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He is very interested in the microscopic world displayed under a magnifying glass, and he observes a wide range of objects, including crystals, minerals, plants, animals, microorganisms, sewage and so on. 1674, he began to observe bacteria and protozoa, which he called "very tiny animals". He also measured their size. Sperm of insects, dogs and humans are first described in 1677. In 1684, he accurately described red blood cells, which proved that the capillaries speculated by Marcello Malpighi were true. After carefully observing the rotifer of 1702, he pointed out that microorganisms can be found in all open waters because they are attached to dust, floating in the air and moving with the wind. He followed the life history of many lower animals and insects and proved that they all hatched and fused from eggs.
It went through the larval stage, not naturally produced from sand, river mud or dew.
He established contact with the Royal Society through the introduction of friends, and reported his findings to the Society through correspondence from 1673 to 1723, most of which were published in the Journal of Philosophy of the Royal Society. The first picture of bacteria he provided was also published in this journal 1683. 1680 was elected as a member of the society.
He was the first person to observe bacteria and protozoa with a magnifying glass. Although he had no formal scientific training, his careful observation, accurate description and numerous amazing discoveries of the tiny world invisible to the naked eye laid the foundation for the development of bacteriology and protozoology studies in the18th century and the early19th century. The images he drew based on microorganisms observed with a simple microscope are still correct today.
Due to the weak basic knowledge, what he reported was limited to some observed facts and failed to rise to theory. His microscopic methods are also confidential, and some of them have not been solved yet. The lens he made was only as big as a needle. Matching the appropriate lens, the maximum magnification can reach 300 times.
His epoch-making careful observation made him famous all over the world. Many famous people (including the Queen of England and Peter the Great of Russia) have been to him.
First discovery of microorganisms
"The carriage full of soot and dust is a' mobile prison'." "My greatest advantage is to keep my nails clean."
This is a fragment of hygiene habits of Nobel (1833 ~ 1896), a famous Swedish chemist.
It turns out that there are a lot of pathogenic microorganisms hidden in smoke and nails. Especially today, the truth that "there are worms in raw water, and it hurts to drink it", and the hygienic habits of "no spitting" and "washing hands before and after meals" have long been known to all women and children.
However, this simple truth, if put more than 300 years ago, ordinary people and even the famous Royal Society were completely unaware of it.
It turns out that when and where does this ubiquitous microorganism not deal with people? Even set up camp everywhere in our bodies and drill around freely. However, because people can't see them with naked eyes, people haven't known that there are microorganisms in the world for thousands of years.
So, who first discovered the naughty "residents" in this "Lilliput"?
He's Levin Hook! If we want to praise his great contribution to mankind, we should start with the cause and effect of his discovery of deacons. ...
"Dearken" was originally a transliteration of Latin Dierken, meaning a small and lively object. This is the strange name given to microorganisms by Levin Hooke when he first discovered them.
Curious janitor
Levin Hook was born on 16321October 24th in Delft, the Netherlands. My father died young and studied for several years with the support of my mother. /kloc-at the age of 0/6, he went out to make a living and lived a miserable life. Later, when I returned to my hometown, I became the janitor of Delft City Hall.
Because the janitor's job is relatively easy, time is plentiful, and there are many people in contact with him, he learned from a friend by chance that Amsterdam, the largest city in the Netherlands, has many optical shops, not only grinding lenses, but also grinding magnifying glasses, and told him:
"With a magnifying glass, you can enlarge the little things that you can't see clearly and let you see clearly. It's wonderful. "
Levin Hook, who is very curious, silently pondered this new and interesting question, and the more he thought about it, the more interested he became.
"Idle. I might as well buy a magnifying glass to try. "
However, when he went to the optical shop to ask, the original price was surprisingly expensive, so he had to leave happily and go home disappointed.
Leeuwenhoek came out of the optical shop and happened to see the man grinding his glasses. But grinding is not mysterious, it only needs care and patience.
"I'll just grind it."
Since then, Levin Hook has used his abundant time to polish the lenses patiently. ...
Levin Hook knows nothing about other languages except Dutch. Especially some scientific and technological works, mainly Latin, Levin Hawke can't read these reference materials, so he can only grope for them himself.
After hard work, Levin Hook finally grinds out a small lens. But because it was too small, he made a shelf and put this small lens on it to see things conveniently.
Later, after repeated thinking, he put a copper plate under the lens and drilled a small hole in it to let the light come out from here and then reflect what he observed. This is the first microscope made by Levin Hooke, and its magnification is quite large, which exceeds all the microscopes in the world at that time.
When Levin Hooke got his own microscope, he was very happy to see everything. He reached into the microscope and saw that the skin on his finger was as rough as an orange peel, which was ugly. He saw the short hairs on the legs of bees standing upright like sewing needles, which made people a little scared. Later, he observed the stings of bees, the long mouths of mosquitoes and the legs of beetles.
In a word, he is interested in everything and should observe it carefully. However, when he has seen everything that can be observed around him and around him, he is not satisfied again. He thinks there should be a bigger and better microscope.
To this end, Levin Hook polished the lens more seriously. Because of his experience and interest, he resolutely resigned from public office and turned an empty room at home into his own laboratory.
A few years later, the microscope made by Levin Hooke not only became bigger and bigger, but also became more and more exquisite and perfect, which could magnify tiny things by 200-300 times.
Levin Hook's work is confidential. He never allows anyone to visit. He always grinds his glasses patiently in the hut alone or observes what interests him. As a self-learner, he has gained extensive knowledge from various disciplines of zoology. He called the microorganisms observed in the soaking liquid of grass "micro-animals".
