With the passage of time, the progress of science and the budding development of capitalism represent the decline and disappearance of European feudal society, serfdom and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. After the crisis in the late Middle Ages, Europe began to enter modern times.
The Renaissance began in the middle of14th century. This ideological emancipation movement, which lasted for nearly 300 years and opposed the "theocracy" of the church, gradually liberated people's bound thoughts by reviving classical culture and opposing feudal backward thoughts such as theology. People not only obey the orders of the Pope and the emperor, but also want to "express" their thoughts, so the Renaissance is also called the expression era, which laid the ideological foundation for the emergence of capitalism. Subsequently, the disastrous thirty-year war (also known as religious war) in the16th century promoted the establishment of European nation-states. Britain, the United States and France successively carried out bourgeois revolutions, overthrew feudal autocratic rule and established bourgeois rule.
Modern Europe is also an era of rapid technological progress. The great geographical discovery made Europeans no longer satisfied with the European continent and began to go to the world. Some European countries began to colonize and expand, and their economy, trade and science and technology flourished rapidly, reaching a climax in the industrial revolution. Colonial expansion promoted the formation of the world economic system, but it also stimulated various contradictions and wars, and people began to devote themselves to creating a beautiful and peaceful new world.
The barbarism and unique art of ancient people, the feudal thought of the Middle Ages and the rapid development of modern European and American countries are strange to us now, but everyone must understand them. Because people in every period will be restricted to advance towards their own immediate interests, or even close to the outside world and be satisfied with the present. In the last chapter, the author quoted a Frenchman as saying: "The best helpers in one's life are satire and sympathy. The smile caused by irony will make our life full of sunshine, and the cry caused by sympathy will make our life more clean and flawless. " When we enter the whole history of human development, we may satirize those ignorant and superstitious people and sympathize with those who suffer misfortune. At the same time, everyone will have a longer-term and deeper reflection.
Everything that history shows us may be the most valuable advice in our life.
"A Brief History of Mankind" 2 "A Brief History of Mankind: From Animals to God" is written by yuval harari, a professor of history at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, a cutting-edge historian who has attracted worldwide attention. He mainly introduced the three great revolutions in human history, which made mankind gradually move to the top of the biological food chain on earth, and wrote his own views and analysis on history, supplemented by a series of views on historical facts at present, so that readers can fully understand the historical development process.
First of all, human beings are just ordinary creatures on the earth, in the middle of the food chain, and not so prominent. However, about 70,000 years ago, the appearance of Homo sapiens put human beings on the top of the food chain, and also kicked Neanderthals, who were stronger and more developed, out of the historical stage. How to do this is impossible to prove. But the author puts forward his own views through analysis. He believes that it is because Homo sapiens has a unique language, through which many things can be invented, so that Homo sapiens can appear as an extremely large organization, and then show extremely powerful power, making Homo sapiens gradually step onto the top of the food chain. Specifically, when Homo sapiens gradually migrated from the African continent to other continents, large carnivores and other types of human beings on this continent would gradually become extinct. Homo sapiens made a great leap from the middle of the food chain to the top of the food chain in a short time, which also laid the groundwork for many disasters in the future.
Then, humans learned to plant, ended the life of hunting and gathering, and lived a more stable life. The author thinks that the agricultural revolution is actually that plants tame human beings, let farmers live the same life from generation to generation, and gradually put shackles on human beings. However, in my opinion, it is a historical necessity that the agricultural revolution has freed human beings from wandering life, and has a fixed residence and activity area, which makes life more stable and civilization further developed.
Reading this book has solved many questions in my mind, learned where human beings come from and how to develop, and also made me understand Indian caste, racial discrimination in the United States and the complexity of the situation in the Middle East from a historical perspective.
In this reading process, I realized that I should have my own judgment. I shouldn't regard books as bibles and transplant the author's ideas into my mind without thinking. The most important thing in reading is to cultivate your own thoughts and constantly establish your own value system.
After reading A Brief History of Mankind 3, there is a passage in A Brief History of Mankind: Today, this 4 billion-year natural selection system is facing completely different challenges. In laboratories around the world, scientists are trying to transform biology. They broke the law of natural selection without punishment, and even the most basic primitive characteristics of living things were completely ignored. CRISPR—CAS gene editing technology, which was born in 20 13, has been successfully applied to knock out the genes of rats and mice at fixed points. It is efficient, rapid and simple, and it is also expected to eradicate the intergenerational transmission of pathogenic genes.
In 20 16, our team in West China Hospital implanted cells modified by CRISPR—Cas9 gene editing technology into human body, and China became the first country with this technology in the world. This indicates that the clinical research related to gene editing technology has begun. As early as a year ago, scientists from China, Sun Yat-sen University, successfully transformed human embryonic cells with gene editing technology, and published the results in protein Cells.
