The feudal empire based on the landlord and small-scale peasant economy was initially formed. Correspondingly, the palace gardens were large in scale and bold in spirit, which became the mainstream of gardening activities in this period.

1. The types of classical gardens in China are not complete, and the mainstream of gardening activities is royal gardens.

2. The functions of gardens range from early hunting, communication, seeking immortality and production to later recreation and appreciation.

3. Due to the influence of primitive mountain worship, emperor's meditation activities and immortal thoughts, nature still maintains a strong sense of mystery in people's hearts.

Second, the turning period (equivalent to Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties)

Aristocratic children weakened the rule of bureaucracy headed by imperial power to a certain extent, and private gardens mushroomed everywhere. With the popularity of Buddhism and Taoism, temple gardens began to flourish. Garden art has integrated the aesthetic thoughts of Confucianism, Taoism and metaphysics, and has leapt to a new height, laying a foundation for the development of China landscape architecture.

1. Under the direct influence of the aesthetic trend of the times with natural beauty as the core, China classical landscape gardens began to explore how to be based on and superior to nature, from simply imitating natural landscapes to appropriately adding general situation, refining, abstraction and typicality.

2. The functions of hunting, seeking immortals and communicating with the gods in gardens have basically disappeared or only kept their symbolic significance, and sightseeing activities have become the dominant or even the only function.

3. As an independent type, private gardens have mushroomed, reflecting the achievements of gardening activities in this period. At the beginning, there were two obvious tendencies: one was the tendency of advocating prosperity represented by aristocratic bureaucrats; The other is the tendency to show seclusion and pursue the pleasure of mountains and rivers, represented by literati and celebrities.

4. The construction of the royal garden is included in the overall planning of the capital, and the palace in the Greater Inner Area is located on the central axis of the capital and becomes an organic part of the city center.

5. As a gardening element, architecture has achieved a close and harmonious relationship with other natural elements.

Third, the heyday (equivalent to the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties)

As a garden system, its unique style has basically taken shape.

1. The "royal style" of the royal garden has been fully formed. As the uniqueness of this type of garden, it is not only reflected in the grand scale of the garden, but also in the overall layout and local design of the garden.

2. Compared with the previous generation, the artistry of private gardens has been sublimated, focusing on depicting the typical character of garden scenery and dealing with the details of parts and sketches.

The popularity of temple gardens is the result of secularization of religion. Urban temples have the function of urban public communication center, and temple gardens also play the role of urban public gardens accordingly. The rural temple garden has turned the religious activity place of the temple into a means to decorate the scenery, attract pilgrims and tourists and promote the development of primitive tourism.

4. The three artistic categories of landscape painting, landscape poetry and landscape garden have shown signs of mutual infiltration, and the interesting features of poetry and painting in China classical gardens have begun to take shape.

Fourth, the early stage of maturity (equivalent to the Song Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty)

The development of feudal culture has lost the style of Han and Tang dynasties, but it has been transformed into self-improvement from the whole to the details in an increasingly narrow and exquisite realm. Correspondingly, the development of gardens has also sublimated from its heyday to a fully mature realm full of creativity and enterprising.

1. The method of garden creation in this period gradually changed to freehand brushwork.

2. Literati widely participate in gardening, and their rich experience in gardening is constantly accumulated, and then scholars or gardeners with literati background summarize it into theoretical works and publish them around the world.

3. With the introduction of Zen into Japan, China's gardening art once again influenced Japan after the Tang Dynasty, which led to the rise of Zen gardens, such as the establishment of academies, dry mountains and rivers, chayuan and so on.

Five, the late maturity (equivalent to the middle of the Qing Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty)

The development of gardens, on the one hand, inherits the mature tradition of the previous period, tends to be more exquisite, and shows the highest achievement of China classical gardens; On the other hand, it exposed a certain tendency of recession, gradually became cumbersome and rigid, and somewhat lost the positive and innovative spirit of the previous period.

1, the imperial garden has experienced many ups and downs.

2. Folk private gardens have always followed the peak level of the previous generation, forming three local styles: Jiangnan, North and Lingnan.

This garden has changed from a pleasant and temperamental entertainment place to a multifunctional activity center.

4. The theoretical exploration of horticulture has stagnated, and there are no preliminary theoretical works on gardens and horticulture as in the previous period.

5. Chinese and Western garden cultures began to communicate.

Extended data

Classification of gardens: according to residents

1, Royal Garden?

This is the garden for emperors to rest and entertain. The ancients said that there is no king in the world. In the view of the ruling class, the mountains and rivers of the country belong to the royal family. Therefore, it is characterized by large scale, many mountains and waters, magnificent architectural colors and tall buildings. The existing famous royal gardens are: Beijing Summer Palace, Beijing Beihai Park, Hebei chengde mountain resort.

2. Private garden

It is a leisure garden for royal consorts, princes and nobles, wealthy businessmen and others. It is characterized by its small scale, so rockeries and fake water are often used, and the buildings are small and exquisite, showing its elegant and quaint colors. Existing private gardens, such as Gongwangfu in Beijing, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden in Suzhou, Canglang Pavilion, Netlion Garden and Yuyuan Garden in Shanghai.

Baidu encyclopedia-classical garden