But Levin Hook is an exception to his friend, doctor and anatomist De Graf (164 1 ~ 1673), because Ingraf is not only a famous doctor in Delft, but also a correspondent of the Royal Society. He heard that Levin Hook is developing some mysterious glasses.
One day, Graf finally made a special trip to visit Levinhawk. Facing the visit of this celebrity and friend, he warmly received the guests and took out his microscope for Graff to watch. If you don't look at it, it will make Graff look up and say seriously:
"Honey, this is really a great invention!" Graff went on to say:
"You know what? Your invention means a lot. You can't keep a secret anymore. You should immediately send your microscope and observation records to the Royal Society. "
"Don't even want to send a microscope? ! "This is a serious problem that Levin Hooke never considered-making his microscope public. He thinks this is his own efforts and wealth. So, when he listened to Graff's advice, he couldn't help putting the microscope away.
"Friend, this kind of propaganda is not a bad thing, and no one will encroach on your achievements. You must show the world public that your observation is so extraordinary, which is a new topic that human beings have never discovered. "
After listening to a friend's kind advice, Levin Hook nodded devoutly. ...
Vibrating altar
1673 One day, the Royal Society received a thick letter. When I opened it, it became a neat record written in Dutch. Its title is:
Levin Hooke used a self-made microscope to observe skin, meat, bees and other insects.
At that time, the scholars present after reading the title, someone joked:
"This is really a long-winded title."
"This must be written by a country guy. Superstition and fantasy. Maybe something funny has been written here! "
Unexpectedly, they read and read, but they were firmly absorbed by the contents inside-this is a mysterious thing that scientists know nothing about!
Levin Hooke wrote:
"A lot of incredible little deacons ... they move beautifully, they turn back and forth, and they also turn forward and sideways ..."
"Good, good, this is a very valuable research report." At this point, everyone's attitude has taken a 180 degree turn.
However, when he finally assured the Royal Society, he said, "There are 654.38+00000 such little things in a grain of rough sand; When a drop of water-in which deacons can not only grow well, but also actively reproduce-can parasitize about 2.7 million deacons, the distinguished Royal Society actually thinks this is an incredible thing. So that it had to entrust its two secretaries-physicist robert hooke (1635 ~ 1703) and botanist Gru (1641~1) to get a microscope with the best quality.
After many twists and turns, Levin Hooke's scientific experiment was finally recognized by the Royal Society.
So, this record of Levin Hook was translated into English and published in the Journal of the Royal Society. This research report, written by a country bumpkin, really caused a sensation in British academic circles. Levin Hooke soon became a member of the Royal Society and spoke highly of his achievements.
Never stop
The joy of success did not make the curious Levin Hook go to his head. On the contrary, it promoted his persistent exploration spirit.
He continued to send his observation report to London.
As always, the scientists of the Royal Society read first. ...
In 1673, Levin Hook described in detail his observation of human, mammal, amphibian and fish red blood cells, and drew their morphological structures into pictures.
1675, after observing the rain for many times, he sent his observation records to the royal society:
"I spent four days observing the little creatures in the rain. I am very interested that these little creatures are much smaller than what I can see directly with the naked eye ... When these little creatures are moving, their heads will stick out two small horns, and the horns are flat ... If they are placed next to maggots, just like a little bee is placed next to a big horse ... a drop.
1677, Levinhawk and his student Ham discovered the sperm of human, dog and rabbit together.
"These little guys move with graceful bending posture, just like small snakes." This is a creature smaller than "micro-animals" observed by Levin Hook in Human Dental Calculus 1683. It is true that his description and drawing are not accurate enough, because his microscope efficiency can't see these little creatures clearly. However, who can doubt that Levin Hook was not the earliest initiator of the discovery of tiny creatures?
What exactly is the tiny creature that Levin Hook discovered in Tatar? Even he himself was unknown at that time. It was not until 200 years later that people realized them-ubiquitous bacteria.
Because Levin Hooke's fame is getting bigger and bigger, one day, a reporter came to interview Levin Hooke and asked him:
"Mr Levinhawk, what is the secret of your success?"
Levinhawk thought for a moment, but without saying a word, he held out his hand full of calluses and cracks because of long-term grinding of lenses. Isn't this the most sincere and ingenious answer?
1723,91year-old Leeuwenhoek, although her health is getting worse and worse, her work has not stopped.
On the morning of August 24th, Levin Hook, who used to get up early, didn't get up on time. His daughter Maria was surprised at her father's exception. When she came to her father's bed, Levin Hooke gave her a beating and said:
"Maria, go and ask Mr. Hohoff and Park Jung-soo to come to me ..."
Levin Hooke, who is dying, calmly said to his friend Hohoff PiaoRongSu:
"Excuse me, please translate the two letters on the table into Latin and send them to the Royal Society of London together with the luggage ..."
On August 27th, accompanied by his close friend and daughter, Levin Hook passed away quietly in Delft's hometown.
The Royal Society of London received two letters and a big bag of things from Levin Hook. A letter details the method of manufacturing a microscope; Another letter reads like this:
"I chose the best microscope from the microscopes grinded in the past 50 years and dedicated it to the Royal Society that I will always miss."
People opened the bag and saw that there were 26 microscopes of different sizes and hundreds of magnifying glasses!
A janitor actually ascended the throne of science, and what precious spiritual food he left in the lives of future generations. The true face of "Deacon" was made public, and what a huge material treasure house he opened for human health and happiness!
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