The honor and disgrace behind it
Mencius is one of the most important representatives of Confucianism, but his position before the Song Dynasty was not very high. Since Han Yu wrote The Original Road in the mid-Tang Dynasty and listed Mencius as the only figure in pre-Qin Confucianism who inherited Confucian orthodoxy, there has been an "upgrading movement" of Mencius, and the status of Mencius and his works has gradually risen. Song Shenzong Xining four years (107 1), Mencius was included in the imperial examination for the first time. In the sixth year of Yuanfeng (1083), Mencius was officially named "Zou Guogong" for the first time, and he was allowed to enjoy the Confucius Temple the following year. Later, Mencius was promoted to a Confucian classic. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu combined Mencius with The Analects of Confucius, Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean into four books, and their actual status was even higher than that of the Five Classics. From the Yuan Dynasty to the first year of Shun Dynasty (1330), Mencius was named "Asian Saint" and later called "Asian Saint", ranking second only to Confucius. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang edited the Mencius Festival, and deleted some chapters and sentences in Mencius, such as "the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the least", and "a thief is called a husband, but he has never heard of killing a gentleman".
[Edit this paragraph] Mencius Chronology
King Lie of Zhou died in AD 4 (372 BC).
Mencius was probably born at this time.
Zhou Xianwang 12 Wei Huiwang 13 Han Zhaohou Jiazi in the 6th year (357 BC).
Mencius was about fifteen years old and was a disciple of Zisi.
Zhou Xianwang 17 Qin Xiaogong 10 years ago (352 BC).
Mencius is about twenty years old and wants to divorce his wife.
Zhou Xianwang was ugly for 37 years (332 BC).
Mencius is in Zou, answering Zou Mugong's question.
In the thirty-eighth year of Zhou Xianwang, Gengyin year (33 BC1year).
Mencius lived in Pinglu.
Xin Mao was born in Zhou Xianwang in the thirty-ninth year (330 BC).
Mencius came to China and visited Renji.
Mencius was in Zou, answering with Wu Luzi and Cao.
Forty years in Zhou Xianwang and twenty-eight years in Renchen, Qi Weiwang (329 BC).
Mencius was about forty-three years old and came here for the first time.
Zi Chu, King of Qixiang, came to see Mencius.
4 1 year 29 Song Dynasty 1 year (328 BC).
Mencius and Gao Zi debate.
Mencius advised the King of Qi to remonstrate with him.
Mencius and Zhang Kuang made friends.
Mencius left Qi State for Song State.
In the forty-second year of Zhou Xianwang, Song spent the second year (327 BC).
Mencius to Song Dynasty
In forty-three, Song died in the late Yuan Dynasty (326 BC).
Mencius met Prince Tengguo in the Song Dynasty.
Mencius on the Lobbying Road and Gou Jian in Song Dynasty
44 years after Yuan Dynasty, 4 years after Song Dynasty, Qin Dynasty 13 years (325 BC).
Mencius left Song State and returned to Zou.
In forty-five years, Liang died in Ding You (324 BC) in 1 1 year.
Mencius was in Zou and sent a friend to ask about the funeral.
Zou Zhiteng's Mencius is benevolent.
Zhou Xianwang forty-six years, Wei Huiwang 12, Qi Weiwang thirty-four years, Wude (323 BC).
Mencius debated with farmer Chen Xiang.
Shen Zhou 1 year yuan 15 years and 37 years (320 BC).
Liang's "rich wealth and low gifts" calls for talented people.
Mencius was about fifty-two years old when he met Liang.
Mencius and Zhou Xiao's Theory of Being an Official
Shen Zhou 2 years yuan 16 1 year Renyin (3 19 BC).
Mencius and Gongsun Chou on A Short Mourning
Shen Zhou Liang Wang 3 years Wei Xiangwang 1 year Qi Xuanwang 2 years Guimao (3 18 BC).
Mencius was about fifty-four years old and saw King Liang Xiang.
Mencius met the King of Qi in Fan.
