The cell origin, fiber connection and functional significance of medial forebrain tract have always been considered as a difficult problem in neuroanatomy, and many scholars are discouraged from it. However, Cai Qiao made a detailed analysis and research on it with perseverance, put forward his own views, and clarified the vague concept of this optical fiber connection system for many years.
Over the years, scientists who study the central pathway of neurotransmitters and the mechanism of pain nerves have increasingly realized the role of midbrain tegmental network, central gray matter area and medial forebrain bundle in the process of pain modulation, and named a place of midbrain tegmental network described by Cai Qiao as "Chua's area". Cai Qiao 1925 was hired as a professor at Fudan University in the autumn. He is the first person in China Comprehensive University to offer a special physiology course. At that time, universities generally taught in English. He believes that using a foreign language as a teaching medium is not convenient for students to absorb and master what they have learned, nor is it convenient for the popularization and promotion of scientific knowledge. So he insisted on teaching in Chinese, edited Chinese handouts, and compiled Physiology, the first college physiology textbook in China (published by the Commercial Press 1929, with 50 chapters and 700,000 words), which was later renamed in the revised edition. This book was used as a teaching material by Yan 'an Health School. Many of his students later became the best in academic circles.
65438-0929 Cai Qiao and assistant professor Xu studied the relationship between thyroid and calcium metabolism, and made it clear that the main cause of muscle twitching and even death after parathyroidectomy was a serious drop in blood calcium concentration. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/930, Cai Qiao went abroad for the second time and went to Britain and Germany for further study with the support of Rockefeller Foundation. He first studied the metabolism of hepatic glycogen with Professor C.Lovatt Evans at London University, and observed the effects of anesthetics such as ether and Isobarbital, the recovery process of hepatic glycogen after decapitation and decapitation of animals, and the influence of adrenaline on the distribution of hepatic glycogen in cats. * * * published three articles; Then, at the suggestion of Professor E.D.Adrian, he went to Cambridge University to study the effect of anesthetics (mainly cocaine) on the conduction of action potential of single nerve fiber in frog toe, and the research result was written as a paper "The effect of anesthetics on nerve impulse conduction of single end organ". This article was published in the journal of physiology 193 1 published in London together with the first three articles. In this paper, Cai Qiao reported that he recorded the characteristics of nerve impulses transmitted along a single nerve fiber by pulling the receptor at the end of frog's middle toe with Matthews oscilloscope, that is, the intensity change of receptor stimulation showed the frequency change of nerve impulses, but when the stimulus kept high intensity, the impulse frequency gradually decreased, but the amplitude of action potential remained basically unchanged, which was the adaptation phenomenon of receptors. This record of normal nerve impulses before anesthesia was later cited by Ernst Henry Starling's Revised Book by C L Evans and Experimental Physiology by C.G.Harris as typical examples of receptor electrophysiological responses. Cai Qiao was recommended by Evans and became a member of the British Physiological Society on 1935. 193 1 winter, I went to Frankfurt University for further study and visited the laboratories of famous professors Miahov and Rein Vobr. I also visited the plant physiology laboratory of Professor Gustav Georg EMBODEN. At the same time, he wrote a scientific paper on the effect of anesthesia on the conduction of a single nerve fiber, which was published in 1932 British Journal of Physiology. 1932 Spring, Cai Qiao returned to China. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Cai Qiao directly participated in and directed the experimental research mainly around the field of blood physiology. He studied the mechanism of erythrocyte fragility, hemolysis and anti-hemolysis, and expounded the relationship between spleen and erythrocyte osmotic fragility, influencing factors and mechanism. It is found that cholesterol is the main anti-hemolytic substance in normal plasma, and there is an "anti-cholesterol factor" in immune hemolytic serum, which can resist the anti-hemolytic effect of cholesterol. It was found that besides histamine released by platelet disintegration, there were also non-histamine substances in serum vasoconstrictors.
Study on the relationship between spleen and erythrocyte osmotic fragility and its influencing factors and mechanism: As we all know, after splenectomy in humans and other mammals, erythrocyte osmotic fragility is obviously reduced. Cai Qiao and his students have explored various factors that affect the fragility of red blood cells, and found that the reason of blood flow stagnation in spleen is actually the increase of erythrocyte fragility. At first, they thought that the reason was the accumulation of lactic acid and other substances that could affect brittleness in red blood cells. Later, they found that when the blood flow in the spleen stagnated, the destruction of platelets intensified, which they thought might be a more important reason for the increase of erythrocyte fragility. The mechanism is that when platelets are destroyed, they release "autohemolysin" and "autothrombin", which can reduce the osmotic resistance of red blood cells and cause hemolysis.
