In the second year of Jiading (1209), he wrote a letter of goodwill, wrote an obituary, found a Chinese medicine practitioner, and awarded him a bachelor's degree in Mo Bao Pavilion. In the third year of Li Zongbaoqing's reign (1227), he gave it to a surname, chased lord protector, and changed his emblem to lord protector. Zhu was a master of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty. He inherited the Neo-Confucianism of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi in the Northern Song Dynasty and completed the objective idealism system. It is believed that reason is the essence of the world, "reason comes first, and qi comes later", and it is proposed that "justice should be preserved and human desires should be destroyed". Zhu is knowledgeable and has studied Confucian classics, history, literature, music and even natural science. His lyrics are beautiful in language and handsome in style, and there is no disease of heavy color or allusion. It can be seen that the language of many works is well thought out and more particular. However, the artistic conception of his ci is a little more rational than emotional, which is because he pays attention to the philosophical thought of Neo-Confucianism.
Zhu entered school at the age of 5, and when he was 18, he paid tribute to his hometown. The following year (18th year in Shaoxing, Song Gaozong, 1 148), he was a scholar. In Zhu's career of 7 1 year, he served as an official for 9 years, and spent most of the rest of his time writing books and giving lectures? In Taoism, there are more than 70 books with 460 volumes, mainly including Notes to Four Books, Biography of Poems, Notes to Songs of Chu, Illustration of Taiji, Interpretation of Shu Tong, Interpretation of Mingxi, and Outline of Tongjian. Established 27 academies with thousands of students? People.
Zhu was the most famous Neo-Confucianist in China during the Southern Song Dynasty. He is the greatest feudal educator after Confucius. His philosophical thoughts and educational thoughts had a great influence on politics and culture in the late feudal society of China. Ming? Taoshu History Society: "Zhu Xu continued his orthodoxy, entered the sanctuary, and worked on calligraphy. Good at grass, especially Chinese characters, calm and elegant when writing. Although it is a piece of space, people compete for treasures and secrets, which is tantamount to pushing the wall of Guangxi.
"Beginners advocate Jin and Tang dynasties, advocating retro instead of sticking to a rut and being unique? Italy, Xiaosan is simple and profound, and the ancient world is peaceful, which exceeds the secular expectations and is deeply loved by Jin people. Zhu Yisheng left a considerable number of calligraphy works, but unfortunately most of them have been lost. Selected manuscripts such as Zhu Xinshu, Cliff Stone Carvings, Stone Carvings and Couplet rubbings in Wuyishan Zhu Memorial Hall, edited by Fujian Fine Arts Publishing House. This book commemorates the 875th anniversary of Zhu's birth and is dedicated to the upcoming China Cultural Festival in Wuyishan. ?
I. Resume of Learning Books Zhu Song's father is a good scholar. Thanks to Wang Anshi's style, Wang Anshi's words can be confused. Zhu, a gifted scholar of Min Hui, studied calligraphy with his father since childhood and was influenced by the art of calligraphy.
When he was young, Zhu was more interested in calligraphy. He told himself in the preface to the collection of family inscriptions: "to make good use of ancient monuments, there can be no books from poor families." You can always take the words collected by Ouyang Zi and enjoy reading their prefaces and pasting dialectical words. If you feel comfortable, you will suddenly want to touch their inscriptions and lose their words. " . Zhu's reading is "learning the law" and "learning the books of the Han and Wei Dynasties, catching up with Zhong You" (2) Zhong You was recognized as a great calligrapher in past dynasties, and Cao Cao often discussed books with him at that time.
Zhong You was also good at books, and Cao Cao promoted him to be a teacher. Zhu once studied Cao Caoshu. Zhang Huaiguan in the Tang Dynasty listed Cao Cao's calligraphy as a "wonderful work" and praised it as "peerless elegance". Yu Jianwu of Nanliang also had the reputation of "outstanding brushwork". Unfortunately, Cao Cao's cursive script has been lost today. However, his unconstrained style of writing has had a good influence on Zhu. An anecdote about Zhu Reform was left in the historical materials.