Mencius came to Qi and answered questions.
Mencius' theory of "forty without being tempted"
Shen Zhou Liang Wang 5 years Wang Yanwei 5 years Israel (3 16 BC)
Mencius went out to hang Teng Wengong.
Shen Zhou's 6th year14th land15th year (315th BC).
Lu wants to see Mencius.
Mencius returned to Qi to discuss with Yu Chong about burying his mother.
Qi Xuanwang asked Mencius to be strict.
Zhou Nanwang 3 years Qi Xuanwang 8 years Chu Huaiwang 17 Ji You (3 12 BC) Mencius Tomb.
Yan people turned against Qi, saying, "I am ashamed of Mencius."
Mencius' theory of "I regard you as a coach"
Mencius and Chunyu Kun argued endlessly.
Mencius was about sixty years old and resigned from Qi.
Mencius met Song Shuo in Shiqiu.
Zhou Nanwang twenty-five years, xinmao years (290 BC).
Mencius was compiled at this time.
Zhou Nanwang Renshen reigned for twenty-six years (289 BC).
Meng Ziyue died at this time.
Mencius thought
"The people are precious, the country is second, and the monarch is light." It means the people first, the country second, and the monarch last. Mencius believed that the monarch should take care of the people first, and politicians should protect the rights of the people. Mencius agreed that the monarch has no way and the people have the right to overthrow the regime. For this reason, Hanshu and Yiwenzhi only regard Mencius as a sub-book, without giving it its due status. In the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms of Houshu, Meng Changjun, the master of Houshu, ordered people to carve stones in eleven classics such as Mencius, which may be the beginning of Mencius' being included in the classics. By the time of filial piety in the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu called Mencius, the Analects of Confucius, the University and the Doctrine of the Mean as the "Four Books" and became one of the "Thirteen Classics", and Mencius' position was pushed to the peak. Legend has it that Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was dissatisfied with Mencius' people-oriented thought and ordered people to abridge the relevant contents in Mencius.
Benevolent policy theory
Mencius inherited and developed Confucius' thought of ruling by virtue, and developed it into the theory of benevolent governance, which became the core of his political thought. He applied the principles of "pro" and "long" to politics, eased class contradictions and safeguarded the long-term interests of the feudal ruling class.
On the one hand, Mencius strictly distinguished the class status of the ruler and the ruled, and thought that "those who do things rule their people, and those who do things rule their people", and imitated the Zhou system to draw up a hierarchy from emperor to ruler; On the other hand, the relationship between the ruler and the ruled is compared to the relationship between parents and children, and it is advocated that the ruler should care about the sufferings of the people like parents, and the people should be close to and serve the ruler like parents.
Mencius believes that this is the most ideal politics, and the rulers can win the heartfelt support of the people if they implement benevolent policies; On the other hand, if people's lives are ignored, they will lose people's hearts, become solitary thieves and be overthrown by the people. The specific content of benevolent government is very extensive, including economy, politics, education and ways to unify the world, among which there is a clue of people-oriented thought. This thought developed from the idea of valuing the people over the gods in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Based on the experience of the Warring States period, Mencius summed up the laws governing the rise and fall of chaos in various countries and put forward a famous proposition rich in the essence of democracy: "The people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light." People think that how to treat people is extremely important to the rise and fall of a country. Mencius attached great importance to the opposition between people's hearts, and repeatedly expounded through a large number of historical examples that this is a key issue related to winning or losing in the world. Mencius said: "Benevolence must go through first". The so-called "well boundary" means dividing and sorting out the field boundary and implementing the well field system. The well-field system conceived by Mencius is a feudal natural economy, which is based on small farmers of one household and takes the form of exploiting labor force for rent. Every farmer has a five-acre house and a hundred-acre field and is self-sufficient. Mencius believes that "people are the way, those who have constant production have perseverance, and those who have no constant production have no perseverance." Only when people have "permanent property" and settle down on the land can they not violate the criminal law and do evil. Mencius believes that when people's material life is guaranteed, rulers can re-establish schools, educate them on the principle of filial piety and guide them to be kind, which can create a good moral trend of "kissing" and "growing up", that is, "everyone kisses and grows up, and the world is peaceful." Mencius believed that the benevolent government of the ruler could win the heartfelt support of the people all over the world, thus being invincible. Mencius' benevolent policy should be based on the ruler's "unbearable heart". Mencius said: "The former king had an unbearable heart and Sri Lanka had an unbearable policy." "Unable to bear the heart of others" is a kind of pity and kindness. But this kind of sympathy and kindness is different from Mozi's "universal love", but comes from the feelings of blood. Mencius advocated that "Kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss kiss is the political embodiment of this unbearable heart.