Study on Hemolytic Substances and Anti-hemolytic Substances Cai Qiao further studied the anti-hemolytic components of plasma on the basis of the study on osmotic fragility of red blood cells. As we all know, plasma has a strong anti-hemolysis effect, but there is no consensus on what chemical composition this effect comes from. The experimental group directed by Cai Qiao first observed that cholesterol in plasma has a strong anti-hemolysis effect caused by saponins. Lecithin alone has hemolytic effect, but if it exists with cholesterol at the same time, it can enhance the anti-hemolytic ability of the latter. Cholesterol has anti-hemolytic effect on many other hemolytic substances, such as digitalis saponin, crude bile salt, sodium taurocholate, sodium glycinate, soap, stearic acid and so on. So they think that cholesterol is the main anti-hemolytic substance in normal plasma. In various patients and animals, the content of cholesterol in plasma is positively correlated with the anti-hemolysis effect of plasma. The reason why cholesterol can resist these hemolytic substances may be that cholesterol neutralizes or combines with these substances, thus forming another compound with no hemolytic activity. As for how lecithin can strengthen the anti-hemolysis effect of cholesterol, it may be that the former can promote the latter. Cholesterol also has antagonistic effect on "natural hemolysin" in serum (for example, dog serum can dissolve rabbit red blood cells), so does lecithin. According to the analysis, the anti-hemolysis effect of cholesterol and lecithin is due to their inhibition of complement. For immune hemolytic serum, the situation is more complicated, and cholesterol has no anti-hemolytic effect on it. Later, it was found that this is because the immune serum contains an "anti-cholesterol factor", which not only counteracts the anti-hemolytic effect of cholesterol, but also has hemolytic characteristics. This factor is produced by antigen-antibody reaction.
Study on vasoconstrictors in serum There are many vasoconstrictors in animal serum. Normal serum can not only contract the smooth muscle of vascular wall (rabbit ear vascular perfusion), but also strengthen the contraction of smooth muscle such as stomach, intestine and uterus, and enhance the contraction of isolated heart. This is similar to the role of "serotonin" reported in the literature at that time, but its chemical nature is still unclear. They used slow centrifugation to remove platelets from the surface of fresh plasma, so that the generated serum basically lost its vasoconstriction and other functions. Therefore, they believed that the substances that constrict blood vessels (including strengthening the contraction of other smooth muscles) in serum mainly came from platelets. After incubation with histamine, the normal serum still maintains a strong vasoconstrictive effect, indicating that its main chemical component is not histamine. They dried the serum in a warm bath and extracted it with ether. The extract can still promote the contraction of other smooth muscles, but it has no effect on rabbit ear blood vessels. From 65438 to 0943, Cai Qiao visited the United States at the invitation of the State Council to give lectures. She cooperated with two American scientists in the Department of Physiology, Columbia University School of Medicine, and continued to study the chemical properties of serum smooth muscle contraction. After they dried their serum with anhydrous sodium sulfate at room temperature, the ether extract was still similar to normal serum, which could contract various smooth muscles including rabbit ear blood vessels, so it was speculated that there was more than one substance in serum that could contract smooth muscles.
On the eve of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Cai Qiao instructed a young worker to explore the light sensitivity of rabbit ear artery, the mechanism of cell agglutination caused by cold, and the hemostasis mechanism after vascular injury. The research on the latter issue continued until the victory of the Anti-Japanese War and the return to Nanjing for a period of time. It was observed in the study that when arteries and veins bleed due to puncture, their reactions are different: the arteries contract first, and then the puncture site is blocked by blood clots; Vena does not contract, only platelet embolism and blood clot formation. As for capillary puncture, on the one hand, it shows contraction reaction, on the other hand, it shows adhesion of blood vessel wall.