One day, Zhu saw that he was writing Yan Zhenqing's deer breast post. He didn't agree, so he put Cao Cao's method
Show him the post. Unexpectedly, he retorted, "I am a scholar, a loyal CCBA scholar in the Tang Dynasty and a usurper in the Han Dynasty!" I was speechless for a moment.
Since then, Zhu has carefully chosen his words and used other styles. Liu Xun said that Cao Cao was a traitor to the Han Dynasty, which is debatable. But Zhu's subsequent study of all kinds of calligraphy undoubtedly played a decisive role in improving his calligraphy level. Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy was most admired in the Song Dynasty. The Book Continuation, written by Zhu, a calligraphy critic in the Song Dynasty, was written in the seventh year of Xining (1074). Only three people were selected for the representative list, and Yan Shu ranked first. Praise him as a "loyal minister" and write "resolute and bold, strict and prepared" Most calligraphers in Song Dynasty have studied Yan style. Lu You also wrote the poem "Learning to be Excellent and Being an Official".
Zhu Xue Zhong You's regular script was changed to cursive script for Yan Zhenqing's "Competing for Seats". Liao Jingfeng, an Amin scholar, said: "I saw a batch of bamboo slips of Zhu's calligraphy, Gaifalu contended for books, and even added notes while walking, and it was all right again. It means lush, deep and quaint, with bones, tendons and rhyme. " ⑤. Duke Lu is the honorific title of Yan Zhenqing in the world, which shows that Zhu studied Yan Tizi assiduously. However, Zhu Yisheng's energy was mainly spent on studying Neo-Confucianism, and he had no intention of becoming a calligrapher. He studied in Linchi as soon as he finished his studies. He is a scholar-type calligrapher.
Feng Ban's "Blunt Book" said: "Book is the way of a gentleman, and you will never give up with Zhu." Zhu worships Er Cheng's Neo-Confucianism as well as his calligraphy. He once recorded Cheng Hao's Calligraphy Inscription, in which he grasped the tube and stretched out the paper to draw ink, and he also enjoyed it. It is useless to draw a little, and it is confusing to take a face ... "This is the commandment of learning books. Cheng Yi's calligraphy posts are also engraved on the wall of Bailu Cave in Lushan Mountain, and we can read them every day. Subsequently, Zhu's reputation in the study of science grew. He traveled around the world to give lectures, "convince people by reasoning, and do it by art". ⑥ When he was drunk after class, he recited poems and improvised books, especially reciting Zhuge Liang's Model and "Write it for friends later." ⑦ As Zhu was a well-known scholar at that time, many disciples invited Zhu to write the secret posts of his family, so that he had more opportunities to meet many famous people in Wei, Jin, Tang and Song Dynasties, learn from them and learn from hundreds of talents. It was not until his later years that his calligraphy gradually improved.
Secondly, Zhu is the main work handed down from generation to generation, and he left a considerable number of books in his life. Unfortunately, a large number of letters and manuscripts have now been lost. According to "Stone Records and Art Compilation", since the Song Dynasty, Zhu calligraphy has been included in the museum, Gubaoxiantang, Haishan Xianji, Tangtang, Baoxiantang, Shousongtang, Tangtang, Linsuyuan and Yunzhentang stone carvings. Zhu's works were also included in Sanxitang Stone Carving Collection published in the 15th year of Qing Qianlong.