Some researchers believe that if such a process is used to eliminate the genes of serious genetic diseases before the baby is born, it can have a good therapeutic effect. But others believe that such work has crossed the moral boundary. In fact, many geneticists also realize that there are potential technical risks and negative social impacts in the research of embryo gene editing.
1, the embryo itself is the beginning of a new life. Extracting experimental stem cells from the embryo leads to the death of the embryo, which is suspected of blasphemy.
2. The gene changed by gene editing technology is heritable and has great potential danger, and the possible result is still unknown.
3. If embryo gene editing technology is allowed, it may have a negative impact on all human ethics, and then cause double or even exponential damage. Starting from embryo gene editing, gradually relaxing the bottom line and even allowing human cloning research will greatly damage the stability of human society based on ethical relations.
The starting point for the researchers of Sun Yat-sen University to carry out embryo gene editing experiments for human welfare is worthy of recognition. However, we have to be reminded repeatedly that the work of editing embryonic genes has approached the moral bottom line of human beings, and we are obviously not ready to formulate relevant laws and evaluate social impact.
A brief history of mankind is a book about human history, however, it is completely different from the historical narrative I have read. Most history books like to focus on a generation or a major historical event, and the focus of their writing lies in the clarity of the main line. Others tell the past with the replacement of civilization as a unit, make a macro summary, and focus on the development and replacement of civilization. However, the author of A Brief History of Mankind described something different. He has a big brain hole, and his focus is not on the country or civilization, but on mankind. How did mankind change from a weak person to a species that can stand at the top of the food chain, and where will mankind go? The author will interpret them for you one by one.
Around the whole book, the word "cognition" is unavoidable. In the traditional understanding, human beings learned to evolve because of natural selection, but the author believes that Homo sapiens eliminated all competitors because of "cognition", and at the same time, "cognitive revolution", "agricultural revolution" and "scientific revolution" made Homo sapiens step by step from the bottom of the food chain to the top. But what shocked me more was the author's point of view. For example, in the author's view, the "agricultural revolution" is the biggest scam in history. "The real essence of the agricultural revolution is to let more people live in worse conditions." Far from bringing a new era full of hope, the agricultural revolution has made the working people suffer undue hardships, led a new life that is harder and more unsatisfied than the original gatherers, and prompted mankind to become monotonous, dull and hard from the original leisurely and changeable days.
Imagine from another angle that if agriculture appeared in modern society, would modern people choose the present comfort or hardship, and would it be recognized as a review of history? I can't imagine. However, despite many shortcomings, agriculture has always been the foundation of our modern civilization. Just as history is a combination of contingency and inevitability. The author is unique in that he emphasizes the happiness of Homo sapiens. He is saddened by the aphasia of "man" as a social cell in the long river of history. Just like in his books, he often switches perspectives, from the perspective of livestock raised by human beings to the perspective of crops cultivated by human beings, and makes a sound to human beings who occupy the top of the food chain.
When we live in this world as "Homo sapiens", we should look at this world again with gratitude and humility, and the mystery of this world will quietly bloom like a beautiful flower in the sunshine of hope.
After reading A Brief History of Mankind, the full name of the brief history of mankind is A Brief History of Mankind: From Animals to God. Its abbreviation: A Brief History of Mankind may not accurately express the author's intention, but the content after the colon is the author's true position on the evolutionary history of mankind: from animals to God! Surprisingly, this development process of human beings has gone through millions of years, and it is not until today that we have touched the threshold of God. But when we are intoxicated with the joy of victory, the author is warning the world that a disaster may begin. This kind of disaster does not come from the outside world, but from human beings themselves.
However, to understand all this, we have to start from the beginning. As early as millions of years ago, the ancestors of mankind-ape-man appeared. The real history of mankind may be traced back to a cognitive revolution tens of thousands of years ago. But to write all this history, it is definitely a long masterpiece. In the author's eyes, the history of human civilization, which lasted for tens of thousands of years, has undergone only three major changes: the cognitive revolution (70,000 years ago), the agricultural revolution (120,000 years ago) and the scientific revolution (500 years ago). The time period of each revolution is getting shorter and shorter, but the changes brought to human society are getting more and more amazing!
For example, you can imagine such a scene: people who lived in the Tang Dynasty more than 1000 years ago crossed back to the Qin Dynasty that lived more than 2,000 years ago, and they would not feel much; If you are a modern person, even if you only travel back 30 years, you can't stand a day without mobile phones and the Internet.
What is even more striking is that this change in human society is still evolving at a faster speed, so that when we face the future and think about the future today, we are inexplicably at a loss, just like the bumps and anxieties when you are sitting on a high-speed train, but you don't know where your destination is. So, how to solve the problem? Take history as a mirror: only by understanding the past can we better understand the future.