Mencius closely combined ethics with politics, emphasizing that moral cultivation is the basis of doing politics well. He said: "The foundation of the world is in the country, the foundation of the country is at home, and the foundation of the home is in the body." Later, the idea of "nourishing qi and calming the world" put forward by University was developed according to this idea of Mencius.
Moral ethics
Mencius summarized moral norms into four categories, namely, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom. At the same time, the human relations are summarized into five kinds, namely, "father and son are close, monarch and minister are righteous, husband and wife are different, old and young are orderly, and friends are trustworthy". Mencius believed that benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom were the most important. Benevolence is based on filial piety and filial piety, and it is the basic moral standard to deal with the blood relationship between father and son. He believes that if every member of society uses benevolence and righteousness to deal with all kinds of interpersonal relationships, the stability of feudal order and the unity of the world will be reliably guaranteed.
In order to explain the origin of these moral norms, Mencius put forward the idea of good nature. He believes that although there are differences in division of labor and class among members of society, their human nature is the same. He said, "So, people of the same kind are all similar, so why doubt others?" A saint is like me. Here, Mencius put the ruler and the ruled in an equal position and discussed their universal humanity. This discussion adapted to the historical trend of slave liberation and social change at that time, marked the deepening of human understanding and greatly promoted the development of ethical thought.
[Edit this paragraph] Mencius' masterpiece
"Mencius" Hui Liang Wang Shang
"Mencius" Hui Liang Wang Shang
When Mencius met Liang Huiwang, Liang Huiwang said, "Hey, is it good for our country to come from afar?" Mencius said to him, "Wang, why talk about profit?" Only benevolence and righteousness. The king said why it is good for our country, the doctor said why it is good for our family, and the scholar Shu Ren said why it is good for our health. Our country has to pay taxes from top to bottom, which is very dangerous. The country of a thousand riders, the country that kills the monarch, must be the home of a thousand riders; A country that rides a thousand times will kill its king, and a home that rides a hundred times. It's not too much to walk a thousand roads and a hundred roads. Righteousness before righteousness, benefit before harm. Those who leave their relatives without benevolence and righteousness, and those who leave their husbands without benevolence and righteousness. Wang also said that it's just benevolence and righteousness, so why bother to benefit! "
Mencius saw the beam in the marsh and Gu Hongyan in the elk, saying, "Are saints also happy about this?" Mencius said to him, "saints take pleasure in it, and saints take pleasure in it." As the poem says: Since the beginning of the Lingtai, we have camped on it, and the people will attack in a few days. Don't be anxious after you start. Shu Ren comes, the monarch is in Lingbi, the elk lies, the Bai Niao crane is in Lingfen, and the monarch is diving. King Wen takes the people's power as a marsh platform and folk music, calling its platform Lingtai and its marsh Lingfen. There are elk, fish and turtles in Qi Le. The ancients enjoyed themselves with the people, so they could enjoy themselves. Tang Shi swears: Time will kill you, and you will die. People want to die with them. Although there are birds and beasts in the pool, why should they be happy? "
King Hui of Liang said, "I would like to teach in peace." Mencius said to him, "Isn't it unusual to kill people with hammers and blades?" Yue: "There is no difference." "Is it unusual to use the blade and politics?" Yue: "There is no difference." He said, "There is fat in the barn, fat horses in the stable, hungry people and hungry people in the wild. This causes wild animals to eat each other. Animals eat each other and people hate them. For the sake of people's parents, the administrative department has to lead wild animals to eat people. Zhong Ni said: "The initiator will not have any consequences!" It's also used to make it look like a person. How did it make people starve to death? "
