September 2007
In order to test the knowledge level and ability of candidates and help to select qualified talents in the initial examination to enter the second examination, the outline of the entrance examination for master students majoring in pharmacy-drug synthesis is formulated as the basis for school proposition and candidates' review. The comprehensive pharmaceutical examination requires candidates to have solid, systematic and extensive professional basic knowledge and theory, and reach the knowledge and level that undergraduates majoring in pharmacy and related majors in key universities should have.
The comprehensive examination subjects of pharmacy include biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry and analytical chemistry. The examination time is 3 hours, with a full score of 300, and the scores of all subjects account for 20%. Test questions: fill-in-the-blank questions, multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions.
First, the biochemistry part of the examination outline
Reference book: Biochemistry, edited by Wu, People's Health Publishing House, 5th edition, 2003.
Examination outline:
1. protein chemistry
Composition of protein, physicochemical properties of amino acids, primary structure and spatial conformation of proteins, relationship between structure and function of protein, physicochemical properties of protein.
2. Nucleic acid chemistry
Basic structural unit of nucleic acid, primary structure of nucleic acid, double helix structure of DNA, type and structure of RNA, physical and chemical properties of nucleic acid.
3. Enzymology
Characteristics and influencing factors of enzymatic reaction, relationship between structure and function of enzyme, mechanism of action of enzyme, Michaelis equation and Michaelis constant, inhibitors of enzyme, oligomerization enzyme, isoenzyme, induced enzyme, regulatory enzyme, activity and specific activity.
4. Sugar metabolism
Classification and chemical structure of sugar, catabolism of sugar, synthesis and decomposition of glycogen, gluconeogenesis, key enzymes and physiological significance, blood sugar and its regulation.
5. Biological oxidation
Characteristics of biological oxidation, respiratory chain, formation of high-energy phosphate bond, oxidative phosphorylation
6. Lipid metabolism
Catabolism and anabolism of fat, transport of lipoprotein and lipid in vivo, regulation of fat metabolism, production and utilization of ketone bodies and metabolism of cholesterol.
7. protein catabolism
General metabolism of amino acids (deamination, transamination, decarboxylation, ammonia metabolism, urea formation, α -keto acid metabolism).
8. Nucleic acid metabolism and protein biosynthesis.
DNA biosynthesis and repair, RNA biosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, central principle, gene expression regulation.
9. Hormones and metabolic regulation
Hormone action mechanism (action mechanism of cell membrane receptor, action mechanism of intracellular receptor), second messenger, allosteric and regulation of enzyme activity, chemical modification regulation of enzyme activity, induction and repression regulation of enzyme protein.
Two. Examination outline of inorganic chemistry (pharmacy)
Reference book: inorganic chemistry, edited by Xu, 4th edition, People's Medical Publishing House, 2003.
Examination outline:
1. solution
Correlation between solution concentration and dilute solution
2. Chemical reaction rate
Theory of chemical reaction rate, factors affecting chemical reaction rate
3. Preliminary chemical thermodynamics
basic concept
4. Chemical balance
Equilibrium constant, factors affecting chemical equilibrium
5. Acid-base balance
Keywords acid-base theory, ionization equilibrium of weak acid and weak base, buffer solution
6. Precipitation-dissolution equilibrium of insoluble electrolyte
Principle of solubility product, precipitation and dissolution equilibrium of insoluble electrolyte
7. Redox
Keywords redox balance, battery electromotive force and electrode potential, influencing factors
8. Atomic structure
Atomic model, structure of multi-electron atom, electronic shell structure and periodic table, periodicity of basic properties of elements.
9. Molecular structure
Ionic bonds, formation and characteristics of valence bonds, atomic orbital hybridization theory, dipole distance of molecules, ionic polarization
10. Coordination compound
Valence bond theory and crystal field theory of coordination bond, coordination equilibrium constant, coordination equilibrium shift and factors affecting the stability of complexes
1 1. nonmetallic elements
Halogen, oxygen, sulfur and selenium, nitrogen and phosphorus, carbon and silicon, corresponding important compounds, ion recognition.
12. Metal elements
Classification of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, aluminum, arsenic, important compounds, ion recognition, biological effects
13. Transition elements
Universality of transition elements, properties of chromium, manganese, iron, platinum, copper, zinc and mercury, important compounds, ion recognition, biotoxicity.
Three, organic chemistry (pharmacy) examination outline
Bibliography: edited by Ni, Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, People's Medical Publishing House, 2003.
Xing et al., Basic Organic Chemistry (Volume I and Volume II), 3rd Edition, Higher Education Press, 2005.