However, in the face of the voluminous historical works, non-professionals always flinch. However, the book A Brief History of Mankind just provides us with an opportunity to get a glimpse of the whole history of human development in a minimalist way. Because, in many works about human history, A Brief History of Humanity is better than the word "Jane". Compared with the voluminous history books, it is really light and thin, but it is concise and not simple, with a unique perspective, sharp views and rich content, just like an encyclopedia. In the book, the author integrates his extensive knowledge and in-depth thinking about history, which makes every in-depth reader have a lingering fear.
Comments on A Brief History of Mankind 6 The author of A Brief History of Mankind thinks that the scientific revolution is not a revolution of knowledge, but a revolution of ignorance. The great discovery that really started the scientific revolution is that "human beings actually know nothing about important issues." This kind of admitting one's ignorance, focusing on observation and mathematics and acquiring new abilities is the feedback cycle of the whole scientific revolution. Scientific research can be funded mostly for political, economic and religious purposes. In the past 500 years, the feedback cycle among science, empire and capital is undoubtedly the main engine to promote historical evolution.
The agricultural revolution is not so much the domestication of crops as the utilization and domestication of crops, because crops can survive without human beings, and conversely, human beings can not do without crops. The same is true of the scientific and technological revolution. Does technology still exist without human beings? I don't know about this, but I know that human beings can't live without technology. All the achievements of the agricultural revolution and the scientific and technological revolution have completely penetrated into human life, and human beings can only move forward but not backward.
If one day, technology can exist without human beings like crops. I will think, are crops and technology using humans to occupy this planet, or are humans controlling this planet?
Ten thousand years ago, wheat was just an unknown weed born in the Middle East. After the spread of human beings, it has spread to every corner of the earth in just ten thousand years. Without the spread of human beings, the growth range of wheat could not be as extensive as it is today, and other crops also took root and sprouted in places that humans have never been to before.
So is technology. When every scientific and technological product came out, a hundred years ago, there were still many places on the earth without electricity, and it was basically dark at night. At present, most human settlements have electricity, and various scientific and technological products accompany human beings to travel around the world. Don't you think this phenomenon is very similar to crops?
They all used humans to occupy the planet.
With the development of science and technology, the future human evolution may depend on machines (including artificial intelligence, neural control machines, various other bionic devices, etc.). ), and it is also possible to let human evolution develop to unimaginable levels through genetic modification. Of course, it is also possible that artificial intelligence can finally control human beings. But in any case, we can't stop the pace of scientific and technological progress. The only thing we can do is to make full use of the benefits brought by science and technology, and at the same time strictly guard against the scientific and technological forces that may bring devastating blows to mankind.
After reading "A Brief History of Mankind" 7, famine, plague and war are always people's great worries. Generation after generation, mankind prayed to all gods, angels and saints and invented countless tools, systems and social systems, but millions of people still died of hunger, epidemics and violence. Many thinkers and prophets believe that famine, plague and war must be part of God's whole cosmic plan, or they are born out of human imperfections, and they will never get rid of them unless they come to the end of time.
At the beginning of the third millennium, human beings woke up, stretched their hands and feet, rubbed their eyes, and vaguely remembered some terrible nightmares in their minds. "There seems to be some barbed wire, huge mushroom clouds and the like. But anyway, this is just a nightmare. " Humans go into the bathroom, wash their faces, look at the wrinkles on their faces in the mirror, then make a cup of coffee and open the calendar. "Let's see what's important today."
According to China's traditional political theory, all kinds of political authority in the world come from heaven, and God will choose the best individuals or families, endow them with fate, and let them rule the world for the benefit of immigrant people. In this way, the so-called monarchy should be able to travel all over the world. If the monarch can't get his destiny, let alone the world, he doesn't even have the right to rule a city.
The fact is that human subjective feelings have no substance or meaning. Subjective feeling is just a kind of electro-optical Shi Huo fluctuation, which changes all the time, just like waves. Whether you feel happy or unhappy, whether life is meaningful or not, it is only a momentary fluctuation. If we pay too much attention to these internal fluctuations, we will become too obsessed, and our hearts will be restless and dissatisfied.
Adam. Smith clearly pointed out that the foundation of all human wealth lies in the selfish psychology of hoping to increase personal profits. This can be said to be the most revolutionary concept in human history, and it is not only from the economic point of view, but also from the moral and political point of view. What he is actually telling us is that greed is good. When we let ourselves live well, we will not only benefit ourselves, but also benefit others. Egoism is altruism.
When something brings happiness or pain, the key is to see the essence of it, not the feeling it brings, so that you can no longer be trapped by it. Although you feel sad, you don't want it to end, so even if you still have sadness, you can't be trapped by it anymore. Even if you are still sad, it is also a rich experience. Although you feel happy, you don't want happiness to continue, so although you still have happiness, you can't lose your inner peace.
Shilian Airlines is a state-owned enterprise. Judging from the actual shareholding ratio, Refined Stone Airlines is a typic