King Hui of Liang said, "Jin State, Mo Qiang knows everything in the world. And my body, the East was defeated by Qi, and my eldest son died; West, lost seven hundred miles in Qin; The south is a disgrace to Chu. I'm ashamed of it, and I'm more willing to pour it than the dead. If so, what can I do? " Mencius said to him, "The earth is a hundred miles away, so you can be king. The king is kind to the people, saves punishment, collects taxes thinly, and cultivates the fields easily. Strong men can cultivate their filial piety and loyalty in their spare time, serve their fathers and brothers, and serve their superiors, so that they can make a fuss about the strong men in Qin and Chu. When he took his people away, he couldn't farm to support his parents, who were hungry with cold, and their brothers and wives were separated. He drowned his people, but Solo collected them. Who are the enemies of the king? Therefore, as the saying goes,' the benevolent is invincible'. Wang, please don't doubt it! "
King Hui of Liang said, "I am a country, and I devote myself to it. If Hanoi is fierce, it will move its people to Hedong and its millet to Hanoi. Hedong is also fierce. People who observe the politics of neighboring countries have no intention like me. There are not many people in neighboring countries, and there are not many people in our country. What is it? " Mencius said to him, "The king is belligerent. Please use the metaphor of war. Drum filling, weapon company, abandoning soldiers and dragging armor, or stopping at a hundred steps, or stopping at fifty steps. What if the pot is too black? " "No," he said. If you don't walk a hundred steps straight, you will walk. "He said," If Wang knows this, there is no hope that there will be more people than neighboring countries. If you don't go against the farming season, the valley can't beat the grain. If you count, you can't eat. Axes are as heavy as mountains, and wood can't be used. Valley and fish turtles can't fight for food, and wood and wood can't fight for it, which makes people lose their lives and have no regrets. Keeping in good health and dying without regret is the beginning of kingly way. Five acres of houses, trees are mulberry, and fifty people can wear clothes and silks. Chickens, dolphins and dogs are all domestic animals, so there is no time to waste. Seventy people can eat meat. One hundred acres of land, if you don't hurry, how many people in a family can be hungry. I sincerely hope that the godson of the cult will be filial, and the winners will not be on the road. Seventy people eat meat, clothes and silk, and the Lebanese are neither hungry nor cold, but they are not kings and have nothing. Dogs don't know when they eat or when they are hungry. When people die, they say, it's not me, it's age. What's the difference between stabbing and killing? Not me, a soldier. The king is innocent, and the people in the world are heavy. …
Liang's Mencius
Suddenly I saw Mencius saying, "Violence is seen in the monarch, and the monarch is violent with Le Yan, but violent is not correct." What is joy? Mencius said: "If the king is happy, Qi will be almost ordinary! One day, he met the king and said, "What does the king think of Zhuangzi's enjoyment?" The king changed color and said, "I can't be good at the music of the former dynasty, but I can be good at secular music." "Yue:" If the king is happy, Qi will be almost ordinary! Today's happiness is ancient happiness. " He said, "Can you hear me? Yue: "Who is happy, alone or with others?" Say, "don't be with others. Yue said, "Who is happier with fewer people or more people?" "He said," If you don't follow the crowd. " "I please for the king. Today, the king likes to play drums here. When the people heard the king's bells and drums, they didn't care about the drums. They looked up and frowned and said to each other,' My king is good at drumming. Why did my husband make me so extreme? Father and son don't meet, brother and sister are separated. Today, the king is hunting here. When people heard the sound of the king's chariots and horses and saw the beauty of the feathers, they all looked up and frowned and said to them,' My king is good at hunting. Why did my husband make me so extreme? Father and son don't meet, brother and sister are separated. Without him, there would be no joy for the people. Today, the king likes to play drums here. When people hear the king's bells and drums, they care about the sound of drums. They were happy and told each other,' My king is seldom ill, how can he enjoy drumming? Today, Wang Tian is hunting here. When people heard the sound of Wang chariots and horses and saw the beauty of his feathers, they told each other happily:' My uncle Wang is seldom ill. How can he hunt in the fields? Without him, you can play with people. Today, if the king enjoys happiness with the people, he will become a king. "
