More and more college students choose to start their own businesses after graduation. Here I share with you a paper on the reasons for college students' self-employment, for reference only!
Topic: The present situation and reasons of contemporary college students' self-employment.
The employment difficulty of college students is not only a realistic problem, but also a social problem. Generally speaking, college graduates have a high level of human capital and should be the leading group in the labor market. With the imbalance between supply and demand in the job market, the situation of "more monks and less meat" is becoming more and more serious, and many college graduates choose to start their own businesses to solve the employment problem. It is very important and necessary to learn from the experience of foreign college students' self-employment and combine with China's national conditions to better solve the employment and entrepreneurship problems of Chinese college students.
Keywords:: Analysis of the causes of college students' self-employment
First, the status quo of self-employment of college students in China
(A) China's current employment situation of college students
Since the enrollment expansion of China University, it is an indisputable fact that it is difficult for college students to find jobs, and it is getting harder and harder. According to statistics, in 20 12, about 30 million laborers in China needed employment, including nearly 850 college graduates (including previous graduates). Influenced by the international economic downturn in recent years, the reform of domestic economic system and structure, the lag of education reform and the lag of college students' employment concept, the employment pressure of college students will not be weakened. The employment difficulty of college students is not only a realistic problem, but also a social problem. Generally speaking, college graduates have a high level of human capital and should be the leading group in the labor market. However, with the development of globalization and the impact of knowledge economy, the threshold of young people's initial and continuous employment is increasing year by year, and college students must have the core employment ability to adapt to the requirements of the new economy in order to succeed in employment and development. However, the existing education and training system lacks the necessary employment market demand orientation, and the knowledge and skill structure of college students trained by higher education is gradually out of touch with the talent market demand, and the structural contradiction of employment is increasingly prominent.
(II) The status quo of college students' self-employment in China With the imbalance between supply and demand in the job market, the situation of "more monks and less meat" is becoming more and more serious, and many college graduates choose to start their own businesses to solve the employment problem. College students' self-employment has attracted the attention of all walks of life, and the current situation can be summarized as follows.
1, enthusiasm, low ability, good entrepreneurial ability and quality are the keys to the success of college students' independent entrepreneurship. Entrepreneur's ability includes professional technical ability, management ability, social communication ability, risk tolerance, innovation and change ability. , very comprehensive. Nowadays, college students have strong entrepreneurial enthusiasm, but they know almost nothing about the ability and quality needed for entrepreneurship. According to the survey, only about 6% people are familiar with the ability and quality needed for starting a business, and most people have a little knowledge about it, especially college students. Most college entrepreneurs don't realize that passion is not equal to ability, and passion alone can't serve all the problems on the road to entrepreneurship.
2. Low technology content and narrow business scope. It is understood that most entrepreneurial students are engaged in industries that have nothing to do with their majors, ignoring the ability of scientific and technological innovation and not giving full play to their professional expertise. Self-employment has a low scientific and technological content and a correspondingly low success rate. Once students leave school after graduation, they are often too weak to start high-tech enterprises on their own. The vast majority of venture capital companies, almost all completely rational people, are unwilling to invest in such small-scale, high-risk student start-up companies. Therefore, most graduates choose traditional industries with less start-up capital, easy start-up, relatively small risks and easy operation, such as opening online stores, promoting retail, management consulting, catering and entertainment, and clothing business. Generally limited to the service industry. However, the competition in these industries is often fierce, and many college graduates who try to test the water are unwilling to operate for a long time because of factors such as low profits in the short term, which leads to business failure.
3. Deeply influenced by public opinion, there is no "independent" choice. Nowadays, social media and public opinion promote entrepreneurial heroes, successful entrepreneurs and outstanding people everywhere. Under the influence of this kind of public opinion, many college students have a worship attitude towards these characters, and their imitation attitude is even stronger. And these college students who blindly choose to start a business because they worship successful entrepreneurs often do not predict the risk of starting a business through market research in advance, nor do they have certain ability to withstand difficulties and obstacles. Once encountering setbacks, it is easy to give up, resulting in entrepreneurial failure.
