong Dizhou continued to be the professor and head of the Department of Zoology of Shandong University. 65438-0950, Deputy Director of Institute of Experimental Biology, China Academy of Sciences, Director of Qingdao Marine Biology Research Office, Institute of Aquatic Biology.

* 195 1 served as vice president of Shandong university. From 65438 to 0955, he was elected as an academician of China Academy of Sciences, deputy director of the Department of Biogeology, director of Qingdao Marine Biology Laboratory of China Academy of Sciences, and later became the director of Qingdao Institute of Marine Biology.

* 1960, biology and earth sciences are divided into biology department and earth sciences department. He used to be the director and researcher of the Biology Department of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (after the death of Marco, the director of the Institute, Tong Dizhou was the director). "

* 1977 director, cytogenetics laboratory, institute of zoology.

* 1978 vice president of China academy of sciences.

The story about Tong Dizhou.

Juvenile Tong Dizhou

Two firsts in primary schools

Tong Dizhou grew up slowly, and his brothers understood the important principle and sent Tong Dizhou's youngest son to Zhejiang No.4 Normal School for accommodation.

Tong Dizhou's eldest brother hopes that Tong Dizhou will study hard, succeed in his future career and go back to his hometown to help his brother run a school. Tong Dizhou Jr., whose eyes are wide open, now has another great ambition in his heart. He is going to study in Ningbo Xiaoshi Middle School, a famous school in the province at that time. Big brother is happy for his brother's ambition, but he is worried about his brother. Little Tong Dizhou firmly told his brothers: "I will be admitted to Xiaoshi Middle School!" Tong Dizhou Jr. carefully prepared for the exam, and the whole family mobilized to support him. Kind old mothers often get up quietly in the middle of the night and look at the candlelight in their son's room quietly through the window. ...

Di Zhou, a child, was finally admitted to primary school and became a junior, but his grades were the lowest in his class. Facing the report card, Tong Dizhou Jr. shed tears of sadness. ...

Soon, the news that "Little Child Di Zhou often falls in love late into the night regardless of his studies" came from Tong Di Zhou's dormitory, which attracted the attention of his classmates and teachers. One night, Mr. Chen, a senior three math teacher, came back from work and found a thin figure shaking under the dim street lamp. Mr. Chen thought, "Who doesn't go back to the dormitory to sleep in the middle of the night?" Teacher Chen walked over with questions. It turned out that Tong Dizhou was doing the problem by street lamps. "Don't go back to the dormitory to rest so late?" "Miss Chen, I have to hurry up and catch up on my homework. I don't want to be the last one. " Teacher Chen looked at Tong Dizhou's thin body and advised Tong Dizhou to go back to rest with concern. Not far away, Tong Dizhou stood under a street lamp, reading a book in his hand. Teacher Chen was deeply moved. He deeply understands Tong Dizhou's ambition and is proud of having such a student.

The next day, in front of the whole class, Teacher Chen solemnly refuted the rumor: "I tell you clearly that Tong Dizhou is a studious person! Don't draw conclusions by guessing, let alone denigrate others, especially a diligent and studious person! " Teacher Chen said seriously, "I witnessed Tong Dizhou doing calculation exercises with all his heart under the dim street lamp after the lights were turned off. He works too hard, too hard! He is worth learning by all students! " Teacher Chen finally raised her voice. "Yes, Tong Dizhou used to be the worst in the class, but a person's performance can't be judged by only one exam result. Measuring a person's knowledge and ability ultimately depends on how he takes his own path of struggle! "

The final exam is coming, and Tong Dizhou has become the focus of the whole school. Finally, by his own efforts, he achieved an average score of 70 points in all subjects, including full marks in geometry, which caused a sensation throughout the school.

With his own efforts and teachers' concern, he ranked first in the final exam of senior three. Principal Chen Xia often says with infinite emotion: "I have been a principal for many years, and I have never seen a student make such rapid progress!" "

Later, when Tong Dizhou recalled his childhood, he said with emotion, "Effective two firsts have a great influence on my life. This let me know that I am no more stupid than others. What others can do, I can certainly do it through hard work. There is no genius in the world, and genius is bought with labor. "

1In July, 924, Tong Dizhou was admitted to Fudan University with the support of his brother. From then on, he began a long road of pursuing science and dedicating himself to his career. ...

Drip wears away the stone-persistence is success.

Tong Dizhou, 1902, was born in Ningbo, Zhejiang. His father is a teacher in a private school. Tong Dizhou studied in a private school with his father since childhood, working while studying. My father often tells Tong Dizhou the story of the ancients' hard study, telling him that there is no end to learning, and he must persevere. He also wrote down the words "A drop of water wears a stone" and hung it on Tong Dizhou's desk, encouraging him to study hard and hoping that he would make a difference.