Qi Xuanwang asked, "King Wen is seventy miles away. What's the matter? " Mencius said to him, "There is something in the biography." Say, "What if I get older?" Say, "People still think it's small." He said, "I'm trapped, and it's 40 miles away, but people still think it's big." Why? " He said: "The king of Wen is seventy miles away, and the grass will go and the rabbit will go. With the people, do people think it is small and inappropriate? At first, I went as far as the territory and asked about the national ban before I dared to enter. I heard that there is a 40-mile-long area in the suburbs, and killing its elk is like murder. It is 40 miles, because it is trapped in the countryside and it is not appropriate for people to think it is big. " …
The ugly grandson in Mencius
Gong Sunchou asked, "Father and son should be on the road to Qi, but what can be done to help Zhong Yanzi?" Mencius said, "Zi Cheng is a man of integrity, only knowing how to be honest. Or ask Zeng:' Who is the sage, my son or?' I once frowned and said, "So was my late son. Holmium:' But who is my son and who is Guan Zhong? I was suddenly unhappy and said, "Have you compared yourself to Guan Zhong? If Guan Zhong gets the throne, if he gets it, he will do state affairs, if he lasts for a long time, he will make great contributions, if he is humble. Did you give it to me? Guan Zhong, what I did was not done, but what I wanted? " Yue: "Guan Zhong is the ruler and Yan Zi is the ruler. Isn't Guan Zhong Yan Zi enough?" Yue said, "With, it's the same backhand." He said: "If so, the disciples will be very confused. However, with the virtue of Wen Wang, it collapsed a hundred years later, but it still did not interact with the world. Duke Wu followed suit and later became a big bank. If you are in Wang Yiran today, why can't the king of Wen do it? " He said, "What does a Wen Wang Neng do? From Tang to Wu Ding, the Holy King wrote six or seven works, which have long been yin and hard to change. The governors of Wuding dynasty won the world, and they were still in the palm of their hands. Zhou went to Wuding, not for long. There are still people who have survived from their families and the legacy of good governance. There is also a prince, Ding Wei Zhong Wei, who is better than Gump Ji Zi. Both of them were sages and helped each other, so they were lost for a long time. The ruler of the land is not its own, and the people are not its ministers. However, it is difficult for Wen Wang to start from a hundred miles away. Qi people have a saying: although there is wisdom, it is better to follow the trend; Although there is a base, it is better to wait. It's easy now. During the Yin and Zhou Dynasties in Xia Hou, the land never exceeded 1000 miles, but it had its own place. The cock crows and the dog barks, but it is almost everywhere, and there are people in the same place. The land does not change, the people do not change, and the benevolent is king. And Wang didn't do it, and there was no negligence at this time; The people's haggard is even worse than at this time. Hungry people eat easily, and thirsty people drink easily. Confucius said:' The popularity of virtue is faster than the delivery of mail. At present, the country of Wancheng is benevolent and the people enjoy it, but it is still hanging. A man with a semi-ancient story will get twice the result with half the effort. Only at this time. "
