The first part of papers related to mental health standards
Mental health standards in the perspective of Marxist philosophy
This paper expounds some representative mental health standards at home and abroad in recent years, and makes dialectical thinking on these standards from the viewpoint of Marxist philosophy, and draws the conclusion that all kinds of mental health standard theories should be systematically and scientifically integrated to learn from each other's strong points. Starting from reality, gradually explore the mental health standards suitable for China's national conditions; Look at mental health standards from a dialectical point of view. Finally, the article discusses the possibility of combining mental health standards with the current national students' physical health standards.
Keywords: Marxist philosophy; Angle of view; Mental health standard
1. Some representative mental health standards at home and abroad
1. 1 WHO standard.
Physical, intellectual and emotional coordination; Adapt to the environment and be humble to each other in interpersonal communication; Have a sense of happiness; I can give full play to my ability in my work and career and live an efficient life. [1] This standard was put forward at the Third International Conference on Mental Health in 1946, and it is widely used in domestic psychological circles. Can it be regarded as? Majority principle? The representative emphasized the balanced development of the masses.
1.2 Maslow (A.Maslow) and other standards.
Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, put forward ten standards of mental health: full sense of security; Fully understand yourself and make an appropriate evaluation of your ability; The goal of life can be realistic; Can keep in touch with the real environment; Can maintain the integrity and harmony of personality; The ability to learn from experience; Can maintain good interpersonal relationship; Appropriate emotional expression and control; On the premise of not violating the collective requirements, we can give full play to our limited personality; Under the premise of not violating social norms, meet individual needs appropriately. [2] Typical? Elite principle? What is put forward is an absolute standard, emphasizing personal development.
1.3 standard proposed by G.Allport.
Allport, a personality psychologist, put forward seven standards of mental health: extensive self-awareness; Good interpersonal relationship; Emotional security; Perceptual objectivity; Have all kinds of skills and focus on work; Realistic self-image and internally unified outlook on life. [3] Like Maslow's standard, it is also popular in western psychology, emphasizing self-survival.
Lin Chongde's 1.4 standard.
Lin Chongde, a famous psychologist in China, put forward ten standards of mental health: knowing yourself; Believe in yourself; Accept yourself; Control yourself; Self-regulation; Self-improvement; Develop yourself; Self-regulation; Design yourself; Satisfy yourself. [4] This is an authoritative view in China at present and is recognized by the public. Obviously, it emphasizes self-development and belongs to a development point of view.
1.5 Views of other scholars.
In addition to the above popular standards, other scholars at home and abroad have also put forward different views on the standards of mental health. Take domestic scholars as an example. For example, the standards proposed by Guo Nianfeng tend to quantify and refine the standards of mental health. He put forward the following points: the intensity of psychological activities; Mental activity tolerance; Periodic rhythm; Level of consciousness; Implicit; Rehabilitation ability; Psychological self-control; Confidence; Socialization; Environmental adaptability. Chen Guanglei's Standards [6] Starting from China's traditional culture and values, he believes that the standards for treating mental health in China culture are as follows: harmonious, tolerant and closed personality; Do things moderately and feel the environment; Self-examination and self-adjustment; People conform to nature and balance yin and yang; Beyond yourself, the heart is connected with nine realms. Yu Guoliang's standard [7] is comprehensive and systematic, and belongs to comprehensive standard. He believes that the standard of mental health: normal intelligence; Harmonious interpersonal relationship; Psychology and behavior are in line with age characteristics; Know yourself and accept yourself; Face and accept the reality; Be able to coordinate and control emotions and be in a good mood; Personality integrity and independence; Love life, willing to work.
2. Review the current mental health standards
The standard of mental health, as mentioned above, has certain defects, either overemphasizing personal adaptation to society or overemphasizing personal development; Either the standard of survival is overemphasized or the standard of development is overemphasized. Moreover, it is common to copy western psychological theories without combining China's national conditions or standards, which are difficult to quantify, ambiguous and difficult to convince the public. This paper discusses in detail the shortcomings of the current mental health standards from the perspective of Marxist philosophy.
2. 1 standard is messy, one-sided and has no overall concept.