Zhu also wrote many plaques, couplets and cliff carvings for academies, ancestral temples and famous mountains all over the country. According to the incomplete statistics of Complete Works of Zhu Zi, there are 1 16 places. Zhu's existing calligraphy is mostly multi-line bamboo slips, many of which have flowed into Japan. Zhu's existing major works are introduced as follows:
(1) ink calligraphy post: Professor's post: ink and wash, yellow paper, cursive script, 55.6 cm long and 53.3 cm wide. Letter, 17 lines, 2 16 words. The old title before the post was Zhu Wengong, and there were seals such as Zhenhua Tangji, Zhang Miao and Anyizhou Painting and Calligraphy Chapter. The style of this post is quite similar to that of Zhong You. The writing style of this post is full of proper limit, strong, profound and quaint. It was collected by the Palace Museum and published in Song Shu Xian Han. Calligraphy and Chinese manuscript stickers: ink and wash paper, cursive script, which is the combination of Zhu's Letter from Yu Yunfu and Manuscript. Fu, also known as July 6th Post, is a letter written by Zhu to his cousin (Yunfu), with a length of 33.5 cm and a width of 45.3 cm, 12 lines and 203 words. "Manuscript" is the manuscript of Zhu's "University or Chengzhang", with a length of 28.2 cm, a width of 1 13.6 cm, 48 lines and about 1200 words.
Use a pen throughout, with smooth strokes and beautiful posture. The clock bears the seal of Sun Chengze and the appraisal of Bian Lingzhi, Gan Long, Jiaqing and Xuan Tong. There is a portrait of Zhu in front of the post, and there is an inscription 1 1 after the post. It is now in the Liaoning Provincial Museum and photocopied by the Cultural Relics Publishing House. Book gift: ink paper book, running script. 29 cm in vertical direction, 36.4 cm in horizontal direction, 10 line, 73 words.
The clock has the seals of "Xiang", "Innocence", "Appreciation Instrument and Zhou". The original is kept in the National Palace Museum in Taipei, and the calligraphy belongs to the Right Army. The pen is calm and continuous, neither vigorous nor vigorous. The Palace Museum in Beijing has a photocopy. Note: ink paper, running script. It is 32.6 cm long and 46.8 cm wide. Letter, 14 line, 130 words. There is a "Xiang Appreciation Chapter" on the clock. The pen is strong and the words are elegant. The damaged paper was re-framed by later generations, which was far from Zhu's original work. It was collected by the Palace Museum and listed as one of Mo Bao's books in the Song and Yuan Dynasties; It was compiled into the Complete Works of the Forbidden City and photocopied and published. South of the city chorus: ink paper, cursive script. It is 3 1.5 cm long and 275.5 cm wide. The content is twenty harmonious poems written by Zhu Weizhang's "Wipe the South of the City". The frontispiece has the words "Hui Weng Shou Ze" written by Li Dongyang in Ming Dynasty, followed by Wu Kuan and others 12 people. Now in the Palace Museum, it is included in the Complete Works of China Fine Arts, and the calligraphy seal cutting is compiled into Song, Jin and Yuan volumes. Although this poem was written by Zhu in his middle age, his calligraphy works were written in his later years, and calligraphers in previous dynasties have the highest evaluation of this post. Its characteristics are calm and peaceful writing, magnificent, changeable and harmonious writing style, which can be described as the essence and the wind of Jin people. Zhu cursive script: ink and wash paper, cursive script. It is 33.5 cm long and 72.7 cm wide. The content narrates the autumn valley in Luling, and the brushwork is Gu Zhuo, which is unique. Unfortunately, many ink marks are incomplete. At the end of the volume, there are four inscriptions by Yu Ding, Hu Yan and Wei Ji.
There are many seals, such as epigraphy calligraphy and painting seal of Li's Wang Yun Caotang in Hefei, stomach seal of Zhou Jia and seal of Jiafu Hall. Now in Nanjing Museum. There are photocopies of the eighth edition calligraphy of the Cultural Relics Publishing House. Autumn deep post: ink paper book, cursive script. It is divided into two pages, 33.3 cm long and 47.5 cm wide, with 32 lines in total. Each line has different words, including more than 20 words and at least 4 words. It is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. The Complete Works of the Forbidden City published by Taiwan Province Province (X). This post is different from other posts, with flat structure, compact spacing, full brushwork, no slippery feeling and strong masculinity. Bu Zhutie: Ink-colored paper book, running script. The length is 33.5 cm, and the transverse direction is unknown (partially). This post is free and easy in brushwork, delicate in stippling, rigorous in statutes and vigorous in bones. The original post has flowed overseas and is now in the National Museum in Tokyo, Japan. It was published in Complete Works of Japanese Calligraphy and Taoism (XVI), and part of the calligraphy seal cutting volume of Complete Works of China Fine Arts was photocopied. In addition to this post, Zhu's manuscripts that flowed into Japan in his early years include The Analects of Confucius and Chinese and Foreign Posts.
