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Germany is one of the ancient nations in Europe. Since the 5th century BC, it has been distributed in northern Europe around the North Sea and Baltic Sea in the form of tribal groups. The ancient Romans called it Germanic. About half a century BC, most Germanic people began to settle in the vast area between the east of the Rhine, the north of the Danube and the North Sea, which was called "Germania".
The word "Germany" comes from the word "diot" in old German, which means "people". The earliest history can be traced back to the 8th century. It refers to the dialect spoken by Germanic tribes living in the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom. In 800 AD, the Frankish Kingdom reached its peak during Charlemagne's reign and became the Frankish Empire. There are many German-speaking Germanic tribes in the Great Kingdom. The dialect spoken by these Germanic tribes is called "Germany". When Charlemagne died in 8 14 AD, the Frankish Empire immediately fell apart, and in the process of dividing up various heritages, two kingdoms, East and West, were formed. The political boundary between the two kingdoms is roughly equivalent to the language boundary between German and French. The French-speaking West Frankish Kingdom later evolved into today's France, and the residents of the German-speaking East Frankish Kingdom gradually developed a feeling of "belonging to the same country" in their long life. At this time, the word "Germany" also developed from a synonym of a language to a representative of people who speak this language. When these German-speaking tribes later established their own kingdoms, they not only used "Germany" to call their language and people, but also used it to name their country.
Before World War II, Germany experienced three empires with a republic in the history of 1000 years.
The first empire in German history refers to the holy Roman Empire in 962- 1806. People used to regard 9 1 1 as the beginning of the transformation from the Eastern Frankish Empire to the German Empire. This year, Frank Duke Conrad I was elected king, and he was regarded as the first German king. In 962 AD, King Otto I of Germany was crowned emperor by the Pope in Rome, known as the "Roman Emperor", and the Kingdom of Germany was known as the "Holy Roman Empire of the German nation", that is, the ancient German Empire, or the First Empire. 1806, the empire was overthrown by Napoleon I.
The Second Reich refers to the German Empire of1871-1918, which was unified by Prussia through three dynastic wars. 1870 In the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia defeated France, and in June 65438 +087 1 654381October 18, King William I of Prussia was crowned as the German emperor at the Palace of Versailles in France.
The life span of the Second Reich is very short, only 47 years. 19 14 World War I ended with the defeat of Germany and the disintegration of the Second Empire. This war also made Germany establish a federal republic for the first time. Because the Constitution of the Republic of China was adopted at the National Assembly held in Weimar City, it is generally called Weimar Constitution, so this Republic of China is also called Weimar Republic. 193365438+1October 30th, the German National Socialist Workers' Party (Nazi Party) headed by Hitler came to power, established a fascist dictatorship, and declared the end of the Weimar Republic.
The Third Reich refers to 1933- 1945 fascist Germany, and Hitler called himself the Third Reich. September 1939, World War II started. 1on may 8, 945, Germany signed the surrender, and the third Reich came to an end. Germany was occupied by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union.
1949 in may, the western occupied area merged by the United States, Britain and France passed the basic law, announcing the establishment of the federal Republic of Germany (that is, west Germany) and establishing the government in September. In June of the same year 1O, the German Democratic Republic (that is, East Germany) was established in the Soviet-occupied area.
In the middle and late 1980s, in the atmosphere of gradual relaxation of the relationship between East and West, East and West Germany became increasingly unified. 1July 1990 implemented monetary unification, and 19901October 3 realized political unification.
(2)
Before World War II, Germany experienced three empires with a republic in the history of 1000 years. The first empire in German history refers to the holy Roman Empire in 962- 1806. People used to regard the year 9 1 1 as the beginning of the transformation from the Eastern Frankish Empire to the Weill Empire. In 962 AD, King Otto I of Germany was crowned emperor by the Pope in Rome, known as the "Roman Emperor", and the Kingdom of Germany was known as the "Holy Roman Empire of the German nation", that is, the ancient German Empire, or the First Empire. 1806, the empire was overthrown by Napoleon I.
The Second Reich refers to the German Empire of1871-1918, which was unified by Prussia through three dynastic wars. 1870 In the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia defeated France, and in June 65438 +087 1 654381October 18, King William I of Prussia was crowned as the German emperor at the Palace of Versailles in France. The life span of the Second Reich is very short, only 47 years. 19 14 World War I ended with the defeat of Germany and the disintegration of the Second Empire.
The Third Reich refers to 1933- 1945 fascist Germany, and Hitler called himself the Third Reich. September 1939, World War II started. 1on may 8, 945, Germany signed the surrender, and the third Reich came to an end. Germany was occupied by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union.
1949 in may, the western occupied area merged by the United States, Britain and France passed the basic law, announcing the establishment of the federal Republic of Germany (that is, west Germany) and establishing the government in September. In June of the same year 1O, the German Democratic Republic (that is, East Germany) was established in the Soviet-occupied area.
By the middle and late 1980s, in the atmosphere of gradually easing the relationship between East and West, East and West Germany were increasingly unified, with monetary unification 1990 in July and political unification 1990 in June.