Some scholars have brilliantly pointed out several one-sided situations in the current research on mental health standards, namely, six standards, two concepts and two tendencies. [8] The six standards are statistical standards, social norms, medical standards, study and life adaptation standards, personal subjective experience standards, psychological maturity and development level standards. What are these two ideas? Majority principle? And then what? Elite principle? . What are these two tendencies? Survival standard? And then what? Development criteria? . For example, the mental health standard put forward by personality psychologist allport. Looking at the standard, it seems that if you do these seven points, your mind will be healthy. As we all know, society is constantly changing and developing, so is people's psychology, and people are constantly growing. Even if you do the above, you may not be completely mentally healthy.
2.2 direct copying of western theories, not integrated into China culture, not adapted to China's national conditions.
Looking at the existing mental health standards in China, there are many lists and discussions about foreign countries, among which Maslow and other humanistic psychologists have the greatest influence. Maslow's mental health standards extracted from the characteristics of self-actualizers are even regarded as standards, and there are few opinions that conform to China's national conditions. [9] This obviously won't work. Man is a gregarious animal and can't go beyond social restrictions. The most obvious manifestation of socialization is its strong cultural color. Mental health standards divorced from China culture will definitely not work. Chen Guanglei's standards are closely combined with China culture, but the research is not deep and clear enough.
2.3 Too subjective, it is difficult to quantify the differences, and the standards are often vague.
In addition to Guo Nianfeng's quantification, other popular standards at home and abroad are obviously not quantifiable, such as the World Health Organization's standard: having happiness is really difficult to quantify. What is happiness? I think everyone's standards are different; The standard put forward by Maslow and others. The goal of life can be practical, and what is practical. The so-called swallow knows the ambition of the swan, and it is not accurate as long as it reaches the goal; G.Allport's standard: having all kinds of skills, which is even more ambiguous, does not explain what skills are at all, let alone all kinds of skills and standards.
3. Thinking about mental health standards
In view of the above review of the current mental health standards, it is found that such standards are more or less limited, and various standards are difficult to convince the public. So far, scholars at home and abroad have been arguing constantly and put forward several viewpoints. From a philosophical point of view, when a problem is puzzling, it is often because the problem itself has not yet reached the qualitative stage and needs further exploration by future generations. True philosophy is the essence of the spirit of the times, while Marxist philosophy is the essence of philosophy, which provides us with a scientific world outlook and methodology. The relationship between philosophy and other disciplines (all natural sciences, social sciences and humanities except philosophy) is even more so. In a sense, all other disciplines are philosophy? Leadership? However, the relationship between psychology and philosophy is complicated, and there has always been a saying in the field of psychology: Philosophy is the mother of psychology, and physiology is the father of psychology. Children? Sure, and then what? Mom? Can't get away with it. Therefore, we might as well think about this issue from the perspective of Marxist philosophy.
3. 1 Systematically and scientifically integrate various theories to learn from each other's strengths.
Take the essence and discard the dross. The concept of mental health standard should be based on system theory and dialectical view, which is a whole. If the mental health standard leaves the dialectical view and the systematic view, we can only get a fragmented discussion and demonstration about mental health, but we can't form a theoretical framework and practical system to identify mental health. In fact, everyone's thoughts are influenced by his life experience. If we make a transformational interpretation and analysis of some existing viewpoints and expressions about mental health standards, we will find that many arguments actually have something in common. Therefore, the cooperation between psychologists and philosophers, sociologists and even psychiatrists is necessary, which will be conducive to the solution and integration of mental health standards. [ 10]
3.2 From reality, gradually explore the mental health standards suitable for China's national conditions.
Foreign mental health standards are bound to be practical, but people are social animals and are easily influenced and restricted by culture, so we need a mental health standard that conforms to the personality characteristics of China people. Domestic scholars have also done some research. As mentioned earlier, the standard proposed by Chen Guanglei is in line with the characteristics of China people in terms of language and angle. However, in my opinion, this standard still has no promotion value. I tend to combine statistics with social norms and explore standards that can represent the mental health level of most people in China. Although this problem has a long way to go, we must have a rigorous scientific attitude and research methods, especially to get a representative norm.