4. The failure rate of entrepreneurship is high. Compared with the successful cases of college students' entrepreneurship, there are more failures. According to statistics, 87.83% of college students' entrepreneurship ended in failure. There are many reasons for failure, such as lack of entrepreneurial planning based on a passion, unfamiliarity with the market, unreasonable selection of projects, being young and impetuous, being too idealistic, not knowing the rules of interpersonal communication, not being good at management, poor team management ability, insufficient funds and so on.
5. There are few self-employed participants and many onlookers. Although the state has continuously introduced various preferential policies for college students to start their own businesses, it encourages and supports college students to start their own businesses. For example, local government departments have successively launched entrepreneurship parks for college students and entrepreneurship education and training centers to encourage them to start businesses. Some colleges and universities have also established their own entrepreneurial parks to provide support for students' entrepreneurship. For example, the College Students Pioneer Park set up by Fudan University provides office space, daily office equipment and other services for college students to start their own businesses, as well as special services such as entrepreneurship counseling advisory groups and entrepreneurship counseling courses. At the same time, Fudan University has invested a lot of money to actively promote college students' self-employment on the basis of the establishment of the University Students' Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Fund by the Shanghai Municipal Government. However, the enthusiasm of college students to participate in entrepreneurship is still not very high, and the actual number of entrepreneurs is not much, accounting for a small proportion of the total number of college students. For example, at present, there are about 1 000 self-employed students in Tsinghua University, accounting for only about 2% of the total number of students in Tsinghua. In the United States, Stanford and other well-known universities, the proportion of college students' self-employment can reach 10%. Many college students adhere to the backward concept of employment, and still regard government departments, large state-owned enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises as the first choice for job hunting, and the pace of self-employment is slow.
Second, the problems and reasons of college students' self-employment in China
(A) the problems of college students' self-employment in China
1, entrepreneurial products are too simplistic.
Many people have opened bookstores, flower shops and printing rooms on campus, which is also called starting a business. This kind of entrepreneurial products are relatively low-level, lack of technical content, and have low requirements for college students' management ability and business operation ability. In addition, due to the limited funds of college students, many people set up websites to start their own businesses. "Easy, convenient and quick money" is of course the reason for choosing a website, and the exemplary role of successful people like Ding Lei and Wang Zhidong can not be ignored. However, there are too many bubbles eager to start a website.
2. College students' entrepreneurship is only a simple student participation, and the lack of social experience, market awareness and enterprise management experience is an important factor affecting the success of college students' entrepreneurship. The biggest advantage of students' entrepreneurship is often good ideas, coupled with young passion. However, students who form a team often have no social experience and practical management experience, and their market concept is relatively weak. They don't know how the company should formulate strategies, how to manage and improve efficiency, and how to promote the market. The lack of social experience makes it difficult for college students to start their own businesses and continue to operate.
3. Lack of funds The problem of lack of funds has always been the first problem encountered by college entrepreneurs, and it is not easy to solve it. At present, the main forms of personal commercial loans in China are certificate of deposit mortgage and third-party guarantee, which is unattainable for college students. Some college students are eager to get venture capital or working capital, give small money to large stocks and sell technology or ideas cheaply.
Many core technology owners are deeply dissatisfied with the original investment agreement and propose to break it after the company has been in operation for a period of time. The consequence of this can only be notoriety in the capital market.
In addition, even if investors can't provide value-added services, they know that they should throw them together. Therefore, for startups that are still in the early stage, it is necessary to introduce some investors who really have the strength and ability to provide proliferative services and have been unified with entrepreneurs for many years, even if they have to temporarily give up some immediate interests.
4. Need to strengthen systematic entrepreneurship education. The weak entrepreneurial awareness of college students is related to the long-term lack of entrepreneurial education. Entrepreneurship education for college students in western countries has developed for decades, while China has just started. Cultivating innovative talents to meet the needs of future economic and social development has become one of the topics that modern education needs to solve. At present, some colleges and universities offer simulated practical entrepreneurship courses, but because they are still in the experimental stage, many elements are not in line with the actual situation, which leads to students' passing the theoretical level, but their practical operation ability is limited.