Sun Chou asked, "Although the Qi Lord is no different from the overlord, he is close to you, so he is a good general. So is it tempting? " Mencius said, "No, forty without being tempted." He said: "If it is, the master will far surpass Meng Ben." Said, "it's not difficult. I won't be tempted if I don't sue. " Say, "Is there any way to be indifferent?" Said, "Yes. Gong Bei is brave and fearless. He doesn't scratch his skin or run away. He thinks he will beat people with a single spark if he blames the city. Not subject to Brown Kuo, nor to the king of a thousand riders. Depends on the king of thorns, if you stab the brown man. Without strict governors, evil voices will come and backfire. Meng's charity is also brave. Yue:' If you can't see it, you will still win. I am also afraid that the three soldiers will be outnumbered and backward, and I am worried that I will meet again after winning. Can you give up winning? I can be fearless. Meng Charity looks like a child, but it looks like a summer. I don't know the courage of my husband's second son, Meng Bushi, and I will do what I say. The former scholar said, "Is Zi Yong?" ? I have tasted Wen Dayong more than the master. On the contrary, I don't flinch. Although I am brown and broad, I don't care. Now that it's shrunk, although there are thousands of people, I still want to go. Instead of keeping an appointment, Meng said, "How dare you ask your master's indifference and the defendant's indifference?" "Tell your son:' Don't talk, don't, don't, don't, don't, don't. "Leave it alone and don't ask for it", but; Don't talk about it, don't ask, don't have it, have no ambition, and be handsome; Gas, the body is full. Far-reaching ambition, gas is not as good as people. So, you are determined and not angry. ""You say you are ambitious, you are angry, you cling to your ambition, you don't have to be angry, what's the point? " He said: "If you are determined, you will be angry, and if you are angry, you will be determined. Today's couples are eager to move, but they are angry and react to their hearts. " "Dare you ask the master how evil he is?" Yue: "I know what I say, and cultivate my noble spirit." "Dare to ask what is the noble spirit?" "It's hard to say. It is qi, as strong as it is, and it is harmless to raise it directly, so it is stuffed between heaven and earth. It is qi, righteousness, Tao, nothingness and grace. It comes from the collection of righteousness and also from the attack of righteousness. If you have no bottom, you will be embarrassed. Therefore, I said that the defendant's son has no knowledge of benevolence and righteousness, which is also beyond. Don't be right, don't forget, and don't encourage it. Nothing is like the Song Dynasty. There was a man in the Song Dynasty who bowed his head when his seedlings didn't grow up, but when he came back, he said,' I'm sick today. I'll help the seedlings grow up. His son hurried to see it, and Miao was embarrassed. The world can't afford to help seedlings, and there are few old people. Those who give up because they feel useless don't cultivate seedlings; Help the old and help the young. Inaction is useless and harmful. ""What is literacy? " He said, "evil words know what they cover, lewd words know what they fall into, evil words know what they leave behind, and avoiding words knows what they are poor." Being born in his heart is harmful to his politics and his affairs. When the saints rise again, they will obey my words. " "Slay my tribute and do good deeds; Yan Yuan, the son of Ran Niuminzi, is good at words and virtues, and Confucius has both. He said,' If I resign, I can't. But the master is holy? "Yue:" Evil, what is it? Former scholar Zi Gong asked Confucius:' Is the master holy? Confucius said,' I can't be holy. I am never tired of learning and teaching. Zi Gong said:' Learning to be excellent is an official; Teaching tirelessly, benevolent. Benevolence, the Lord. Confucius is not alive. What is this? ""The former overhears his name, while the son wanders, all saints; However, Niu Minzi Yan Yuan is specific and implicit. Dare to ask him what he is doing? " Yue: "Gu She is." Said, "what about Boyi and Yi Yin? "Yue:" The Tao is different. If you don't do it for the monarch, if you don't do it for the people, you will advance if you govern, and if you are in chaos, you will retreat. What's the matter with you? What happened to the people? Treatment also advances, chaos also advances, and yin also advances. Who can be an official, can stop, can stop for a long time, can speed up, Confucius also. We are all ancient sages, and there is nothing I can do. You can learn from Confucius if you like. " "Boyi is easy to yin in Confucius, if it is similar?" He said, "No, there has been no Confucius since the birth of the people." Said, "but are there similarities?" Said, "Yes. If