3.3 Look at mental health standards from a dialectical point of view.
From the perspective of Marxist philosophy, everything has its own law of development. What we can do is to know the law, make use of it, and give full play to our subjective initiative, that is, we don't have to deliberately create this standard, but should conform to its natural development; Everything is constantly developing and changing in contradiction, so we should look at the problem from a developmental perspective. Development reveals the relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change. Therefore, mental health standards must be intermittent, and constantly develop in the right direction in twists and turns. The general law of cognition is from individual to general, and then from general to individual. Mental health standards should also conform to this law, strengthen the study of personality, and then extend * * * to personality to test, so as to make continuous progress and development.
3.4 The possibility of combining mental health standards with the current "National Student Physical Health Standards".
The current National Standard for Students' Physical Fitness and Health was fully implemented in schools at all levels in China in September 2007, which is of epoch-making significance for improving students' physical fitness. Undoubtedly, students are the future and hope of the motherland and shoulder the heavy responsibility of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. In a sense, the importance attached to students' mental health can reflect the importance attached by a country to mental health. However, the state obviously does not pay enough attention to students' mental health, and primary and secondary schools are full of so-called? Consultation room? Only some universities with psychological resources really provide services for a small number of students, and their functions are limited to no major events. There is no doubt that mental health is related to students? Moral character? In particular, students' gratitude, if not done well, even students with excellent academic performance may not be good students, but will become black sheep and cause endless harm. Therefore, we should attach great importance to students' mental health and make it institutionalized and standardized. At present, the most effective measure is to combine it with the national students' physical health standards and implement it in schools at all levels. This can not only make up for the defects of the physical fitness test itself, but also comprehensively evaluate the health status of students from the aspects of physiology, psychology and social adaptation. The exploration of this model is also a long way to go.
References:
[1][2][3][4][5][7] Yu Guoliang. Modern mental health education-the influence of mental health problems on society and its solutions [M]. Beijing: People's Education Press, 2007: 3-9.
[6] Chen Guanglei. On the standard of mental health in China culture [J]. Qinghai Social Sciences, 2005, (1): 69.
[8], stone, Several problems that should be paid attention to in the research of mental health standards [J]. Basic Education Research, 2007, (5): 49.
Yang Zhiwen, Liu Yi. Rethinking about mental health standards [J]. Journal of Yunnan TV University, 2005,7, (1): 53.
Related papers on mental health standards II
Mental health standards under the multicultural background
Multiculturalism has a great influence in western countries. It has not only become a massive social movement, but also influenced various fields of social science, such as politics, sociology, pedagogy and even psychology. This paper mainly discusses the connotation of multiculturalism, mental health standards and the relativity of mental health standards. It is clear that mental health standards need to be formulated according to different cultural characteristics and should be inclusive.
Keywords: multiculturalism; Mental health standards; Theory of relativity
The multiculturalism of western psychology is considered by American psychologist Pearson? Cultural centralism provides a fourth dimension to explain human behavior besides psychoanalysis, behaviorism and humanism, and its significance is like the fourth dimension of time discovered after three-dimensional space? . Among them, multicultural psychological counseling and therapy has become an important field. So should mental health standards also develop in the direction of multiculturalism?
First, the psychological connotation of multiculturalism
The multicultural trend of thought arose in the 1960s, and its premise is to recognize the differences between cultures, emphasize mutual respect and equality between cultures, and oppose judging the quality of another culture by the value standard of one culture. More opposed to a certain culture in a dominant or hegemonic position.
Multiculturalism holds that culture is an important factor in determining behavior. A social behavior is not only regulated by the individual internal factors of the actor, but also restricted by social and cultural factors. Moreover, because some internal factors of individuals, such as needs and motivations, are also formed under the influence of social culture, fundamentally speaking, behavior is the product of social culture. They cannot exist in isolation from a specific social and cultural background, nor can researchers study people's psychology and behavior in isolation from the social and cultural background.
Although the western traditional psychological theory ignores the role of culture under the guidance of individualistic methodology, it is not divorced from culture, but only reflects the mainstream culture of the west. When these theories are applied or extended to non-western cultures as general laws, it will inevitably lead to the situation that the western cultural values implied in the theories are imposed on other nationalities, and it will inevitably lead to the measurement and evaluation of people's psychological and behavioral tendencies in other cultural backgrounds based on the western white culture, thus drawing inappropriate conclusions. Therefore, multiculturalists do not want to give up the original psychological concepts completely, but want to pay more attention to the role of culture in these concepts. Isn't multicultural trend of thought an act of competing with traditional psychological theory? The fourth force? Theoretical form is a meta-theory that complements and perfects the traditional theory.