(B) the causes of many problems of college students' self-employment
1, subjective factors
First of all, I have entrepreneurial passion, but I am not mentally prepared. Judging from the failure of starting a business, many college students are enthusiastic about starting a business, but they lack the mental preparation for hardship and perseverance. Due to the limitation of age and experience, college students have no clear understanding of the risks of starting a business and lack necessary preparations for possible risks and failures. Moreover, if college students lack market research and demonstration in the early stage, and decide the investment direction only by their own interests and imagination, or even make decisions on a whim, they will definitely hit a wall.
Secondly, I am interested in starting a business, but my knowledge level is limited. Entrepreneurship requires rich knowledge of enterprise registration, management, marketing, financing and other aspects, and little knowledge of target markets and competitors. Without the corresponding knowledge reserve, entrepreneurship will also be at a disadvantage in the cruel market competition. Most entrepreneurs can't combine their knowledge with their careers in practice, and they can't make good use of all their knowledge. Many college students' entrepreneurs have high eyes but low minds. When the business plan is put into practice, they find that they simply don't have the ability to solve problems. Such an enterprise is tantamount to an armchair strategist.
Thirdly, there are entrepreneurial advantages, but lack of entrepreneurial experience. Henry Ford once said, "Anyone who does something useful will always get something in return. This reward is experience, the most valuable thing in the world, and something that others can't take away. " It can be seen that experience is of great significance to entrepreneurs. Although college students now have a certain theoretical basis and knowledge, they are on campus after all, limited by age and corresponding knowledge. In the process of starting a business, many people will only "talk on paper" and lack the experience and relevant knowledge of specific market development, so it is difficult to obtain first-hand market information and analyze the future development direction of the market.
Finally, there is preparation for starting a business, but there is a lack of venture capital. Lack of funds is the primary problem faced by college students who have just left school to start their own businesses. It is difficult for college students to have enough venture capital, so it is an inevitable choice to raise money from the society or get interest-free and discount loans. However, one kind of college students are eager to obtain funds and do not hesitate to sell technology at a low price, while the other is too fond of technology and unwilling to make appropriate concessions. For the initial entrepreneurs, it is necessary to introduce some investors who have real strength, can provide value-added services and unify their entrepreneurial ideas, even if they have to temporarily give up some immediate interests. Without broad financing channels, business plans can only be empty talk.
2. Objective Factors In addition to the internal factors that college students themselves determine the lack of entrepreneurship, there are still some external problems in college students' entrepreneurship.
First, there is a lack of systematic entrepreneurship education. There are almost no courses related to entrepreneurship education in China University, and most college students are exposed to entrepreneurship by participating in school club activities. Moreover, college graduates basically don't know or ignore the role of entrepreneurship education. Many people are unfamiliar with the word entrepreneurship education, and it is difficult to link entrepreneurship with education, because entrepreneurship is more of a practice, and they just require entrepreneurship-related courses in school education. Some college students take part in the business plan competition in order to gain work experience and meet business elites. After the competition, they lose interest in starting a business.
Second, the lack of a mature entrepreneurial environment. College students' entrepreneurship is a systematic project, which needs the support of all walks of life. Compared with the mature and complete entrepreneurial environment abroad, the current entrepreneurial environment in China is not perfect, especially the government functions have not been completely changed, and the service consciousness of government officials is not strong. Therefore, financial support, government policies, government projects, entrepreneurship education and training, business environment and many other aspects need to be further improved and improved. In addition, the obstacle of traditional social concepts is also the immature entrepreneurial environment. Under the influence of such public opinion, many college students dare not put their business plans into practice.
Third, lack of enterprise support. An online survey shows that at present, only about 5% of enterprises in China provide internship opportunities for college students. Most of these enterprises are foreign-funded enterprises, and most of them are concentrated in large and medium-sized cities such as Beijing and Shanghai. However, small and medium-sized enterprises, which account for more than 99% of the total number of enterprises in China and absorb more than 75% of employees, rarely provide internship opportunities for college students. Even if I do internships, I mostly do odd jobs.
