Leader of peasant uprising army in late Ming Dynasty. Formerly known as Hongji. Wanli was born in Liqianji Village, Mizhi County, Yan 'an District, Shaanxi Province on August 2 1 September 22, 606. When I was a child, I herded sheep for the landlord. In the sixth year of the Apocalypse (1626), he served as a post in Yinchuan and studied riding and shooting hard. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, peasant uprisings surged. In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), Li Zicheng was laid off. In Mizhi, he called on the hungry people to revolt, led all the people to vote for the leader of the peasant army without touching mud, and then voted for Gao Yingxiang of the eighth team. In six years, after Wang Zi, the leader of the peasant army, died of illness, he recruited more than 20,000 people. Later, Zhang Huishi, the leader of the peasant army, defeated Deng Gui, the general commander of the Ming Dynasty, in Linxian County (now Linzhou), Henan Province, killed his Ministry, and then moved to Shanxi and Shaanxi. In seven years, Lianke was defeated by Zuo Guangxian, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, in Chengcheng, Shaanxi, Ganzhou, Gansu (now Ganxian) and later Gaoling and Fuping. In eight years, I got together with the leaders of various peasant armies in Xingyang, Henan Province (once said that there was no such meeting) to discuss the strategy of dividing troops and orienting. Then he moved to Jiangbei, Henan and Shaanxi, and killed Ai Wannian, the deputy commander of Ming Dynasty, in Ningzhou (now Ningxian, Gansu). Spin in Zhenning (now southwest of Zhengning) and defeated the Ming army, forcing Cao Wenzhao, the company commander, to commit suicide. Nine years later, he was captured and killed in Gao Yingxiang, and he was promoted to king. Leading the people to "defect to the enemy", they adopted the tactics of introducing from the east to the west, avoiding the real and attacking the virtual, and even connected Longzhou (now Wudu, Gansu), Longzhou (now Longxian, Shaanxi), Ningqiang (now Ningqiang) and other States. Soldiers entered Sichuan in three ways, and defeated the Ming army repeatedly in (now southwest of Guangyuan), Jianzhou (now Jiange) and Mianzhou (now Mianyang), killing Hou Liangzhu, the general of the Ming Dynasty. In the winter of ten years, the siege of Chengdu failed for many days. Later, Zitong, the defeated teacher, confronted Zuo Guangxian, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, and Cao was defeated by a wide angle. So they parted ways and went back to Shaanxi and moved to Tongguan, where they were ambushed by the Ming army and suffered heavy casualties. He led Liu Zongmin, Tian Jianxiu and others 18 to ride in Shangluo mountain area of Shaanxi province. Soon, I went to Gucheng (now Hubei) and got Zhang's support for the Ming court. In 12 years, Zhang joined hands with Zhang, who made a comeback, to break the Zhuxi River and cut off the route for providing foodstuff for the Ming army. Later, he helped Luo Rucai defeat Yang Shien, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty in Xiangyouping. In thirteen years, Zuo Liangyu, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, was defeated in Fangxian County, re-entered Henan Province, broke Yongning (now Luoning) and beheaded Wan 'an Cai? . Fighting the local peasant army leaders, hundreds of thousands of people conquered Yiyang. Go to Lushi, get Niu Jinxing, give advice and use it as a counselor. The policy of exemption from land tax has won the support of the people, and there is a ballad "Welcome the King, Don't Receive Grain" (biography of Li Zicheng in Ming Dynasty). In the spring of 14th year, when he moved to Luoyang, he was defeated by the defenders and executed Zhu. Revolving troops surrounded Kaifeng, failed to attack several times, and reached Dengzhou in the south, where they would learn from Luo Rucai, who had left Zhang. Later, he took the fourth route of the Ming army to gather in Xincai and Xiang, Henan Province, and sent soldiers to ambush on the way, which caused the Ming army to flee and killed Fu, the governor of the Ming Dynasty. In fifteen years, he and Luo Rucai besieged Kaifeng with 200,000 people and fought fiercely for more than twenty days. Li attacked Xiangcheng, Henan Province, and captured the governor of the Ming Dynasty and the leader of the peasant army alive. After Chen Zhou (now Huaiyang), he joined the local peasant army and returned to Kaifeng. First of all, we wiped out the third battalion Ming army that raided the city. Later, he sent troops to attack Zhengzhou, Xingyang and Shangcai to clear the Ming army strongholds around Kaifeng. Ming Governor Ding and company commander Zuo Liangyu led more than 100,000 troops into Zhuxian Town (now southwest of