"A drop of water wears away a stone" is my father's encouragement to Tong Dizhou. In fact, Tong Dizhou is practicing this spirit by himself. He seized every minute and climbed to the top of science with tenacious perseverance.

In the private school, Tong Dizhou only learned some knowledge of literature and history, which was far from satisfying Tong Dizhou's thirst for knowledge. Because his family is poor, he has no money to go to school. Therefore, although Tong Dizhou is eager to go to school one day and study with his peers, he can't. It was not until 17 years old that he entered the preparatory class of Ningbo Normal University with the help of his brother. You don't have to pay tuition here, but you can also eat and live here. It is very lucky that children from poor families can go to school here. Tong Dizhou was very happy. He seized this hard-won opportunity and studied hard, never letting go of a minute. Because he had only learned a little knowledge of literature and history in a private school before, and had no foundation in mathematics and physics, Tong Dizhou had a hard time studying, but instead of being discouraged, he studied harder and wanted to catch up with others.

Not only that, deep down, he also set himself a higher goal-he wants to get into an effective middle school. The school was a first-class school in Ningbo at that time, and its graduates generally went to college. How many dignitaries are proud of their children studying in Xiaoshi Middle School! Primary schools, on the other hand, have high requirements for English and attach great importance to the basics of mathematics and physics, which are just the weak links in Tong Dizhou. Besides, he has never learned English. Tong Dizhou has worked harder since he set the goal of getting into an effective middle school. He began to teach himself English, often studying late into the night. My brother was moved by Tong Dizhou's determination and promised to send him to school. I also asked a friend in Ningbo to ask my brother about the enrollment of Xiaoshi Middle School.

My brother's friend brought bad news to Tong Dizhou from Ningbo: Xiaoshi Middle School didn't recruit freshmen this time, but only the top students in Grade Three. My brother thought: As far as the foundation of Tong Dizhou is concerned, it is already very difficult to take the first grade exam, and now only the third grade students are recruited. What can we do? Brother hesitated, so he went to consult with Tong Dizhou. Tong Dizhou still hasn't changed his mind after hearing the news. He must go to Xiaoshi Middle School, so he decided to take the placement exam.

Relying on the spirit of "water drops pierce the stone", the iron pestle can also be ground into a needle. Tong Dizhou passed the third grade of Xiaoshi Middle School, but he came last. One year later, Tong Dizhou changed from the penultimate to the ordinal number one, and his geometry score changed from failing in admission to 100 a year later! Later, Tong Dizhou was admitted to Fudan University with excellent results and became the high flyers of Fudan University. After graduation, I went to study at Bijing University in Brussels, Belgium. He received his doctorate at 1934, when he was 32 years old.

Expensive microscope

During their stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Tong Dizhou family came to a small town in Sichuan. Their family lives on a small salary. At that time, Tong Dizhou was teaching in a university. After teaching, Tong Dizhou continued his embryology research.

To study embryology, fantasy alone is not enough, and necessary experiments are essential. You have to have experimental equipment to do experiments, but where can you get these equipment? Therefore, Tong Dizhou can't eat incense and can't sleep. Scientific research is the biggest thing in his life. Not doing scientific research is like killing him. Seeing that Tong Dizhou was unwell, the whole family was worried about him.

One day, Tong Dizhou came back from the outside, all smiles. He excitedly told his wife Ye that he had found a treasure. A lady who hasn't seen her husband's smiling face for a long time feels very strange. What deserves her husband's happiness? She asked, "What baby?" "I saw a microscope, or a binocular microscope!" "Where is it?" My wife is also very excited. You know, microscope is the most important instrument in embryology experiment. With it, you can do experiments. "At the thrift store in town." Tong Dizhou replied, pulling his wife out of the house. He wants her to enjoy the joy of finding "baby" with himself. The two men came to the garage in high spirits. Sure enough, an old binocular microscope was there, as if waving to them.

"Excuse me, how much is this microscope?"

"Sixty thousand dollars." Both husband and wife were taken aback, so expensive? This price is equivalent to two years' salary.

"So expensive? Can it be cheaper? "

"No, you see, it's still German."

The boss looked at them and concluded from experience that they really wanted to buy them, so the asking price was higher.

No way, the two had to return empty-handed. The dream is in front of you, but you can't get it. At night, they toss and turn, but they can't sleep.

The next day, they went to the flea market again. Just like yesterday, the microscope is still there. But the only difference is that the boss actually raised the price on the grounds of soaring prices and wanted to sell "65 thousand yuan". The money yesterday and today is just different.

Similarly, they returned empty-handed. For several days in a row, they ran to the second-hand booth again and again for fear that their beloved microscope would be taken away by others. The boss was so impatient that he simply ignored them later.