(3)
In 10 century BC, Teutonic people, a branch of Germanic people, lived in the territory. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0 th century, the early feudal state of Germany was formed, and then the holy Roman Empire of the German nation was established. /kloc-after the middle of the 0/3rd century, the central government declined and feudal signs appeared. 1848 bourgeois revolution broke out. 187 1 year, Prussia won the Franco-Prussian War, established the German Empire and achieved German reunification. 194 1 launched World War I, 19 18 Empire collapsed. Weimar Republic was founded in 19 19. 1933 Hitler came to power, 1939 launched the second world war, 1945 was defeated. Congress was occupied by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union, and formed the Allied Control Committee to take over the supreme power of Germany. 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was established in the areas occupied by the United States, Britain and France, and the German Democratic Republic was established in the areas occupied by the Soviet Union. 1990101October 3, German reunification.
geography
natural environment
Central European countries. It borders the North Sea and the Baltic Sea in the north, with a long coastline of 1333 km. The whole terrain is high in the south and low in the north. The Bavarian Plateau and Alps are in the south, and Zugspitz on the German-Austrian border is 2963 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in China. The central part is the Sino-German Plateau, which consists of mountains, plateaus, basins and valley plains. North german plain is in the north, and there are many sand dunes, beaches, swamps and lakes in the coastal lowlands. The important rivers are Rhine, West, Elbe, Ames and Danube. The canal connects the rivers, interweaving like a net, and the shipping is busy. Lakes include Boden Lake and Jinhu Lake. It has a temperate climate, with a temperate maritime climate in the northwest and a temperate continental climate in the east and south. 1October average temperature 1-5 ~ 0℃, July 14~ 19℃, annual precipitation 500 ~1000 mm.
Humanistic situation
The total population of Germany is about 8 1.8 million. Besides Russia, it is the most populous country in Europe. Germany is a highly developed industrial country, and its economic strength is second only to the United States and Japan. Coal and potassium salts are abundant. The forest coverage rate is 30%. Industrial categories are complete, with heavy industry dominating. Agricultural mechanization is high, and animal husbandry accounts for about 2/3 of the total agricultural output value. The main agricultural products are milk, meat and livestock products, as well as grains, potatoes and beets. The foreign trade volume ranks in the forefront of the industrial world. Tourism is developed. Germany's foreign trade is developed, and among the employed population, there are 6,543,800+0,000 people working for it. 1990, Germany's merchandise exports reached $42 1 billion, making it the largest exporter in the world. German is the common language of Germany, and English only works in hotels. The vast majority of Germany are Germans. About half of the residents believe in Christianity, and another 46% believe in Catholicism. Major cities: Hamburg, Munich, Bonn, Cologne, Essen, Frankfurt, Leipzig and Dresden.
Geography (tourist routes)
Mainz to koblenz: the most beautiful part of the trip to the Rhine. The Rhine scenery praised by Goethe, Heine and Byron-castles, vineyards, the rock of Lorelei, wine-producing towns-are presented to you one by one.
Ludsheim to koblenz: About 60 kilometers away, there are about 30 castles, which is the section with the highest frequency of German castles. Vineyards, Wine Town, Cat Castle, Rat Castle, Lorelei Banshee and other places of interest.
Gottingen: The center of Grimm's Fairy Tale Avenue, the teaching place of the Grimm brothers, the seat of the famous Gottingen University (where more than 30 Nobel Prize winners studied), and the place where the world-famous fairy tale Princess Goose took place. The bronze statue of the goose princess in front of the old city hall is the object that every doctoral graduate will kiss.
Neuschwanstein Castle: The Fu Sen at the foot of the Alps was originally designed by the dream of King Ludwig II of Bavaria. The castle is backed by the snow-capped mountains and faces the Cuihu Lake. The fairytale architectural style of the castle is recognized all over the world, otherwise it will not be selected by Disneyland, and Louis II won the reputation of the fairy tale king. Looking forward to the romanticism in the Middle Ages, he made full use of his power and invested all his financial resources to build three castles-Neuschwanstein Castle, Lindhoff Castle and Helen Golden Palace, which eventually led to the bankruptcy of the royal family. Neuschwanstein Castle is the largest and most beautiful one.
Romandik Avenue: Dinkel Shiban, Dinkel, is known as "a living medieval city" and "like a fairyland in a fairy tale". Rothenburg, known as the diamond of the Middle Ages, is a walled town on the Taubel River. 163 1 year, Mayor Nusch drank 3.5 liters of wine in one breath, which is still the case today.
Nuremberg City: The Nuremberg Grand Jury is also a famous ancient city in Germany and a famous church of flames.
