Bloody Sunday: Soldiers opened fire on demonstrators in the square outside the Winter Palace.

Bloody Sunday

190465438+February, Putilov factory in St. Petersburg (путиловскизаво)/kl

Nicholas II moved to Huangcun on October 8th, 65438/KLOC-0, and he was not in the Winter Palace on the day of peaceful demonstration. At that time, the armed soldiers who were in charge of guarding the palace lined up to confront the demonstrators, and the number of people gathered gradually increased to 200 thousand. Everyone held the icon and portrait of the tsar and sang hymns and patriotic songs. The soldier then fired a warning shot into the air and quickly shot at the crowd. The people fled in panic, scrambling for cover. Officials said 96 people were killed and 333 injured, while the opposition said the death toll exceeded 4,000, and the conservative estimate was about 1 1,000 casualties. This bloody suppression aroused public anger, the Russian people no longer had expectations of the czar, and a series of large-scale strikes took place in various places. Armenia-Tatar War

Churches destroyed by ethnic conflicts in the Caucasus.

Armenia-Tatar War

Caucasus is a new territory that Russia joined from19th century. Many ethnic groups have settled here, among which Armenia and Azerbaijan (then known as Tatars) live next to each other, but sometimes conflicts occur due to religious and cultural differences. 1905 In February, shortly after the bloody Sunday incident, it was reported that a Muslim was killed by the Armenian Revolutionary Union of party member, which triggered a confrontation between the two ethnic groups, so a large-scale ethnic attack occurred in Baku, followed by Nakhichevan in May, Shusha in August and Zhan Jia in June. 1 1.

Polish independence demand

Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland

The Polish parliamentary kingdom headed by the czar suffered from the depression caused by the Russo-Japanese War. /kloc-in the second half of 0/904, more than 65438+ ten thousand Polish workers were unemployed. 1905 Shortly after the bloody Sunday incident, in Lodz, a major industrial town in Poland, the workers declared "Down with dictatorship! Down with the war! " There was a general strike for slogans. At the same time, there were strikes, demonstrations or marches in Warsaw and other industrial centers. 654381October 28th, at the instigation of the Polish Socialist Party, the Kingdom of Poland and the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, a large-scale strike was called, in which more than 400,000 workers from all over Poland joined and lasted for four weeks. At that time, the demonstrators also demanded to improve the workers' environment and give Poles more autonomy. In February, Polish college students joined the demonstration, and later even middle school students and primary school students joined. Students protested against Russianization and demanded the right to learn Polish.

The Russian government has made concessions to the Polish nationalist movement, but some demonstrators, especially workers, are still dissatisfied. The Russian government has lost patience. On May 1, Russian police shot and killed 30 workers in a demonstration in Warsaw. As of mid-June, Russian police shot and killed about 65,438+00 workers during a demonstration in Lodz. From June 20th to June 20th, 2/KLOC-0, the funeral of the deceased turned into a large-scale protest demonstration. On June 20th, 2 1 year, demonstrators met Russian Cossack cavalry and threw stones at them. Cossack cavalry fired back, killing at least 25 people. On June 23, the czar signed martial law, and Russian infantry entered the troubled city and arrested some troublemakers. At that time, the national sports organizations thought that they had lost to the army and made their own efforts. The unrest finally subsided on June 25th. In the face of domestic turmoil, the Russian government responded quickly. 190565438+1018, the tsar dismissed the minister of the interior, Peter Dmitrievich Svyatopolk-mirsky, and appointed Alexander bulykin to take his place. On the other hand, an investigation Committee was appointed to investigate the causes of workers' dissatisfaction in St. Petersburg and its adjacent areas; The committee is led by Congressman Sindelovsky, and its members include government officials, factory directors of state-owned factories and private factory owners, and workers' representatives are invited to join it. However, under the resistance of the socialists, the workers did not elect representatives, and the socialists even tried to transfer workers for armed struggle. By February 20, the commission of inquiry had collapsed before it began to operate.

1905 February, 2007 17, Sergei Alexandrovich ·CCBA was attacked by Iva Kalyayev (ива? н Плато? нович Каля? ев) Nitroglycerin bomb was thrown into the carriage at close range, and Archduke Sergei was killed on the spot. On February 4th, A.D. 17 (julian calendar), Nicholas II decided to agree to make new concessions, and on March 3rd (julian calendar 18), he promulgated Bregin (булыгина).

1905 On May 24th and 25th, about 300 representatives from local self-government associations and city councils gathered in Moscow and held three meetings, after which a resolution calling for the establishment of a national assembly was adopted. On June 6th, Nicholas II received the county council representatives. After the meeting, Prince Sergei T. Rubitz Coy and Fedoroff, on behalf of the Tsar, replied that they were allowed to convene a people's congress.

1905 10, St. Petersburg Soviet was founded, demanding a large-scale strike, resisting taxes and withdrawing bank deposits.