Profession system was once popular in universities in European countries. For example, Universitéde Paris, founded in 126 1, has four departments: theology, medicine, law and literature. 1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the European wind spread eastward. 19 18, the Japanese government issued the University Order, which changed the imperial university system from the university (graduate school) and branch school system to the department system. Founded in 1 167, Oxford University now has 16 departments: sociology, theology, English and literature, law, classics and philosophy and ancient history, medieval and modern languages, modern history, music, orientalism, anthropology and geography, mathematics, biological sciences, clinical medicine and physical sciences. The arts and sciences department is generally no longer divided into departments, but there are more than 30 departments in the science department, and some departments also have some centers and research institutes.
Since the 1960s, three types of universities in Britain-classical universities (Cambridge and Oxford), city universities and new universities (including polytechnics and colleges of education) have undergone different degrees of reform. Take Oxford University as an example. A classical university has four departments, namely, humanities department, social science department, mathematics life science department and medical department, which are directly led and managed by the school board. Each department has an elected board of directors, who is responsible for the undergraduate courses of the college, and each department recognizes, supervises and tests the results of all graduates in related subjects; The major setting of city universities is also divided by departments, and each department has its own major, including single subjects and interdisciplinary subjects. Only newly-built universities adopt the model of specialty setting, which is an interdisciplinary group structure model. In the early years, the organizational structure of German universities was Fakultat, while in the middle ages, German universities were divided into three major departments: theology, law and medicine, and a literature department with general education. At the end of 17, in order to restore its academic position in the world, German universities carried out major reforms and developed modern universities represented by Halley University (1694) and Gottingen University (1737), but the basic organizational forms of universities have not changed much. As modern philosophy and scientific spirit began to permeate the teaching fields of various departments, the lower-level department, the Literature Department, was renamed the Philosophy Department, which laid the necessary knowledge foundation for students' professional study.
Each department elects a "minister" to preside over the affairs of the department, mainly arranging courses and assigning teaching tasks, presiding over debates, conducting examinations and awarding degrees. /kloc-after the Humboldt reform in the 0 ~ (th) century, scientific research became an important function of universities. German universities have formally formed a university discipline organization system based on chairs and colleges, and formed a three-level academic organization structure of "university-department-college (lecture)". The second level of academic organization in a typical German university consists of 4-6 departments: theology, law, medicine, philosophy, natural science and social science (including economics), and each department consists of research institutes or lectures in several related disciplines. The academic administrative power of German university departments at this level is very weak, and they rarely interfere in the fields controlled by professors, and their power is also advisory.
It is worth mentioning that since the reform in the 1960s, the traditional departments of Berlin Technical University have been cancelled and 22 departments have been established. In the 1990s, it merged into the 15 department, forming a structural model of "university-department-research institute". However, after entering the 2 1 century, Berlin University of Technology carried out organizational structure reform again, rebuilt eight departments and completed the return of academic organizational structure. Many universities in Japan have experienced the transition from branch campus system to department system. Kyoto University in Japan has 10 departments, including literature, education, law, economics, science, medicine, engineering, pharmacy, agriculture and environment. Among them, the largest department is Engineering Department, including 24 departments 168 lectures. The departments are independent and cross-cutting, and their research fields involve civil construction, chemical industry, machinery, transportation, electric power, metallurgy, aviation, automation, atomic energy, information engineering and so on. The department implements the responsibility system of principals and department heads, and the board of directors and professors participate in management, which plays a very important role in academic management. Tokyo Imperial University, founded in 1877, is the first national university founded in Japan and one of the earliest universities in Asia. There are 10 undergraduate departments and 537 lectures.
In Japan, due to the implementation of the university order issued by the government in 19 18, almost all national key universities have implemented the division system. According to the needs of teaching and research, Japanese universities are sub-school organizations-departments, which are composed of disciplines and professional categories. Tokyo Kaicheng School and Tokyo Medical College, founded in Meiji period, merged into Tokyo University in 1877. At that time, there were four departments of literature, law, science and medicine. Soon, Tokyo Law School merged into the school and was affiliated to the Ministry of Justice. After World War II, the reorganized University of Tokyo established a new basic department and a new education department, and a large number of research institutes and research centers were established one after another. Today, the University of Tokyo has 10 departments, 69 disciplines and 6 10 lectures, covering the main fields of higher education and academic research, and has become a world-famous comprehensive university with complete disciplines.