The second volume of senior high school geography knowledge points 1
(A) self-help and mutual rescue in the earthquake
1. Before the earthquake-earthquake prevention-usually in the family.
2. The epicenter-shock absorption
(1) Ten seconds warning time: run or hide, instantly choose.
(2) Indoor shock absorption-"squatting to be determined": hide in the same place, use the triangular space, squat or get down to protect the head.
(3) Outdoor shock absorption-try to go to an open place, lower the center of gravity and protect the head.
3. After the earthquake-self-help and mutual rescue
(1) Learn the basic methods of dealing with trauma:
(2) Protect the respiratory system and minimize physical exertion.
(3) Strong perseverance and a strong sense of survival.
(2) Self-rescue and mutual rescue in the flood
1. Flood control preparation
It can be divided into three aspects: first, pay attention to the weather forecast in flood season; The second is to learn and have skills such as swimming and boating; The third is to prepare escape materials.
2. Flood emergency
Measures: ① Try to escape to high places and climb the roofs, trees, hills and high slopes of solid buildings.
(2) If you can't escape, you should use wooden furniture at home or try to catch floating objects such as boards and trunks, and try not to let your body sink and wait for rescue.
(3) Be alert to and prevent from being bitten by poisonous snakes and poisonous insects and electric shock of wires on collapsed poles.
3. Rescue in the flood
The focus of rescue in flood is mutual rescue, because the occurrence of flood is predictable and has a certain lag, and mutual rescue in the transfer process is particularly important.
(3) self-help and prevention of other natural disasters
(1) The key to self-help in the storm is not to go out, go home as soon as possible, and hide indoors or underground, or in low-lying places in the wild.
(2) Landslides and debris flows mostly occur after continuous rainstorms. Villages in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas should pay special attention to the occurrence of landslides after heavy rain. When encountering a mudslide in the wild, you should run in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the mudslide and avoid running down the mountain in the direction of rolling stones; Pay special attention to protecting the head. The area of debris flow is generally not very wide, and it can escape to the high place where debris flow does not occur according to the terrain of the site. When camping in mountainous areas, don't choose the channel for flood discharge at the bottom of the valley, and don't choose the bend and confluence of rivers.
③ Fog and sandstorm are disastrous weather with low visibility. If you encounter foggy weather, try to reduce driving or slow down; In case of sandstorm, prepare windproof articles, such as goggles and masks, and protect your eyes, nose and mouth.
Geography knowledge points in the second volume of senior two 2
1. Definition of natural disasters: casualties, property losses, social instability, resource destruction and other phenomena or a series of events caused by natural abnormal changes.
2. Conditions for the formation of natural disasters: there are natural changes and losses.
3. Characteristics of natural disasters: extensiveness and regionality, frequency and uncertainty, periodicity and non-repetition, linkage, severity, inevitability and reducibility of disasters.
4. Classification of natural disasters:
G. River bend (Jingjiang reach);
H. El Nino phenomenon and so on.
(2) Human causes:
A. Deforestation will aggravate soil erosion, raise river bed and increase water quantity in flood season, which is easier.
There was a flood disaster. B. Reclaiming land from lakes;
Governance measures: a. Building water conservancy projects; B, bend and straighten, reinforce the levee and clean the river; C. Digging
River course into the sea (Huaihe River); D. building flood diversion areas; E. planting trees and building a shelter forest system; F. Returning farmland
Back to the lake; G. establishment of flood forecasting and early warning system; H. implement flood control insurance, etc.
The causes of many floods in Huaihe River are: numerous tributaries, fan-shaped, short flow, fast confluence of rivers and flat terrain in the middle and lower reaches.
The flood with small drop is slow to discharge, and the river is winding, narrow and silted, resulting in poor flood discharge and lake siltation.
The flood storage capacity is weakened, heavy rains are frequent, and soil erosion in the upper reaches is serious.
Dust storm phenomenon
Typical area of China: northwest; North China (occurs in winter and spring, most obviously in spring)
Reason:
(1) Natural causes:
A. the influence of fast cold front weather; B. the climate is dry and there is little precipitation;
C. There are many windy days in spring; D. strong evaporation e. scarce surface vegetation, etc. ;
(2) Man-made reasons: overgrazing, overgrazing and over-reclamation lead to the destruction of surface vegetation; Unreasonable utilization of water resources.
Hazard: cause respiratory diseases, low visibility, etc.
Earthquake: (Typical area of China: East coast; Southwest and Northwest China)
Reason: The crust is active at the plate boundary, or it is located at the small plate boundary inside the plate, although it is inside the plate.
Meteorological disasters include tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, cold waves and strong winds, hail, snowstorms, dry and hot winds, tornadoes and sandstorms.
B. Geological and geomorphological disasters: earthquake, landslide, debris flow, etc.
C. Marine disasters: storm surge, red tide, tsunami, etc.
D. biological disasters: diseases, pests, rodents, etc.
5. Major natural disasters and their causes
Drought: Distribution: arid, semi-arid and monsoon areas.