Examination outline:
Master the necessary basic theories of organic chemical structure and reaction (such as valence bond theory, acid-base theory and hybrid orbital theory), basic concepts and basic skills; Master the knowledge of characteristic spectra of functional groups, and be familiar with the identification and separation methods and technologies of different functional groups; Familiar with the physical and chemical properties of functional groups in organic chemistry, the mechanism of conventional reactions (including naming reactions) and stereochemistry knowledge; Skillfully use the basic theoretical knowledge of organic chemistry to exchange functional groups and design a reasonable synthetic route. Details are as follows:
1. alkanes and cycloalkanes
Master: conformation and representation of alkanes; Structure and relative stability of free radicals; Tension of cycloalkane; Conformation of cyclohexane (ship and chair; Vertical and horizontal keys); Chemical characteristics and reactions of small cycloalkanes
2. Stereochemistry
Master: enantiomeric isomerism; Enantiomers and diastereomers; Chiral carbon, chiral molecules; Optical rotation and specific optical rotation of organic compounds; Chiral carbon atoms and their configurations; Racemes and intermediates; Expression of three-dimensional structure
3. Halogenated hydrocarbons and organometallic compounds
Master: nucleophilic substitution reaction of halogenated hydrocarbons; The reaction mechanism and stereochemistry of SN 1 and SN2: The reaction mechanism of E 1 and E2 eliminates the orientation of the reaction; Relative stability of carbocation: Factors affecting the reaction mechanism; Preparation and application of Grignard reagent, lithium reagent and dialkyl copper lithium
4. Alcohol and ether
Master: preparation methods of alcohol (nucleophilic substitution, hydroboration oxidation, mercury hydride reduction); Acidity of alcohol; Alkalinity and nucleophilicity of alcohol; Nucleophilic substitution and elimination of alcohol; Oxidation reaction of alcohol, chemical properties of dihydric alcohol; Properties of ether; Ring opening reaction of 1, 2- epoxy compound: preparation of ether (Williamson synthesis method)
5. Olefins
Master: the structure and geometric isomerism of olefins; Relative stability of olefins; Electrophilic addition reaction of olefins and its mechanism: electrophilic addition orientation of olefins (Markov rule); Anti-Markov addition of olefins and hydrogen bromide; General oxidation reaction of olefins; Halogenation of allyl position of olefins
6. alkynes and conjugated dienes
Master: the structure and addition reaction of alkynes; Acidity of alkynes; Reaction of terminal alkynes; Structure and stability of conjugated diene; Electrophilic addition reaction of conjugated diene; Dynamics and thermodynamics control, increase of yoke; Diels-Alder reaction; The general concept of * * * vibration theory and the writing of * * * vibration structure, and the contribution of * * * vibration structure.
7. Benzene hydrocarbons
Master: aromatic electrophilic substitution and its mechanism; Positioning effect (the influence of substituents on reaction activity and orientation, the positioning effect and classification of substituents); Aromatic characteristics
8. carbonyl compounds
Master: nucleophilic addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones and stereochemistry of addition (influencing factors); Acidity, halogenation and halogenation of carbonyl hydrogen; Acetal (ketone) formation and carbonyl protection; Aldehyde condensation (including Claessen-Schmidt, intramolecular aldol condensation); Canizaro reaction; Reduction and oxidation of aldehydes and ketones; Wittig reaction; Dazeng reaction; Benzoin condensation; Michael addition and Robinson closed loop; Deoxyribonucleic acid reaction
9. Phenols and quinones
Master: acidity of phenol; Preparation of phenol; Reactions of phenol and its derivatives (etherification and Claisen rearrangement, esterification and Fries rearrangement, electrophilic substitution, Rymer-Timan reaction, kolbe-R. Schmidt reaction); Drugs that react with benzoquinone can be obtained online at www.med126.com.
10. Carboxylic acids and substituted carboxylic acids
Master: the structure and acidity of carboxylic acid; Substitution reaction of hydroxyl group in carboxyl group; Carboxylic acid? A response; Decarboxylation and dicarboxylic acid pyrolysis; Preparation of carboxylic acid (including Perkin reaction and Knoevenagel reaction); Chemical properties and reactions of substituted carboxylic acids (including Reformasky reaction)
1 1. carboxylic acid derivatives
Master: mutual transformation and preparation of carboxylic acid derivatives; Structure and active sequence of carboxylic acid derivatives and their interaction with various nucleophiles: reduction of carboxylic acid derivatives; Ester condensation reaction (Claisen condensation reaction, mixed ester condensation reaction, Dickman condensation reaction); Chemical properties and application of amide chemical ethyl acetoacetate: diethyl malonate is used for synthesis (Hoffman degradation reaction).