Dresden: the residence of Augustus, a strong man, and an orange garden built for the wedding; Opera house; King's Church, etc. By the elbe river. The capital of the hundred pagodas, an ancient cultural city, was once called the emerald green in the north, and the baroque capital in the north of the New Renaissance city was once the capital of the Grand Duchy of Saxony. It has played an important role in the development history of European art, architecture and music. /kloc-After the 0/3rd century, it has been the base for Germans to enter and leave the East. After the Middle Ages, it developed into a city with developed industry and commerce by using the navigation function and upstream minerals of the Elbe River. The reign of King Auguste and King Foellinger at the end of 17 and 18 were golden years. The tassel palace completed in 1732 was one of the masterpieces at that time. Semper Opera House, built in19th century and rebuilt in 1985 after World War II, is unforgettable.
Potsdam: an ancient capital surrounded by rivers, lakes and forests, attracted by its beautiful environment and moderate geographical location, Frederick, king of Prussia, established the world's most famous summer palace here-Freedom Palace (Worry-Free Palace), New Palace, Xi Shi Kremlin, which signed the Potsdam Peace Treaty in World War II, and a series of seven palaces, the birthplace of Prussian militarism.
Berlin: the new capital of Germany, the Berlin Wall, the city centers of East Berlin and West Berlin, the Brandenburg Gate and Caesar? William memorial church, etc. Under the famous bodhi tree.
Germany is located in central Europe. Berlin, the capital, is one of the famous metropolises in the world, with wide streets, high-rise buildings and a high degree of greening. Visiting bars in Berlin is a unique enjoyment. Bars in Germany have different styles and distinctive features. There are youth clubs and gathering bars for people in the cultural and artistic circles in the backyard of the building, which is full of modern freedom; There are also picturesque restaurants by the lake and real corner bars, all of which are open all night.
Munich, the third largest city in Germany, is as famous as Paris and Rome for its unique cultural atmosphere and is known as the capital of culture and art. There are 64 breweries in this city, which produce world-famous beer. Oktoberfest is held in Theresienweise from the end of September to the beginning of 10 every year for two weeks.
Hamburg, the largest port city, is located at the intersection of three rivers, such as the Elbe River. Its superior geographical location, known as the international business center, has always been the location of many banks and insurance companies. It is also one of the world-famous "water cities", with more than 1500 bridges alone.
Frankfurt, located in central Germany, is the commercial and manufacturing center of Germany and an important international financial city.
The western city of Dü sseldorf is a German fashion metropolis known as "Little Paris" and the European base of "Japanese-funded enterprises", so there are many shops run by the Japanese, so shopping must not be missed.
Meissen can be said to be synonymous with European high-grade porcelain, and has always been a kiln area for firing ceramics in the palace. Ceramic schools with their own unique styles, among which famous brands are Niffenberg and Ludwigsburg in Munich, KPM in Berlin and Hohurst in Frankfurt, while Hutschenreuther, Villeroy &; Porch and Rosenthal.
The durable German leather series is highly respected by all walks of life. The quality of coin bags, wallets, handbags, travel bags and other styles is guaranteed to some extent. Famous brands such as aigner, Gold Pfeil, MCM and Bree.
Escada evening dresses that distinguished guests from all over the world like to wear when attending luxury banquets; Jilsander, both practical and fashionable; There are also Hugo Boss's men's wear and Aigner's leather goods series, all of which are well-known fashion brands in Germany.
Girls made of ceramics and handicrafts produced by Elt are very popular in the world. Steiff company is famous for its dolls overseas, and German wooden toys are also famous.
The most direct reason why Ahmadinejad was forbidden to visit Europe was that he repeatedly made remarks questioning the Nazi Holocaust.
Ahmadinejad once said that he doubted whether Germans were allowed to tell the "truth" about the Holocaust. He believes that even if there is a massacre, Jews should return to Europe from Israel.
"If there is a massacre, then Europeans should bear the consequences, and Palestine should not pay for it. If this doesn't happen, then where must the Jews go back and forth? " Ahmadinejad said.
Earlier, Ahmadinejad called the Holocaust a "myth", which caused an uproar in Europe and attracted strong criticism from European countries. During World War II, 6 million Jews died at the hands of Nazi Germany and its allies. Denial of the Holocaust constitutes a crime in Germany, punishable by up to five years' imprisonment.
The persecution and slaughter of the Jewish people by the Nazis during World War II is irrefutable evidence, which has been unanimously recognized by people all over the world and its Nuremberg Tribunal. However, the Iranian president said, "Wipe Israel off the map!" Because Iran and its problems have aroused the dissatisfaction of Israel and other countries, as well as the long-term contradiction between Iran and Israel. False words such as "Nazi massacre of Jews is a big lie" are obviously extremely inappropriate and deserve strong condemnation from the international community.
The human body needs to consume a certain amount of heat energy when maintaining life and various activities, and football players need more energy supply than other athletes.
According to the characteristics of football, we require athletes to have a diverse, comprehensive and appropriate diet. Adhere to the principle of four more and three less. More than 4 of them are staple food, vegetables, fruits and dairy products (or bean products); 3 Less is less oil, less meat and less fried food.
The ratio of three meals should be reasonable, with breakfast 28%, lunch 39% and dinner 33%. Encourage eating more fruits and raw vegetables, and strengthen the intake of vitamins and dietary fiber.