Hazards: grain production is reduced, industry is short of water, trees are dried up, rivers, ponds and lakes are dried up, and people and animals are short of drinking water, which leads to fires, pests and social unrest.
Analysis of drought causes: El Nino, La Nina, solar activity, rain belt delay, summer drought and spring drought, disaster prevention and mitigation: water saving (industry, agriculture, production and life), laws and regulations, and publicity. Flood disaster: (Typical area of China: east monsoon region-northeast; Middle and lower reaches of Yellow River and Yangtze River; Huaihe river basin; Pearl river basin, etc. There is also ice flood in the Yellow River-the reach from low latitude to high latitude occurs in the thawing and freezing season)
Reason:
(1) Natural causes:
A long and concentrated precipitation (such as rainy weather in the Yangtze River basin); Seasonal and interannual changes are great.
B. Variation of summer monsoon intensity
C. the impact of typhoons;
D. Lack of natural rivers flowing into the sea (Huaihe River);
E. low terrain
F. There are many tributaries of the water system (fan-shaped water system and dendritic water system);
Senior two, book two, geographical knowledge points 3
(1) Pre-disaster preparation for natural disasters
1. The core task of pre-disaster preparation is to reserve relief materials.
2. Pre-disaster preparation involves two aspects: one is the type and quantity of relief materials; The second is the storage location of relief materials.
(1) Types and quantities of disaster relief materials-The material basis of disaster relief is determined by the main types and sizes of disasters.
(2) The storage location of relief materials-determined by the traffic conditions of the main concentration areas and storage areas in the disaster area, is related to the arrival time of relief materials at the time of the disaster.
There are 10 disaster relief material reserve bases in China: Tianjin, Harbin, Shenyang, Hefei, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Changsha, Nanning, Chengdu and Xi 'an.
3. The main personnel who undertake disaster relief tasks: officers and men of the People's Liberation Army and the Armed Police under the leadership of local governments and professional rescue teams.
(2) Emergency response to natural disasters
1. Concept: Emergency response in disasters refers to actions and countermeasures taken immediately during the occurrence and formation of disasters.
2. Main purpose: save lives as much as possible, protect property safety and minimize the impact and harm caused by disasters.
3. The scope of disaster emergency: very extensive, which should generally include emergency safeguard measures for lifeline projects such as transportation, communication, water supply, drainage, power supply, gas supply and oil transportation; Investigate and reinforce secondary disaster sources such as inflammable and explosive substances, toxic substances storage facilities and dams that may cause floods, fires and explosions, maintain the safety of transportation and communication systems, ensure the smooth communication of disaster relief, and ensure the smooth transportation of rescue and relief personnel and materials and the evacuation of victims.
4. The most critical link of "emergency action in disaster": Is the emergency traffic line unblocked?
5. Emergency plan for disaster relief-the programmatic emergency action plan of the government to deal with disasters is related to whether all departments can quickly and efficiently put into disaster relief work and minimize disasters.
Objective: ① To make the disaster relief work orderly, quickly and efficiently in the case of sudden disasters.
② For unexpected disasters that cannot be accurately predicted, emergency plans are more important.
(3) post-disaster recovery of natural disasters
1. The purpose of post-disaster recovery is to reduce disaster losses and enhance resistance.
2. Forms of relief for victims: government relief, civil relief and international relief.
3. China's disaster prevention and relief policy is "prevention first, combining prevention with rescue".
The principle of disaster relief work is: "relying on the masses, relying on the collective, self-help in production, mutual assistance and mutual assistance, supplemented by necessary relief and support from the state"
China disaster relief management system: The Ministry of Civil Affairs is the main management department for disaster reduction in China, forming a management system of government free relief, civil-military cooperation in disaster relief, and national and regional disaster relief deployment.
Learning methods of geography in senior two.
1, grasp the course outline
Every province will announce the exam outline before the college entrance examination. If you are confused about the learning content, you can refer to the exam outline of previous years. The outline lists all the knowledge points that students are required to master, which can help us to quickly establish a subject knowledge network.
2. Form your own curriculum system.
Geography in senior high school is based on topography, including physical geography and human geography, and tells the evolution of nature and the development of the relationship between man and nature. According to this vein, we can have a deeper understanding of geography by constantly adding what we have learned to the framework.
3. Study hard and practice hard
All disciplines are inseparable from practice, so is geography. Because geographical knowledge points are more detailed, it needs a lot of practice to consolidate memory. It is suggested that students buy a synchronous exercise book as an in-class exercise, and at the same time buy a college entrance examination question to directly compare the usual knowledge points with the college entrance examination, so as to review the past and learn new things.
4. Remember the pictures
A very important part of geography lies in various legends. If you want to learn high school geography well, you need to choose representative legends to remember. For example, when it comes to the law of climate distribution, we should remember the global climate distribution map and the wind belt map and correspond them. When the relationship between them is established, knowledge will be easier to understand.
Step 5 take notes
Different people have different habits, and whether to take notes varies from person to person. High school geography study can prepare a notebook or write it down according to your own situation, draw the key points and mark your own understanding next to it for future review.