preface
1955 after the central government made a decision to develop atomic energy and atomic bombs, missiles (rockets) as vehicles became a new direction of work. In 1956 to 1967, which were formulated in the spring of 1956, emerging technologies such as atomic energy and rocket technology became the development focus. The whole country has set off an upsurge of "marching into science and technology".
First, work hard.
1, far-sighted and resolute.
1956 On April 13, the Aviation Industry Committee was formally established with Nie as its director. Under the auspices of Nie Shuai, more than 30 scientific and technological experts, a group of military and political cadres, and 150 college graduates gathered in Beijing one after another, becoming the team created by the new China's space industry.
1956 10 10 On 8 October, China's first missile research institute, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense (referred to as the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense), was formally established, with its first president Qian Xuesen. China's space industry was born.
2. Introduce technology and learn to digest.
At the beginning of the establishment of the Fifth National Defense Institute, the former Soviet Union provided important help to our country. 1956 10 The former Soviet Union first provided two P- 1 missiles for teaching, and in 1957 12 liquid short-range ballistic ground-to-ground missiles and a set of ground equipment. At the same time, it also provided China with engineering design drawings of missile development base and launch base, and dispatched technology.
With the help of the former Soviet Union, China started the imitation of P-2 missiles and C-75 surface-to-air missiles, started the construction of missile research and launch bases, and set up a teaching brigade to learn missile operation and use technology.
During this period, 1957, 1014 October, the former Soviet Union successfully launched the world's first artificial earth satellite, which greatly inspired China and other Eastern bloc countries.
3. Be independent and self-reliant.
China's space industry has always adhered to independence and self-reliance. 1960 Sino-Soviet relations broke down, and China's determination to build a strong national defense was firm. 1960165438+1On October 5th, the liquid short-range ballistic surface-to-surface missile imitated by China was successfully launched. Since then, China has its own short-range ballistic missile. In September of the same year, China's first liquid sounding rocket T-7 designed and manufactured by Shanghai Electromechanical Design Institute was successfully launched.
Step 4 summarize and start successfully
At the beginning of the establishment of the Fifth Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense, there was 10 research room, 1957 was reorganized into the first and second branches, 196 1 was reorganized into the third branch, and 1964 was reorganized into the fourth branch. At the same time, relevant scientific research institutes have continuously joined the management system of the Fifth National Defense Institute, enriching and perfecting the scientific research system, including the Shanghai Electromechanical Design Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (established in 1958, 1963 merged into the Fifth National Defense Institute) and the Shanghai Second Electromechanical Industry Bureau (established in 19 1). 1962 is under the centralized management of the Fifth National Defense Institute), the Military Electronic Science Research Institute of the Ministry of Communications (1958 was established by the Fifth National Defense Institute), and the missile test and training base (196 1 was established by the Fifth National Defense Institute). By the end of 1964, the Fifth Academy of National Defense had initially established a research system covering the fields of missiles, rockets, satellites and related systems, and had the ability and conditions for independent research and development and testing. The establishment, construction and achievements of the Fifth Academy of National Defense prove that China's space industry has made a successful start and laid a good foundation for accomplishing greater historical tasks.
Second, support development.
1, "Four Bombs in Eight Years" and Missile Nuclear Weapons
1964 10 10/6, after the first atomic bomb exploded successfully, it became a top priority to develop missile nuclear weapons and solve the means of delivery. 1964 65438+In February, the first meeting of the Third National People's Congress passed a resolution to establish the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry to organize and manage the research, design, trial production, test and production of the aerospace industry in a unified way.
1in March, 1965, the development plan of the surface-to-surface missile of the Seventh Machinery Department was approved. This is the development plan of "four bombs in eight years", that is, during the eight years from 1965 to 1972, four kinds of liquid ballistic missiles with medium and short range, medium range and long range were successfully developed and improved. Although the plan was disturbed by the "Cultural Revolution" and the progress was delayed, it was basically realized. This has played a positive role in promoting the formation and perfection of China's aerospace science and technology industry system and laid a technical and material foundation for the new development of China's aerospace science and technology industry.
1966101On October 27th, the Dongfeng -2 A medium and short-range missile designed and manufactured by China carried a nuclear warhead and hit the target accurately. The combined test of two missiles was successful. Since then, China has its own practical missile nuclear weapons, which has made great contributions to breaking the hegemonic nuclear monopoly.
2. The third aerospace line, new bases and new ventures.
In the mid-1960s, according to the instructions of the Central Committee on strengthening combat readiness, strengthening third-line construction and establishing a consolidated strategic rear, the space system began to build rear bases on a large scale. The vast number of space workers came from first-tier cities to remote areas in third-tier mountainous areas. Under extremely difficult conditions, after 20 years of hard work, a three-level space base has been built.
3. Dongfanghong-1 satellite and Long March-1 carrier rocket
Since 1966 "Cultural Revolution", the development of satellites has been greatly impacted. In order to speed up the development of China's first artificial earth satellite, according to the proposal of Vice Premier Nie, China Academy of Space Technology was established in February 1968, which effectively guaranteed the normal development of satellite development.
1On April 24th, 970, the Long March-1 carrier rocket successfully launched the Dongfanghong-1 satellite at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, and China People's Broadcasting Station broadcasted the music of Dongfanghong to the whole world through the satellite, which cheered the people of all ethnic groups in China. The successful launch of China's first artificial earth satellite indicates that China has mastered the research, launch and measurement and control technology of multi-stage launch vehicles and artificial satellites, which is a major breakthrough in the history of China's space technology development, and China has entered the space age.
4. Summary, a historic leap
After the establishment of the Seventh Machinery Department, the system construction has been continuously enriched and the technical system has been continuously improved. Despite the interference of the "Cultural Revolution", the technological breakthroughs and engineering achievements that western powers took a long time to obtain were independently completed in a short time, and China's space industry achieved a historic leap.
Under the planned economic system and the bipolar world structure, the space industry, as an important part of national defense, has received strong support from the state. However, in the process of world peace and development, the aerospace industry is facing a transformation.