1. Activation of amino acids: aminoacyl-trna synthetase has high specificity, and 20 amino acids form aminoacyl-trna under the action of their specific enzymes.

2. Initiation of peptide chain synthesis: forming 30S complex: 30S-mRNA- fMet-tRNAf, and then combining with 50S subunit to form 70S initial complex with biological function.

3. Peptide chain extension: vector, trans peptide, translocation,

4. Termination and release of peptide chain synthesis

The synthesis of protein is a process with high energy consumption. The first amino acid needs to consume 3 ATP, and then each AA needs to consume 4 ATP.