However, it should be pointed out that the diversity of individual cultural identity mentioned by multiculturalism in western psychology not only means that individuals belonging to different cultures have different cultural characteristics, but also points out the possibility that the same individual belongs to multiple cultures at the same time and his psychological behavior has multiple cultural colors.
Second, the connotation of mental health standards
Mental health standard is an objective index to measure individual mental health, and it is an important basis for making mental health scale, mental health diagnosis and mental health education. However, due to the influence of various theoretical schools of psychology, the definition of mental health standards is complex and full of differences. At present, there are at least seven criteria for China scholars to judge mental health: statistical criteria, sociological criteria, subjective experience criteria, life adaptation criteria, medical criteria, psychological criteria and development criteria. As far as these standards are concerned, except for medical standards, which are objective and less controversial, others are extremely controversial.
Looking at the research methods of mental health, there are two ways of thinking: one is to follow? Majority principle? Train of thought; Second, follow? Elite principle? This idea. The majority principle, that is, it is assumed that the psychological behavior of the vast majority of social members is normal, and the psychological behavior that deviates from this normal range can be regarded as abnormal, which embodies the standard of normal distribution. However, some western scholars still follow another principle when formulating mental health standards? Elite principle? Maslow summed up the life course of 38 successful celebrities in modern world history, which can be said to be the strictest measure? Elite standards? . Maslow believes that a self-fulfilling person is a person whose inner nature is fully developed, and such talents represent real mental health. The standard of mental health should be determined according to the psychological quality of self-actualizers, that is, taking the psychological characteristics of self-actualizers as the standard of mental health. This principle has been recognized by other western scholars, such as "yes" as Rogers said? Give full play to your functions? ; Allport called it. Mature? ; Fromm regards it as? Creative? .
As can be seen from the above, Maslow insists on taking the basis of human biology as the only criterion to measure the individual value choice of human beings. How many times did it take? Self-actualizer? It is biased to explain human nature and judge whether personality is healthy by the standard of value choice. Because the choice of individual value is influenced by acquired factors, it is diversified rather than unified.
Thirdly, the cultural relativity of mental health standards.
Historically, whether mental health standards should be cross-cultural or influenced by culture has always been a controversial issue. At this point, humanists and other researchers have formed a confrontation. Humanist views are easy to understand. Because they advocate the realization of human inner essence as the standard of mental health, while humanists believe that all people have the same inner essence, and this standard of nature should have cultural universality. However, other researchers pointed out that mental health standards often have cultural relativity. Although many behaviors, especially serious mental disorders, are considered abnormal in most cultures, many behaviors are treated differently in different cultures. A widely quoted example is the view on homosexuality.
Therefore, any mental health standard is deeply engraved with the brand of specific social culture in a specific period. Because different people live in different cultural environments, the mental health standard itself has the characteristics of cultural relativity and cross-culture. The process that the subject acts on the object through activities determines the social and cultural historicity of psychology, and different societies must have different mental health standards from other societies. Therefore, the standard of mental health is relative and dominated by value. It is social and changes with different cultures. In a sense, mental health standards are the product of a specific culture.
Fourth, summary.
According to the complexity of multicultural theory and mental health standards, it is considered that there is no fixed model for mental health standards, and there can be no single standard. Mental health standards should be a system, in which different groups should have their own mental health standards, so as to better judge the degree of individual mental health. In addition, the diversification of mental health standards is also conducive to promoting mental health education. Different social groups adopt different mental health standards, which will promote the all-round development of people and society.
refer to
[1] Peterson's multiculturalism. TayorandFrancis， 1999， 16- 19: 1 14。
[2] Gao Yuanyuan, the peak of the strong. On the Contribution of Multiculturalism in Psychology to postmodern psychology [J]. Journal of Shandong Normal University, 2006(3).
[3] Ma Cuiping, Qi Xueping. Constructing local mental health standards from the perspective of China culture [J]. Journal of Heilongjiang Institute of Education, 2009(7):83-85
[4] Zheng, Zhu Jun. Analysis of Western Multicultural Psychology [J]. Journal of Shangqiu Teachers College, 2006(6): 172- 174.