Since 1938, Cai Qiao has absorbed a few excellent physiological medical students and his assistants to carry out various physiological standards of China people, such as vital capacity, blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration, growth rate, partial sensory sensitivity (including visual field measurement), blood type (mainly MN blood type) distribution, basal metabolic rate and so on. 1948 In the summer, the American Medical Association for Aid to China sent its chairman, Professor Gregerson, who is now the head of the Department of Physiology of Columbia University, to China, and held a research class for 1 month based on the laboratory led by Cai Qiao of Nanjing Central University. More than 20 senior teaching and research personnel from medical colleges and large hospitals all over the country participated in it, learned relevant technologies, and measured the plasma volume, total blood volume, available body fluids and plasma protein of dozens of young people in China. The scientific report of this research class, Further Observation on Hemostasis Mechanism of Bufo Capillary, was published in China Journal of Physiology (China Journal of Physiology) 1949 17 Volume 3 19 1 ~ 200 pages.
After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Central University Medical College was demobilized. Cai Qiao once again led the teaching and research of recovery physiology, continued to study the mechanism of automatic hemostasis after small blood vessel injury, and published many papers in British and China journals of physiology. 1947 went to England to attend the Oxford conference of the International Society of Physiological Sciences, and reported the scientific research results of the above-mentioned bleeding self-stop mechanism at the conference, which attracted the attention of international peers and was still cited by foreign scholars until the beginning of 1980.
China Military Labor Physiology, Aerospace Medicine and Maritime Medicine was founded in 1952, and the School of Medicine of Nanjing University was reorganized into the Fifth Military Medical University, with him as the president. According to the needs of building a powerful air force and navy, Cai Qiao founded China's characteristic environmental physiology-military labor physiology, aerospace medicine and maritime medicine. He established an aviation physiology laboratory in Nanjing for research. 195 1 year compiled and published "Introduction to Aviation Medicine", 1953 ~ 1955 wrote a preliminary report on "Research Summary of Aviation Physiology". From 65438 to 0954, he was transferred to the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and served as vice president, first-class researcher, director of the academic Committee of the Academy, and chairman of the medical science and technology committee of the whole army. From 65438 to 0957, the Academy of Military Medical Sciences formally established the Institute of Military Labor Physiology, with Cai Qiao as its director. In the second year of his transfer to the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, he led many physiological research topics with both theoretical and military significance, such as combining sleep physiology research with the reasonable arrangement of labor rest system for army soldiers and air force pilots, which provided various scientific basis for the selection, training and establishment of elimination standards for army and air force soldiers. He attached great importance to the actual investigation of the troops and personally led scientific researchers to the flying troops and on-site investigation to experience life. He not only attaches importance to the theoretical depth of various studies, but also attaches great importance to the practical value of the results. Therefore, he often asks researchers to refine the results and simplify the methods to facilitate the use of troops. Finally, a set of practical inspection methods was formed and provided to the relevant departments of the Air Force for trial use, and technicians were trained to try these methods.
Under the leadership of Cai Qiao, in 1953, the first concrete low-pressure cabin was built in China. In the late 1960s, a number of large-scale equipment such as high-altitude decompression chamber, explosion decompression chamber, animal and human acceleration centrifuge, ground ejection lifesaving device, simulated weightlessness device, diving compression chamber for marine medical research, high and low temperature chamber and so on were gradually built. Thus, we can understand the physiological reaction, tolerance limit, training methods and protective measures of people under special conditions such as aviation and navigation, such as low pressure, high pressure, lack of oxygen, overweight, weightlessness, flight illusion, ejection, vibration, high temperature, low temperature, deep diving and so on. The research not only provides important physiological data in all aspects, but also puts forward a series of protection systems and equipment requirements suitable for China's actual situation, such as pressurized oxygen supply system for aviation and decompression system for diving. In a few short years, they not only established a research base, created a set of research conditions for aviation maritime medicine for young people in China, but also greatly narrowed the gap between China and the international advanced level in this respect. At the same time, a group of professional researchers and technicians have been trained, which has laid a solid foundation for the research and development of aviation and maritime medicine in China. 1987 was elected honorary chairman by the newly established aviation medical society of Chinese Medical Association. Cai Qiao is not only a famous scientist, but also a respected educator. Since 1925 returned to China, he has been teaching in universities in Shanghai and Nanjing for 25 years. After serving as the business leader of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, he trained a considerable number of physiological talents through scientific research. First, he advocated the combination of teaching and scientific research, the combination of words and deeds and example, and example is more important than words and deeds. The second is to be persuasive, point out the direction, and let students love their major. He not only attaches importance to business, but also attaches importance to the education of students' moral quality. For decades, Cai Qiao has trained students all over the country, and most of them have become backbones. During his two years of teaching at Fudan University, he took the lead in advocating the writing of physiology textbooks in Chinese, giving lectures in Chinese, and establishing a physiology laboratory for students to do experiments by themselves. Tong Dizhou, Xu, Zhu Henian, Jiang Tianhe and Shen are all his students. During his teaching in Wusong Shanghai Medical College, Cai Qiao led his assistant to carry out scientific research systematically after teaching, despite the poor equipment. When I was in Shanghai Redstone Research Institute, the material supply was good, the personal treatment was generous and the scientific research work was smooth. However, it is very limited to train domestic talents in foreign institutions, let alone directly serve the people of the motherland. Cai Qiaoyi gave up her generous salary of 600 taels of silver a month and left Lei Shide Research Institute one and a half years ahead of schedule, preferring to open a new work base in Nanjing National University, where the salary is much lower. This practice was really difficult for ordinary people at that time.