12. Organic nitrogen compounds
Master: the properties and reactions of aromatic nitro compounds; Structure of amine; Alkalinity and nucleophilicity of amine; Electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines; Aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction; Quaternary ammonium salt and phase transfer catalysis; Preparation of amine (including Gabriel synthesis and Mannich reaction); Quaternary ammonium base and Hoffman elimination; Oxidation of tertiary amines; Chemical property and application of diazonium compounds
13. Heterocyclic compounds
Master: the types of aromatic heterocyclic compounds; Alkalinity of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring; Properties of five-membered heterocyclic ring (furan, pyrrole, thiophene and main electrophilic substitution); Chemical properties of pyridine (electrophilic and nucleophilic); Scrupquinoline synthesis method; Chemical properties of six-membered heterocyclic rings containing two nitrogen atoms
14. Pericyclic reaction
Master: the types of surrounding reactions; Electrocycle reaction and stereoselectivity; cycloaddition reaction
15. Sugar
Master: reducibility and optical rotation properties of monosaccharides; Three-dimensional structure and structure of single-layer lining; Epimerization of sugar; Drawing hemiacetal ring configuration from ring-opening monosaccharide
16. Terpenoids and steroids
Master: terpenoid structure; Basic skeleton, classification and configuration of steroids
Four, physical chemistry (pharmacy) examination outline
Reference book: Physical Chemistry (5th edition), edited by Hou Xinpu, People's Medical Publishing House, 2003.
Examination outline:
1. The first law of thermodynamics
Basic concept of thermodynamics, first law of thermodynamics, reversible process and volume work, enthalpy and heat capacity, application of first law of thermodynamics, basic concept of thermochemistry, calculation of thermal effect of chemical reaction.
2. The second law of thermodynamics
Characteristics of spontaneous process, second law of thermodynamics, Carnot cycle, Carnot theorem, calculation of entropy and entropy change, physical meaning of entropy, third law of thermodynamics and prescribed entropy, Gibbs energy and Helmholtz energy, calculation of DG, relationship between thermodynamic functions, concept of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, partial molar quantity and chemical potential, standard configuration of chemical potential and their expressions.
3. Chemical equilibrium
Equilibrium conditions of chemical reaction, equilibrium constant and isothermal equation of chemical reaction, expression of equilibrium constant, determination of equilibrium constant and calculation of equilibrium conversion rate, change of Gibbs energy of reaction and standard Gibbs energy of compound under standard state, influence of temperature on equilibrium constant, influence of pressure on equilibrium constant and coupling of reaction.
4. Phase equilibrium
Phase law, one-component system, completely miscible two-liquid system, partially miscible and completely miscible two-liquid system, two-component solid-liquid equilibrium system, simple three-component system.
5. electrochemistry
Conductivity of electrolyte solution, conductivity of electrolyte solution, application of conductivity measurement, strong electrolyte solution theory, primary battery, mechanism and measurement of electromotive force, reversible battery thermodynamics, electrode potential, electrode type, battery type, application of battery electromotive force measurement, electrode polarization and overpotential.
6. Mechanics
Expression and determination of reaction rate, elementary reaction and reaction molecular number, reaction rate equation and reaction order, simple reaction, determination of reaction order, influence of temperature on reaction rate, typical complex reaction, photochemical reaction, determination of reaction mechanism, reaction in solution, catalytic reaction, collision theory and transition state theory.
7. Surface chemistry
Surface Gibbs energy and surface tension, additional pressure and vapor pressure of curved surface, spreading and wetting, surface adsorption of solution, insoluble surface film, surfactant, adsorption of gas on solid surface, adsorption of solid in solution,
8. Colloidal chemistry
Classification and basic characteristics of dispersion system, preparation and purification of sol, dynamic properties of sol, optical properties of sol, electrical properties of sol, stability of colloid, emulsion, foam and aerosol, structure and average molar mass of polymer compounds and their determination methods, rheology of polymer solution, polymer electrolyte solution, gel.
Five, analytical chemistry (pharmacy) examination outline
Reference book: Li Famei, edited. Analytical Chemistry (5th Edition), People's Medical Publishing House, 2003.
Examination outline:
1. Introduction
Familiar with: the task and function of analytical chemistry, the classification of analytical methods, the analysis process and steps.
2. Error and analysis data processing
Proficient: accurate and precise; Errors and deviations; Error classification (systematic error and accidental error); Methods to improve the accuracy of analysis. Familiarity: error transmission; T distribution; The relationship between the accuracy and confidence of the average; Significance test (t test and f test); Selection of suspicious values (Q test, G test). The concept of significant figures; Algorithm; Modify the rules of the contract.
3. Introduction to Titration Analysis
Master: titration process and its basic concepts (standard solution and reference substance, stoichiometric point, titration end point, indicator, end point error); Select titration curves and indicators for various types of titration; Calculation of titration analysis method; Calculation of terminal error. Partition coefficient and side reaction coefficient. Familiar with: quality balance; Balance of expenses; Proton equilibrium
4. Acid-base titration
Master: the basic principle of acid-base titration; Acid-base balance in aqueous solution; Distribution of acid-base components in solution; Calculation of PH value of acid-base solution; Acid-base indicator.