(2) Seal cutting: and Yan Xiutie: stone carving calligraphy, regular script, collected in Baodi Calligraphy in Shiqu, Sanxi Hall (hereinafter referred to as "Sanxi Hall Calligraphy"). This is a letter written by Zhu, 20 lines 157 words. There are seals of "scholar's family" and "diligent" in front of the post, and the word "Xi" at the end of the post. Followed by a round seal (suspected "Xi"), as well as collection seals such as "voxel", "back secret" and "Xiangzi Jingjia Collection". The stone carvings are stored in Beijing Beihai Park and read in Gu Lou, and the Beijing Daily Publishing House has a rubbings.
This post was originally collected in the National Palace Museum in Taipei and published in The Complete Works of the Forbidden City in Taiwan Province Province (14).
But Zhu's teacher, so Zhu's writing style is more formal and rigorous, which contains many rules and regulations, showing Zhu's style of surpassing Wei, Jin and Zhong You. Attached posts, stone carving posts and cursive scripts are also included in Sanxi Hall's posts, among which there are 17 lines, accounting for 128 words, which are "Teana Pavilion", "Mo Lin Secret Play", "Qingsen Pavilion Painting and Calligraphy Seal", "He Jia" and "South Chang Yuan's Family Collection and Rare Children Protection Forever" in turn. The style of this book is similar to "Making Peace and Repairing Posts". The stone carvings are stored in Beijing Beihai Park and read in Gu Lou, and the Beijing Daily Publishing House has a rubbings.
(3) Inscription and Cliff Stone Carvings: Liu Ziyu Tombstone: It was built in October of the sixth year of Xichun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 179), and the original monument is now in Wuyishan City, Fujian Province. There are rubbings circulating, extending 265,438+00 cm in the longitudinal direction and 65,438+005 cm in the transverse direction, with 46 lines and 86 words in each line. The pen is more subtle, the stippling is meaningful and round, the structure is slender, beautiful and fresh, full of the charm of the Six Dynasties monument. Mu carved stone: Mu's handwriting is regular script, flat and square. The original stone is 94cm high and 157cm long. Yu Zijun carved it and wrote a postscript. Now it is hidden in Xi 'an forest of steles, and the number of hidden stone is 7 10.
The largest lettering diameter of Zhumoya stone carving is the word "shou" on the stone wall of Gushan drinking water cave in Fuzhou, with a diameter of more than 3 meters. On the left front side of the backwater pool on the north slope of Gushan Peak, there are four characters of Zhu's Tian Feng Hai Tao, which are arranged vertically in regular script. Each character is 48 cm long and 39 cm wide. The total inscription is 2 17 cm high and 60 cm wide from east to west. The signature is "the book of Hui Weng Wei Zi". In addition, famous scenic spots such as Lushan Mountain in Jiangxi, Wuyishan Mountain in Fujian, Jiuri Mountain in Quanzhou and Qingyuan Mountain all have Zhu inscriptions. Judging from the existing cliff stone carvings in various places, the brushwork is majestic and dignified, and Gu Zhuo is vigorous and powerful, which confirms the statement that the world praises Zhu Xishan for writing the list book. Zhu still has many original or copied plaques and stone carvings scattered in Yuelu Academy in Changsha, Hunan. Bailudong Academy in Lushan, Jiangxi, and Goose Lake Academy in Yanshan; Fujian Jianyang, Pucheng, Nan 'an, Youxi and other counties and cities, limited to space, will not give examples. Zhu is also proficient in poetry. He once wrote a well-known poem: When a half acre square pond opens, the sky and clouds wander together. Ask where the canal is so clear, because there is running water at the source. This shows his profound knowledge.