Comparatively speaking, the United States, Japan and other countries with relatively developed venture capital in the world have relatively mature capital markets, sufficient venture capital funds, developed information services and complete consulting services. Moreover, their colleges and universities have a relatively mature entrepreneurship education system and a good entrepreneurial culture atmosphere. During their stay in school, college students can generally receive systematic entrepreneurship education and exercise, and master more comprehensive entrepreneurial knowledge and strong entrepreneurial skills. Because of this, the entrepreneurial rate of college graduates in the United States and Japan can be as high as 20%-30%.
Third, the experience of foreign college students' self-employment.
(A) to establish a good entrepreneurship education system
In Britain, at least 45% of universities offer one or more courses of entrepreneurship education, and adopt group interactive teaching method to connect with real entrepreneurial activities more, so that students can get "approximate entrepreneurial experience". The British College of Higher Education provides materials for the teaching of entrepreneurship skills for universities, and provides academic support for entrepreneurship education in universities by using the work of various groups and subject centers of the college. Loughborough University, which ranks sixth in the UK, stipulates that the winners of the "Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Scholarship" will enjoy a package of entrepreneurship guidance, including intellectual property laws and regulations, public relations and marketing suggestions, business plans and capital applications, and the introduction of good venture funds. In the United States, more than 500 universities and colleges offer their own entrepreneurship courses for graduates. Sweden's entrepreneurship education has been incorporated into the national education system, covering formal education from junior high school, senior high school, undergraduate course to graduate student. At present, Swedish primary and secondary schools have developed a large number of entrepreneurship education courses and games, which make students interested in important concepts such as innovation, competition, cost and profit from an early age. Swedish universities not only undertake the task of providing students with entrepreneurship education, but also offer a large number of social entrepreneurship training programs.
(2) Pay attention to the cultivation of students' entrepreneurial awareness. The German government requires universities, high schools and vocational secondary schools to offer courses related to entrepreneurship training, so that students can learn about entrepreneurship first. At the same time, the government and financial research institutions jointly set up "entrepreneurial opportunities" in schools, so that students began to try to start their own companies very early, and they were exposed to and familiar with business management and business knowledge. In the "Young Entrepreneur" project initiated by the German Institute of Economics, students set up micro-companies under the guidance of the school. These companies, like regular companies, are put into a market environment where the fittest survive. At the same time, the government is also committed to creating an entrepreneurial atmosphere on campus, holding lectures in some universities regularly and inviting business people to participate.
(III) Launching Various Entrepreneurial Competitions "Entrepreneurial Plan" competition for American college students is a successful model. The participating college students write a feasibility report on a new product or service with market prospects, and celebrities from academia and business circles serve as judges to select winners. With the active participation of the business community, some successful feasibility reports can finally get venture capital. At present, more than 2 0 universities in the United States, including MIT, Stanford University and other world-class universities, hold this competition every year, and groups of entrepreneurs get exercise and growth in the competition. Venture capitalists flock to university campuses to find future technology leaders. Most of the students who win the competition will become leaders of American high-tech enterprises in the future.
(four) the government, society and individuals to establish a tripartite information exchange platform to provide a complete lending system. In order to support youth entrepreneurship, developed countries have their own credit plans and funds. Including 19 83, the British Prince Fund launched a youth entrepreneurship program in the UK to provide consulting, financial, technical and network support for youth entrepreneurship through joint business and social forces. The scheme helps an average of 50,000 British youths to start businesses every year, with a success rate of over 60%. Mature venture capital and credit system also provide college entrepreneurs with a solution to the funding bottleneck. If you need a loan from a commercial bank, but there is no collateral, you can get a loan with a good business plan. In addition, American college students can use credit card loans to start their own businesses.
refer to
[1] theoretical thinking on the support service system for college students' self-employment, Journal of Zhejiang University of Technology: Social Science Edition, Han Weiwei, No.4, 20 10.
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