5. Acid-base titration in non-aqueous solution
Master: the basic principle of non-aqueous titration; Titration of alkali (acid) in non-aqueous solution. Familiarity: the characteristics of non-aqueous titration and its importance in analytical chemistry. Understand: the application of non-aqueous titration in the field of pharmaceutical analysis.
6. Coordination titration
Master: the basic principle of coordination titration; Coordination and balance; Metal indicator; Selection of titration conditions
7. Redox titration
Master: the basic principle of redox titration; Characteristics of redox reaction; The relationship between electrode potential and ion concentration (Nernst equation); Conditional potential and its influencing factors; The progress degree and reaction speed of redox reaction. Redox indicator; Characteristics and determination conditions of various redox titration methods.
8. Precipitation titration and gravimetric analysis
Master: the basic principle of precipitation titration; Principle, titration conditions and application scope of potassium chromate indicator method, adsorption indicator method and ferric ammonium vanadium indicator method. The integrity of precipitation and its influencing factors; Purity of precipitation and its influencing factors; Precipitation conditions in crystalline precipitate and amorphous precipitate. Familiar with: the formation and morphology of precipitation; Uniform precipitation and application of organic precipitant: Basic operation and calculation of gravimetric method. Understanding: Volatilization and extraction.
9. Potentiometric titration and perpetual titration
Master: the basic principles of potentiometric method (direct potentiometric method and potentiometric titration); Structure, principle and performance of glass electrode; Determination method of pH value; Types, properties and determination methods of ion-selective electrodes. The basic device of potentiometric titration, the selection of indicator electrode and the method of determining the end point. The basic principle of never stopping titration; Reversible and irreversible pairs; Principles and types of titration methods; Instruments and equipment. Understanding: the general classification of electrochemical analysis; Simple principles of electrolysis, conductance and voltammetry.
10. Introduction to Spectral Analysis
Understanding: electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter; Classification of optical analysis methods; Spectrum analyzer.
1 1. Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry
Master: Lambert-Beer Law; Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer; Qualitative analysis methods (qualitative identification and purity inspection); Quantitative method (quantitative method of single substance; Quantitative methods for multicomponent samples).
12. Fluorescence spectrophotometry
Master: the occurrence process of molecular fluorescence; The relationship between molecular structure and fluorescence; Factors affecting fluorescence intensity. Quantitative analysis method. Familiar with: fluorescence spectrophotometer. Understanding: new technology of fluorescence analysis
13. infrared spectrophotometry
Master: the generation, characteristics and characterization of infrared absorption spectrum; Fundamental frequency peak and overtone peak; Characteristic peak and correlation peak; Location of absorption peak. Familiar with: typical atlas; Infrared spectrophotometer and sample preparation; Spectrum analyzer.
14. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Master: the quantum energy level and energy level diagram of atoms; * * * vibration line and absorption line; Distribution of atoms in different energy levels; The shape of atomic absorption spectrum; Relationship between absorption intensity and atomic concentration. Familiar with: atomic absorption spectrophotometer; Experimental technique.
15. nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Master: the spin of the nucleus; Nuclear vibration; Relaxation process; Chemical shift and its generation, expression method and influencing factors; Calculation of proton chemical shift; Spin coupling and spin system. Familiar with: NMR analysis method. Understand: NMR carbon spectrum.
mass spectrometric analysis
Master: mass spectrometer and its working principle; Main performance indexes of ion source, mass analyzer, ion detector and mass spectrometer; Ionic type; Determination of molecular formula. Familiar with: mass spectra of several organic compounds; Mass spectrometry analysis method; Parsing order.
17. Introduction to chromatographic analysis
Master: chromatographic process; Basic principles of chromatography. Familiar with: chromatographic classification
18. Plane chromatography
Master: the basic principle of thin layer chromatography; Selection of adsorbent and developing agent; Qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. Familiar with the principles and experimental conditions of high performance thin layer chromatography, thin layer scanning and paper chromatography.
19. Gas chromatographic analysis
Master: chromatographic theory; Basic concepts (chromatographic peak, baseline, retention value, chromatographic peak area width); Chromatographic process (differential migration); Tray theory (basic hypothesis, binomial distribution, normal distribution) and kinetic theory (Van Dimt equation); Chromatographic column; Detector; Selection of separation conditions and operation conditions; Qualitative and quantitative analysis.
20. High performance liquid chromatography
Familiar with: the classification and principle of various high performance liquid chromatography; Comparison between high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Qualitative and quantitative methods.
2 1. high performance capillary electrophoresis
Familiar with: the basic principle of high performance capillary electrophoresis; Electrophoresis and electrophoretic mobility, electroosmosis and electroosmosis mobility, apparent mobility, theoretical plate number.