The couple decided to buy this microscope for scientific research. There was really no money at home, so I began to borrow money from relatives and friends everywhere and sold a lot of clothes. "But we may not be able to pay off this debt for several years!" The lady said worriedly. "For the sake of my career, I would rather suffer for a lifetime!" Tong Dizhou replied.

They finally chipped in 65,000 yuan and bought back the microscope.

With a microscope, you can do experiments. However, new difficulties have come again. When using a microscope, there must be light or bright sunshine. The house where Tong Dizhou lives is small and dark. Because it was during the Anti-Japanese War, there were frequent power outages. What should I do? Tong Dizhou tried his best. He and his colleagues put the microscope on the windowsill and used sunlight for illumination when the sun was fine. The sun is not good. When there is power failure, they use dry batteries as power supply or kerosene lamps for lighting.

The problem of microscope has been solved. For other equipment, they will simplify it, such as replacing glassware with teacups, discarded glass bottles and bowls. They are doing scientific experiments, exploring the mysteries of life in bottles and jars that are useless to outsiders.

"children fish"

Spring, when the earth recovers, is the season for goldfish to breed. In order to explore the mystery of biological genetic traits, Tong Dizhou, who is over 70 years old, began a new exploration. He chose goldfish and crucian carp as experimental materials. In the laboratory, Tong Dizhou is sitting in front of the laboratory, and his assistants are busy nervously in the laboratory, making preparations before the experiment. This is the moment when a tense battle is about to start, and everything is going on in an orderly way. Tong Dizhou wants to test his ideas in scientific research through this experiment called nucleic acid induction. Goldfish ovulate, and the fertilized egg discharged is smaller than sesame!

A tense battle began. Aides quickly sent their purified crucian carp egg nucleic acid to Tong Dizhou. Tong Dizhou injected these nucleic acids into the cytoplasm of goldfish fertilized eggs with his dexterous hands. He wants to see if the nucleic acid of crucian carp eggs has any influence on the fertilized eggs of goldfish, and whether the characteristics of goldfish grown from fertilized eggs of goldfish will change.

From the early morning to two o'clock in the afternoon, eight hours passed and experiments were carried out one after another. Tong Dizhou, who was sitting at the experimental table, had a backache and was hungry. But he persisted stubbornly and operated meticulously. The assistants can't stand it. You know, Tong Dizhou is 70 years old!

"Tong Lao, you have a rest!" An assistant couldn't help saying. Tong Dizhou shook his head and said:

"It should be remembered that our cause needs hands, not mouths! Besides, aren't you as busy as me? " Tong Dizhou is like this, leading by example and being strict with himself. Every assistant has a record of the experiment, and he has to read it himself. He often encourages his assistant with "seriousness is the secret of success, carelessness is the partner of failure". Later, his assistant became his close friend.

Soon, these goldfish produced by manipulated sperm eggs grew up slowly and miracles appeared. Tong Dizhou and his assistants were pleasantly surprised to find that some goldfish have undergone wonderful changes: among 320 young fish, 106 has changed from a double tail to a single tail, showing the characteristics of the tail fin of crucian carp! These fish have the characteristics of goldfish and crucian carp. This shows that the nucleic acid extracted from crucian carp eggs plays a significant role in changing the genetic traits of goldfish. This also shows that not only the nucleus controls the genetic traits of organisms, but also the cytoplasm plays a very important role.

The success of the experiment confirmed Tong Dizhou's idea. Tong Dizhou's face was filled with joy after his success. This single-tailed goldfish is the "child fish" praised by the poet Zhao Puchu. Giant Panda Fish is the crystallization of Tong Dizhou's sweat, will and painstaking efforts. It embodies Tong Dizhou's wisdom and realistic spirit, and is a milestone for Tong Dizhou to explore the truth.

Later, Tong Dizhou also used some more distant species to do similar experiments, which also succeeded, thus more effectively confirming his ideas.

Don't live up to your expectations.

Tong Dizhou is a famous biologist and excellent educator in China. Before his death, he served as vice president of China Academy of Sciences and director of Institute of Zoology.

Tong Dizhou was born in a small village in Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province. His family life is very poor. He has no money to go to school, so he has to do some farm work at home and learn some culture from his father. It was not until 17 years old that he entered Ningbo Normal University with the help of his second brother. However, the average score of the first semester exam failed, and the school asked him to drop out of school or be demoted. After Tong Dizhou's repeated requests, the school reluctantly agreed to try it out for half a year. Tong Dizhou vowed to catch up with her grades. Tong Dizhou insisted on tenacious study. Finally, we achieved good results. After entering Fudan University, he studied harder, and by the time he graduated, he had become the high flyers of Biology Department. Tong Dizhou realized that there is no genius in the world, and genius is bought with labor. To climb the peak of biology, you need to work harder.