you have a place of a hundred miles, you can win the world with the princes. You did a wrong thing, and it's not worth killing one, but you won the world. Yes, it's the same. Say, "What's the difference?" ? "He said," If you kill my son, you will know a saint wisely, and the pollution will not be better than Archie's. Slaughter me and said,' Give your master a statement that saints stay away from Yao and Shun. Zi Gong said:' Know its politics by courtesy, and know its virtue by asking its pleasure. After becoming an immortal, you can be the king of immortality, and you can't violate it. Since the birth of the people, there has been no master. For example, there is a saying:' It is more than people, Kirin is to animals, Phoenix is to birds, Mount Tai is to hills, rivers and seas are to streams, and so are species. The same is true of sages to the people. Outstanding. Since the birth of the people, it has not flourished in Confucius. "
Mencius said, "Those who cheat benevolence dominate, and the country is great. He who is benevolent is king, but the king is not big. Tang 70 Li, Wen Wang 100 Li. He who persuades others with strength cannot support himself unless he is persuaded. Convince people with virtue, and convince people with heart. Such as Confucius' clothes. Shi Yun: From west to east, from south to north, I don't believe it. This is also called. "
Mencius said: "Benevolence is glory, but unkindness is humiliation. It is a shame to live without pity today, but it is a shame to live in the next place. If it is evil, it is better to respect others and be virtuous. The sage is in power, the wise man is in power, and the country is at leisure. It is time to understand its political punishment, although big countries will be afraid. A poem says: if it doesn't rain, I will withdraw mulberry soil and save my family for a rainy day. Now I will come before the people, or I will dare to insult them. Confucius said: Does the poet know this? Can run the country, who dares to humiliate it? In today's country, leisure, timeliness, and laziness are as happy as asking for it. A person who asks for it. Just like a poem says: keep saying what you want to do and seek more happiness for yourself. Tai Jia said: Heaven does evil, but you can still violate it. You can't live if you commit iniquity yourself. This is also called. "
Mencius in the ugly sunshine
Mencius said: "the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as human harmony." The city of three miles, the country of seven miles, was invincible when attacked by the Lord of the Rings. If the husband attacks it, it will be the right time, and if it is invincible, it will be the right place. The city is not too high, the pond is not too deep, the army is not very profitable, and there is not much rice, so it is not as good as people and peace. Therefore, the people of the territory do not take the border, consolidate the country without the danger of mountains and rivers, and conquer the world without the benefit of mutiny. Those who gain the Tao help more, and those who lose the Tao help less. When there is little help, relatives will be there; Help more, and the world will be at peace. Take the world as you like and attack your relatives, so the gentleman wins without a fight. "
Mencius will visit the King of Qi, and the King of Qi will send someone to say, "If I can see that I have a cold, I can't catch the wind. If I don't know, I can see it. " Right: "Unfortunately, I am too sick to build a dynasty." Hang it in Dongguo tomorrow. Sun Chou said, "I was sick in the past, but I'm hanging today, or not?" He said, "If you were sick in the past, you will get better today. If so, why not stick to it? " When the king asked people to ask questions and ask for a doctor, Meng Zhongzi said to him, "In the past, there was a king who was in command and worried about salary, so it was impossible to establish a dynasty. Now, the disease is getting worse and worse, and we want to build a dynasty. I don't know if I can. " Make a few people want to say on the road: "Please make it in North Korea and don't come back." The last move was ugly. Amethyst said, "There is a great relationship between father and son, and the monarch and the minister are outside. Father and son respect each other, monarch and minister respect each other, and ugly king respects his son, so respect the king. " He said, "Evil has nothing to