Cai Qiao is upright, broad-minded and has no opinion. His students come from all over the country, not only from medical college, but also from biology department, psychology department and chemistry department. Cai Qiao treats everyone equally. In the early days of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, due to the lack of scientific research conditions, some old students who had left were introduced by Cai Qiao to work in Chengdu Central Medical College. Some international students who came back from abroad also transferred to the Medical College of Central University with the help of Cai Qiao because of insufficient scientific research conditions.
Cai Qiao advocates democratic style, treats people equally and advocates free debate on academic issues. He never asks others (including students directly under him) to report to him regularly, but often goes deep into the laboratory to get to know the situation in unrestrained conversation. In particular, he advocated holding regular chapters of the Physiological Society so that everyone could communicate with each other, and he always participated in discussions as an ordinary member of the Society. People say Cai Qiao is the easiest leader to find. He used to do it himself, give specific guidance, and then analyze the problems in the experiment with everyone after the experiment. He doesn't want to be Mr. Nice guy. No matter how old you are, no matter how far or near, whoever's shortcomings and mistakes are discovered by him, he will bring them up in person. Because he always takes a kind attitude towards others, the criticized person not only has no mental pressure, but feels kind and willing to correct it.
During the period of 1934 ~ 1935, Cai Qiao was admitted to Shanghai as a Chinese and British G-class international student. A researcher at Lei Shide Institute once found Cai Qiao to intercede for her assistant. Cai Qiao immediately refused, insisting on grading according to grades, and could not be biased.
Whenever Cai Qiao is ready to put forward a new topic, he always studies it first, in addition to asking researchers to organize forces to consult the literature. When considering extending aviation medicine to the field of cosmology, he wrote articles such as Medical Problems in Jumping from Lower Atmosphere to Cosmic Flight and Cosmic Medical Problems. Another example is Fatigue, Thayer's Stress Theory and Physiological Stress, and Autonomic Nerve Response, all of which were published before the launch of new topics and when it was necessary to summarize and improve after working for a period of time. When Cai Qiao was reviewing papers, he was serious and carefully revised word by word. He never stays up late except in special circumstances. At the age of 90, due to unsatisfactory cataract surgery, one eye was almost blind, so he insisted on reviewing the paper with the help of a magnifying glass when the other eye had glaucoma.
1980 he identified a research topic of neuronal plasticity for a graduate student, but later he found that someone abroad had made a detailed discussion on this topic, and then he redefined a more difficult topic. Graduate students don't understand, Cai Qiao said to him: If our research only proves other people's conclusions, it is worthless. The contribution of science is that you think of problems that others have not thought of and do things that others have not done. Later, graduate students accepted new topics and made achievements under the guidance of Cai Qiao. Cai Qiao's spirit of seeking truth from facts, integrity, daring to speak out in adversity, never drifting with the tide, and diligent and consistent scientific style are called "a generation of famous teachers" by later generations. Even in his octogenarian years, he can still keenly grasp the development trend of contemporary physiological science. He leads a regular life. He has been exercising since he was a child, and he can still study and research in his 90 s.