Kaifeng, Henan). Li Zicheng continued to attack the city with some troops, and occupied the favorable terrain of Zhuxian Town with the main force, winning the melee and capturing tens of thousands of Ming troops. Revolvers open Kaifeng, dig city walls, fill explosives, and dig the Yellow River levee to fill the city (a description of the army digging the levee to fill the peasant army). In order to prevent Sun Chuanting from splitting the Ming Dynasty, he led his troops to the west and attacked jia county, where the situation was unfavorable, so he moved to the village (now Nanyang). On the way, they abandoned a lot of armor and wealth, and lured the Ming army to compete and make a mess. So, they led the troops to counterattack successfully, beheaded more than 70 prisoners, rode a thousand troops, and won a great victory in the persimmon garden. Into Runing (now Runan), shooting around the city, climbing the city by ladder, arresting inspector Yang of the Ming Dynasty, patrolling Wang Shizhen and so on. He marched south, bypassed Baima Beach and built a pontoon bridge, forcing Zuo Liangyu to abandon the water village and escape, and occupied Xiangyang (now Xiangfan, Hubei). The textile army even broke Yiling (now Yichang) and Jingmen counties. /kloc-in the first month of 0/6, I returned to Xiangyang with the slogan "No levy for three years, no killing for one citizen". Xiangyang changed to Xiang Jing and established Dashun regime. Known as the civil and military marshal who worships righteousness in Fengtian, he called Luo Rucai the general who helps the people on behalf of heaven, appointed Zhang Guoshen as a photojournalist, Niu Jinxing as an assistant, Liu Zongmin as a general of power, and Yan Li as a general of control. Subsequently, Gu Junen, the counselor, made a strategy to take Guanzhong first, then attack Shanxi and then Beijing. He led an army north to Henan, annihilated more than 40,000 Ming troops in the battle of Ruzhou, and forced Sun Chuanting to flee Shaanxi. Take advantage of the situation to pursue roadside mountains, destroy the Ming army in Tongguan, kill Sun Chuanting, and occupy Tongguan and Xi 'an. Revolving troops pursued the remnants of the Ming army, connecting Yan 'an, Hanzhong and Yulin. In the first month of the seventeenth year, the title of Dashun, Jianyuan built Yongchang, was called Dashun. Xi 'an changed to Xijing, established a military system and rewarded heroes. Then he led the troops across the Yellow River, eastward into Shanxi, and even broke Fenzhou and Taiyuan. The soldiers were divided into two ways, and Liu Fangliang led the South Road Army to attack Daming (now Hebei), so it was settled (now Zhengding). Since Liu Zongmin led the main force northward, he fought a bloody battle with the Ming army in Wuguan (now Ningwu, Shanxi) for several days, killing Zhou Yuji, the company commander of the Ming army. Later, they successively occupied Datong, Fu Xuan (now Xuanhua, Hebei) and Changping (now Beijing). On March 17th, the two armies joined forces at the gates of Beijing, and the city was broken on the 19th, forcing Emperor Chongzhen Zhu Youjian to hang himself in Jingshan Park (now Jingshan), thus overthrowing the rule of the Ming Dynasty. Change the commander-in-chief of the fifth army to the fifth army, change the title of military commander, set the level and improve the military system. In order to disintegrate the remnants of the Ming army, he repeatedly sent envoys to surrender to Wu Sangui, the company commander of the Ming army, but all failed. On April 13, he led an army of about 654.38+ 10,000 (60,000) to attack. The battle of Shanhaiguan was defeated by Wu Sangui and Regent Dourgen of the Qing Dynasty, and tens of thousands of soldiers were lost. They retreated to Beijing, and Dashun army turned from prosperity to decline. On the 29th, he proclaimed himself emperor, and left Beijing for the west the next day, so that Liu Zongmin could organize troops to fight back along the way for the coach. At that time, the internal contradictions of the peasant army intensified, and the troops retreated one after another, unable to station troops in Shanxi and Shaanxi, so he led the troops to retreat to Huguang through Shaanxi. In the second year of Dashun Yongchang (the second year of Qing Shunzhi 1645), he was killed by the landlord in Jiugongshan, Tongshan County (now Hubei Province) in May, at the age of 40. He said that when he became a monk, he died in the Kangxi period. Li Zicheng fought for more than ten years, attaching importance to strict management and training troops; Pay attention to close public relations; Being good at grasping the initiative in the battlefield, he often made a surprise victory with flexible tactics and wrote an important chapter in the history of China peasant war.