say. Qi people do not talk about benevolence and righteousness, so it is not beautiful to talk about benevolence and righteousness. He said to himself, what is enough in words of benevolence and righteousness? It's disrespectful. I am not Yao Shun, and I dare not repay Wang Qian. Therefore, Qi people respect the king like me. " Amethyst said, "No, that's not what I mean. Li said: Dad's phone is not promised. Call your order. Don't wait to drive. If you are a sincere general and hear the king's orders, you will not succeed. It should be different from the husband ceremony. " Say, "Right? Zeng Zi said: The wealth of Jin and Chu is unattainable, and he is rich and benevolent; He is a knight, and I am a righteous man. Why should I have both? The husband is dishonest, Ceng Zi said. Yes, or together. There are three great figures in the world: Jue Yi, Ya Yi and De Yi. The imperial court is like a knight, the township party is like a tooth, and it assists the people of the world like virtue. One disadvantage is that it slows down the other. Therefore, there will be promising princes and uninvited ministers. If you want to have a plan, you should do it. It is better to respect morality and music than to do nothing. Therefore, Tang learned how to be a minister for Yi Yin, so he won the king for nothing. Huan Gong is for Guan Zhong. He learned how to be a minister, so he is a bully who gets something for nothing. Today, if you are ugly and virtuous, you can't be good to each other. Without him, you can be good at what you teach, not what you teach Tang is to Yi Yin, and Huan Gong is to Guan Zhong, so I dare not say it. Guan Zhong can't call yet, but the situation is not for Guan Zhong? "
Chen Zhen asked, "The day before yesterday, in Qi State, the king gave me one hundred yuan, but I didn't receive it. In Song Dynasty, I accepted 70 yuan, and in Xue, I accepted 50 yuan. What was wrong the day before yesterday is wrong today, and what is wrong today is wrong the day before yesterday. The host will live here. " Mencius said, "It's all true. When you are in Song Dynasty, you will travel far, and walkers will travel far. If you say "give me a reward", why not? When learning, be on guard and alert, so give it to the soldiers. Why not? If there is harmony, there is nowhere to go and nowhere to feed, and it is also goods. How can a gentleman get the goods? " …
[Edit this paragraph] quoted from Mencius
Volume 5 Teng Wengong, Volume 6 Teng Wengong, Volume 7 Li Lou, Volume 8 Li Lou, Volume 9 Zhang Wan, Volume 10 Zhang Wan, Volume 1 1 gaozi, Volume 12 gaozi, Volume 13 Special, Volume/.
Asian sages of past dynasties:
The 45th generation Sun Ningmeng
Fifty-four generations of trust, word friend way
Fifty-five generations of Sun Meng Keren, the word letter husband.
Fifty-six generations of Sun Mengxiwen, the word Shi Huan.
The fifty-seventh generation of Meng, the word Zi Jiu.
Fifty-eight generations of Sun and Zhao, the word comes first.
In the fiftyninth generation, people from Yanpu, Sun Meng, had a classical word.
Sixty generations of Sun Mengchengguang
The 61st Generation Sun Meng Hongyu
Sixty-two generations of Sun Meng Wenyu
Sixty-three generations of Sun Meng real people
Sixty-four generations of Sun Meng businessmen.
However, when we study Mencius, we can see that all the gentlemen we saw, such as Liang, Liang, Zou Mugong, Lu and so on, were all called posthumous title, and probably Mencius didn't do it himself. I still remember that Mencius' disciples Le Zhengzi, Gong and Wu Luzi are all called Zi, which is definitely not Mencius' work, and its editor is probably Mencius' disciple. This book was written in the middle of the Warring States Period.
more
Zhuangzi Laozi Yangzi Analects of Confucius Su Qin Mozi Wang Yangming Shang Wu Zou Yan Xiaojing Shen Buhai Gaozi Gongsun
The Book of Songs, The Book of Changes, The Four Books of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Five Classics of Xingtian's Shenzi Zhongyong University, Sun Bin and Lu Jiuyuan publicly lost Zuo Qiuming's "Wandering Away". However, anyone can think that Yao Shun, Socrates, Plato, Li Yan, Xunzi, Guan Zhong, Sima Zhong will pass on the fish Li Tanzi from "The Left Family in the Spring and Autumn Period" to "The Tomb of Saint Zhu Song", and Liu Xianglie of Pingshan Academy was born in sorrow and died in happiness.
Historical figures, thinkers, celebrities, educators, Confucian masters.