1930, with the support of relatives and friends, Tong Dizhou crossed the ocean and came to brucellosis, the capital of northern Europe. He studied embryology under the guidance of Professor Blanchett, a famous European biologist. At that time, he found that some overseas students held a contemptuous attitude towards China people and thought that "China people are nationals of weak countries". An international student who lives with him publicly said, "China people are really stupid." Hearing this, Tong Dizhou could no longer hold back his anger and said to the foreigners, "All right, let's have a competition. You represent your country, and I will compare with you on behalf of my country to see who gets the doctorate first. "

Tong Dizhou, who was breathless with anger, wrote his oath in his diary: "China people are not stupid, they should come up with something to win glory for our nation!"

To study embryology, it is often necessary to peel off the egg membrane Once in an experiment, the professor asked the students to try to peel off the membrane of frog eggs. This is a very difficult operation. The frog egg is only the size of a small grain of rice and is tightly wrapped by three layers of soft membrane like protein. Because the egg membrane is thin, the operation can only be performed under a microscope. Many people have failed. As soon as they peel off the egg membrane, they tear the frog eggs apart. Tong Dizhou was the only one who finished the experimental task quietly.

When Professor Blanchere knew this, he specially arranged an observation experiment for all the students to see. The experiment began, and Tong Dizhou walked unhurriedly to the microscope and operated it skillfully. People see him as careful as a clockmaker, as dexterous as an embroidered mother, and as meticulous as a clever surgeon. Under the microscope, he first made a small hole in the egg with a steel needle, so the swollen frog egg immediately relaxed and became oblate, and then gently picked the sides with steel tweezers, and the egg membrane of the frog egg fell off the egg smoothly. He does it quickly and neatly.

"It worked! Success! " The students rushed to congratulate, and Professor Blanchett was even more excited. This is a project that he hasn't done for years! Unable to restrain his inner joy, he praised again and again: "Tong Dizhou is really good! How nice of China people! " The success of peeling frog egg membrane in Tong Dizhou shocked the biological community in Europe. Four years later, through the defense, the Belgian Academic Committee decided to award Tong Dizhou a doctorate. At the conference to get the degree, Tong Dizhou said excitedly, "I come from China, and some people say that people in China are stupid. I have obtained a doctorate from your country, which at least shows that China people are never more stupid than others. " The professors present nodded in succession, and some even held out their thumbs. But that foreign student doesn't even have a thesis, let alone a doctor.

1937 when War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out, Tong Dizhou refused to be retained by experts and classmates, and resolutely returned to the disaster-stricken motherland. He came to teach in a village in Yibin, Sichuan. In the intense teaching, I have never forgotten to engage in scientific research. But without scientific instruments, even a microscope, there is no way to continue embryology research. An unexpected discovery brought him hope: they saw an old microscope at a flea market in a small town, but the asking price was too expensive. At that time, the couple had used up all the money in their pockets, and it was not enough to borrow some from others. Finally, they had to pawn their clothes and finally bought back the old microscope.

With a microscope, but without the necessary lighting, it is still impossible to operate. They had to move the microscope outdoors to take advantage of the weak reflection of snow in winter. He forgot the cold and was absorbed in his work. In the hot summer sun, sweating profusely, although the sweat dripped on the mirror and blurred the vision, or the wind blew a small grain of sand into the container and even occupied the whole field of vision ... Tong Dizhou persisted in tackling the problem. Generally speaking, each test data should be repeated once or twice, and he often repeats it five or six times. However, under this humble microscope, in this low hut, Tong Dizhou wrote a series of papers with academic value, which shocked scholars in the field of biology at home and abroad.

From 65438 to 0973, under the cordial care of Premier Zhou, Tong Dizhou and his partners began the study of cytogenetics. In dissecting microscope, he used a glass needle thinner than an embroidery needle to inject the genetic factors in the egg cells of crucian carp into the fertilized eggs of goldfish. Goldfish eggs are not as big as millet. How difficult it is to do such an experiment! However, Tong Dizhou succeeded. As a result, among the hatched young fish, one fish was covered with golden scales and had a single tail like crucian carp, indicating that the genetics of crucian carp played a role in the golden fish eggs. This kind of fish was created by Tong Dizhou, so people call it "giant salamander". Tong Dizhou's experimental results have made great contributions to biology.

1978, Tong Dizhou gloriously joined China. Although he is 76 years old, he still devotes himself to his work with the vigor of a young man. He personally made a scientific research project plan and drew a beautiful blue map. 1979 In March, on the platform of Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, he suddenly felt dizzy and never got sick again. In order to revitalize the scientific cause of the motherland, he practiced his oath: "I am willing to serve the old cow and die for the country!" " "